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Adaptations of the Joker in other media
Actors who have played the Joker.
Top: Cesar Romero, Jack Nicholson, Mark Hamill (voice)
Center: Heath Ledger, Jared Leto, Joaquin Phoenix
Bottom: Cameron Monaghan (as Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska).
Created byBill Finger
Bob Kane
Jerry Robinson
Original sourceComics published by DC Comics
First appearanceBatman #1 (April 25, 1940)
Films and television
Film(s)
Television
show(s)

The Joker, a supervillain in DC Comics and archenemy of the superhero Batman, has appeared in various media. WorldCat (a catalog of libraries in 170 countries) records over 250 productions featuring the Joker as a subject, including films, television series, books, and video games.[1] Live-action films featuring the character are typically the most successful.[2]

The Joker has been portrayed by Cesar Romero in the 1966–1968 Batman television series and the 1966 Batman film; Jack Nicholson in the 1989 film Batman; Heath Ledger in the 2008 film The Dark Knight; Jared Leto in the 2016 film Suicide Squad and the 2021 director's cut Zack Snyder's Justice League; Cameron Monaghan in the Fox series Gotham; Joaquin Phoenix in the 2019 film Joker; and Barry Keoghan in the 2022 film The Batman. Ledger and Phoenix won the Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actor and Best Actor, respectively, for their performances, making the Joker one of the only three characters played by two actors to be awarded an Oscar for both portrayals (the others being Vito Corleone and Anita from West Side Story).[3][4][5] Mark Hamill, among others, has provided the Joker's voice in animation and video games.

Television[edit]

Live-action[edit]

  • The Joker makes non-speaking cameo appearances in Adventures of Superman.
  • The Joker appears in Batman (1966), portrayed by Cesar Romero. During production of the series, Romero refused to shave his moustache, which remained visible underneath his facial makeup.[6] This version is based on his 1960s comic book portrayal as an elaborate prankster who wields harmless weapons and Vaudeville-esque humor in his crimes. Additionally, despite his numerous attempts to kill Batman and Robin, he is not homicidal like his comic book incarnation.[7]
  • The Joker appears in a Batman OnStar commercial "Joker Face", portrayed by Curtis Armstrong.[8]
  • The Joker appears in Birds of Prey, portrayed by Roger Stoneburner and voiced by Mark Hamill.[9]
  • The Joker's mythology is explored in Gotham via twin brothers Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska, both portrayed by Cameron Monaghan.[10][11][12] Believing that the Joker should not precede Batman, showrunner Bruno Heller initially did not want to use the character,[13] but later decided to "scratch the surface" of his origin because "this is America — nobody wants to wait."[14] Appearing in the first season, Jerome is the mentally unhinged son of a nymphomaniac circus performer. Despite being killed at the start of the second season, he becomes a martyr for various Gothamites.[15] While Monaghan was not comfortable drawing from the previous live-action actors who had played the Joker, he took influence from Mark Hamill in his performance as well as various comic books featuring the character.[16] In the fourth and fifth seasons, Jeremiah was introduced, with the intention that he would represent different characteristics of the Joker. While it was never confirmed whether he would go on to become the Joker during the series,[17] the DC FanDome documentary The Joker: Put on a Happy Face included Jeremiah among the various iterations of the character adapted for film and television across his 80-year history.[18]
  • The Joker makes a cameo appearance in the Powerless episode "Wayne or Lose".[19]
  • The Joker makes cameo appearances in Titans, portrayed by Mustafa Bulut.[20]
  • The Joker appears in flashbacks depicted in the third season of Batwoman, portrayed by Nathan Dashwood.[21] Similarly to Jack Nicholson's portrayal, this version's real name is "Jack Napier".[22] Additionally, he was indirectly responsible for separating Kate Kane from her sister and mother, Beth and Gabrielle Kane, before Batman killed the Joker years prior. Before then, the latter exposed Marquis Jet (portrayed by Nick Creegan) to his joy buzzer, rendering him insane and leading to him attempting to continue the Joker's legacy in the present before he is defeated and has his sanity restored by Batwoman.

Animation[edit]

DC Animated Universe[edit]

The Joker appears in television series set in the DC Animated Universe (DCAU), voiced by Mark Hamill.[32][33][27]

Film[edit]

Live-action[edit]

Barry Keoghan as the Joker, as he appears in a deleted scene from The Batman (2022).
  • The Batman (1966) incarnation of the Joker appears in the film of the same name, portrayed again by Cesar Romero.
  • The Joker appears in Batman (1989), portrayed by Jack Nicholson in the present and Hugo Blick in flashbacks.[34] This version, previously known as Jack Napier, is a self-described "fully functional homicidal artist" who previously served as mob boss Carl Grissom's right hand and killed Bruce Wayne's parents Thomas and Martha Wayne years prior. While fighting Bruce as Batman in the present, Napier suffers a facial scar from a ricocheting bullet before falling into a vat of chemical waste, which turns his skin white, hair green, and lips red. Following a botched plastic surgery operation, Napier is left with a permanent rictus grin. Driven insane by his reflection, he becomes the Joker, kills Grissom, takes over his syndicate, and goes on a crime spree to "outdo" Batman, who he feels is getting too much press.[35] Eventually, Bruce recognizes the Joker as his parents' killer and sends him falling to his death. The Newsweek review of the film stated that the best scenes are due to the surreal black comedy portrayed by the Joker.[36] In 2003, American Film Institute ranked Nicholson's performance #45 on their list of 50 greatest film villains.[37]
  • A young Joker appears in flashbacks depicted in Batman Forever, portrayed by David U. Hodges.
  • The Joker was meant to appear in Batman Unchained, with Jack Nicholson reprising the role,[38][39] as part of a Scarecrow-induced hallucination. Additionally, Harley Quinn was to appear as his daughter who seeks revenge on Batman for killing him.[40] Due to the critical and commercial failure of Batman & Robin, however, this film was cancelled.
  • The Joker appears in The Dark Knight, portrayed by Heath Ledger. This version is described as a "psychopathic, mass-murdering, schizophrenic clown with zero empathy" influenced by his depictions in Batman: The Killing Joke and Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth. Additionally, he sports smudged clown makeup that covers a Glasgow smile and embodies themes of chaos, anarchy, and obsession. As such, he expresses a desire to upset social order through crime and defines himself by his conflict with Batman. For his portrayal, Ledger drew on his past performances, such as in The Brothers Grimm, and referenced paintings by artist Francis Bacon, Anthony Burgess' novel A Clockwork Orange, and various punk rock musicians. Ledger's portrayal of the Joker is considered to be his finest performance, with Ledger himself regarding it as his most enjoyable. When the film was released in July 2008, six months after the actor had died from an accidental prescription drug overdose, the performance caused a sensation and received universal acclaim. Additionally, Ledger was posthumously awarded the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.[41][42]
  • The Joker appears in films set in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU), portrayed by Jared Leto.[43]
    • He was originally set to appear in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, but was ultimately cut.[44][45]
    • The Joker first appears in Suicide Squad.[46] While most of his scenes were cut and omitted from the theatrical release, most of them were later included in the extended cut.[47][48] Mark Hamill, the voice of the Joker in various DC projects, said that he "loved" Leto's take on the character.[49][50]
    • The Joker makes a non-speaking appearance in Birds of Prey via a prologue, in which his history with and separation from Harley Quinn is detailed, a flashback derived from archive footage, and Johnny Goth, who makes an uncredited appearance from behind in a separate flashback.[51]
  • The Joker appears in Zack Snyder's Justice League via a post-apocalyptic premonition.[52][53]
  • In 2018, a film featuring the Joker entered development, with Leto attached as an executive producer in addition to reprising his role as the title character and hiring the production crew.[54] By February 2019, the film had been canceled and a separate Joker film unrelated to the DCEU (see below) was released later that year.[55]
  • The Joker appears in a self-titled film,[56] portrayed by Joaquin Phoenix. This version, also known as Arthur Fleck, is a party clown and aspiring stand-up comedian who suffers from a mental illness that causes pathological laughter, lives with his delusion, abusive, adoptive mother Penny in 1981 Gotham City, and idolizes talk show host Murray Franklin. After losing his job for bringing a gun to a children's hospital, Arthur kills three Wayne Enterprises employees on a train in self-defense, sparking city-wide protests, and gradually descends into insanity. He later kills Penny and the colleague who gave him the gun before renaming himself Joker and appearing in Franklin's show, during which he rants about society abandoning him and murders Franklin on live television. He is arrested but quickly rescued by protesters in clown masks and celebrated by them as a hero.[57][58] Prior to its release, in 2016, Todd Phillips began work on a standalone Joker film with the intent of launching a line of films unconnected to the DCEU called "DC Black".[59][60][61] Development began in August 2017, with Philips attached to direct and cowrite with Scott Silver while Martin Scorsese was set to produce.[62] For his performance and similarly to Heath Ledger before him, Phoenix was awarded the Academy Award for Best Actor.
    • In June 2022, Philips confirmed a sequel titled Joker: Folie à Deux is in development, with Phoenix reprising the role of the Joker.[63][64]
  • The Joker, based on Jack Nicholson's portrayal (see above), makes a cameo appearance in Space Jam: A New Legacy.[65][66]
  • The Joker makes a cameo appearance in The Batman (2022), portrayed by Barry Keoghan.[67][68] This version is a patient at Arkham State Hospital[69][68] who sports a permanent smile as the result of an unknown biological condition, peeling skin, and a burned scalp with patches of hair. This incarnation of the Joker, who was designed with involvement from makeup artist Mike Marino, was described by director Matt Reeves as deformed from an early age like Joseph Merrick, the Phantom of the Opera, or Gwynplaine from The Man Who Laughs (1928) as well as adept at using other people's horror to his advantage.

Animation[edit]

Video games[edit]

"John Doe" in a promotional image for Batman: The Enemy Within.
The Joker as depicted in Mortal Kombat 11

Lego[edit]

Main article: Lego Batman

Batman: Arkham[edit]

The Joker as depicted in the original Batman: Arkham trilogy.[107]

Mark Hamill reprises his role as the Joker in the main trilogy of the Batman: Arkham franchise while Troy Baker voices a younger version in the prequel Arkham Origins.[108][109][110] This depiction of the Joker has received widespread acclaim as critics have lauded the voice acting and the exploration of his rivalry with Batman.[111][112][113][114] The Joker won the 2011 Spike Video Game Awards' "Character of the Year" award for his role in Arkham City.[115] An alternate reality version of the Joker, voiced by J. P. Karliak, appears in Suicide Squad: Kill the Justice League.[116]

  • First appearing as the final boss of Batman: Arkham Asylum (2009), the Joker takes over Arkham Island to work on the "Titan formula", a more potent version of Bane's Venom drug, to create an army of genetically-enhanced henchmen before using it on himself, only to be defeated by Batman. Additionally, the Joker appears as a playable character via the Challenge Maps.[117][118]
  • In Batman: Arkham City (2011), the Joker is transferred to the eponymous city prison, where he becomes embroiled in a gang war with Two-Face and the Penguin. After discovering he is slowly dying due to the Titan formula, he infects Batman and several Gotham City citizens with his infected blood to force him to help find a cure. Despite Batman's best efforts, the Joker ultimately succumbs to the disease.
  • A young Joker appears in Batman: Arkham Origins (2013), in which he kidnaps and poses as Black Mask to hire eight assassins to kill Batman, who he later has his first encounter with in addition to Dr. Harleen Quinzel. Additionally, the Joker appears as a playable character via the game's multiplayer mode.
  • The Joker appears in Batman: Arkham Origins Blackgate (2013).
  • In Batman: Arkham Knight (2015), the Joker manifests as a split personality within Batman and four civilians, Henry Adams, Johnny Charisma, Christina Bell, and Albert King, due to residual traces of the Joker's blood within their bodily systems, with Batman additionally suffering further symptoms due to exposure to the Scarecrow's new fear toxin while the civilians all took on different aspects of the Joker's personality and appearance. Upon realizing Batman will become the best host for the Joker's return, Adams kills the other infected and himself. Eventually however, Batman uses more fear toxin to overcome the Joker personality and lock him away within his mind.
  • The Joker makes a cameo appearance in Batman: Arkham VR (2016) via a nightmare sequence.
  • An alternate reality variant of the Joker appears as a downloadable playable character in Suicide Squad: Kill the Justice League, voiced by J. P. Karliak.[119] This version was a member of the Suicide Squad before his squad-mates were killed in Brainiac. Moreover, he sports a prosthetic leg and wields a rocket-powered umbrella.

Miscellaneous[edit]

  • The Joker appears in Batman Live, portrayed by Mark Frost.[120][121][120][122][123]
  • The Dark Knight incarnation of the Joker appears in The Dark Knight Coaster, voiced by Heath Ledger.[124]
  • The Joker appears in Justice League: Battle for Metropolis, voiced by Troy Baker.[125]
  • The Joker appears in Six Flags Magic Mountain's DC Heroes & Villains Fest.
  • The Joker serves as inspiration for "The Joker Funhouse" interactive walkthrough attraction, voiced by Richard Epcar.[126]
  • The Joker appears as a meet-and-greet character at Warner Bros. Movie World.
  • The Joker serves as inspiration for the DC Rivals HyperCoaster.[127]
  • The DCAU incarnation of the Joker appears in flashbacks in the tie-in comic Justice League Beyond. Following his death during the flashbacks in Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker, Batman and Commissioner Jim Gordon see his body buried underneath Arkham Asylum.
  • The Injustice incarnation of the Joker appears in the Injustice: Gods Among Us tie-in comic. Prior to tricking Superman into killing Lois Lane and her unborn child and destroying Metropolis, the Joker and Harley Quinn murdered Jimmy Olsen, stole a nuclear warhead, connected it to a dead man's switch and Lane's pulse, and exposed Superman to Kryptonite-laced fear toxin they stole from the Scarecrow. Years after Superman killed the Joker and formed the Regime, a group inspired by the latter called the Joker Underground emerge to oppose Superman. While Batwoman and Harley provide assistance to the group, Superman slaughters them. Nonetheless, more people are inspired by the Joker while an alternate universe variant arrives to co-opt the Joker Underground later in the series.
  • An alternate reality variant of the Joker appears in Smallville: Alien #3. This version is the Batman of Earth-13.[128]
  • The DCEU incarnation of the Joker appears in the music video for Skrillex and Rick Ross' "Purple Lamborghini", portrayed again by Jared Leto.[129]

Actors[edit]

Actor Live-action television Live-action film Records Animated television Radio Animated film Video games Live performance Web series Podcasts
Caesar Romero 1966–1968 1966 1966V
Lennie Weinrib 1977V
Jack Nicholson 1989
Kerry Shale 1989V
Mark Hamill 2002V 1992–2018V 1993–2016V 1994–2022V
Kevin Michael Richardson 2004–2008V 2005V
Heath Ledger 2008
Jeff Bennett 2008–2011V 2018V
Michael Dobson 2008–2009V
Mark Frost 2011, 2012
Brent Spiner 2011, 2021V 2021–2022V
Troy Baker 2015V 2014–2021V 2013V
Jared Leto 2016, 2021
Joaquin Phoenix 2019, 2024
Alan Tudyk 2019–presentV
Barry Keoghan 2022-present

References[edit]

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