Welfare chauvinism
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Welfare chauvinism is a term used for the political notion that welfare benefits should be restricted to certain groups, particularly to the natives of a country as opposed to immigrants. It is used as an argumentation strategy by right-wing populist parties, which describes a rhetorical connection between the problems of the welfare state and, in essence, immigration but also other social groups such as welfare recipients and the unemployed. The focus is placed on categorizing state residents in two extremes: the "nourishing" and "debilitating" and the contradiction between them in the competition for the society's scarce resources.[1][2][3]
Background
The term welfare chauvinism was first used in social science in the 1990 paper "Structural changes and new cleavages: The progress parties in Denmark and Norway" by Jørgen Goul Andersen and Tor Bjørklund. They described it as the notion that "welfare services should be restricted to our own".[4][5]
"Nourishing" and "debilitating"
In the description of society and the problems of the welfare state, populists, especially right-wing populists and welfare chauvinists, use a line of argument based on the two extremes where citizens are divided into nourishing and debilitating groups. The nourishing group consists of those who are a part of society's welfare and the country's prosperity; community builders, i.e. "the people"; the ordinary honest working man. The second group as standing outside of "the people" are the debilitating people, believed to utilizing welfare without adding any value to society. The debilitating group consists of e.g. bureaucrats, academics, immigrants, the unemployed, welfare recipients and others. As such, welfare is seen as a system with embedded exclusion mechanisms.[2][3]
Right-wing populists and welfare chauvinism
According to welfare chauvinists, the safety net of the welfare state are for those who they believe belongs in the community. By the right-wing populist standard, the social affiliations with society are based in national, cultural and ethnic or racial aspects. Considered to be included in the category are those that are regarded as nourishing. The debilitating group (primarily immigrants) is considered to be outside of society and to be unjustly utilizing the welfare system.[3][6] In essence, welfare chauvinists consider immigration to be a drain on societal scarce resources. They believe these resources should be used for the ethnically homogeneous native population,[1] preferably children and the elderly.[7]
The same principle of argument is, according to the academics Peer Scheepers, Mérove Gijsberts and Marcel Coenders, transferred to the labor market; where the competition for jobs is made out to be an ethnic conflict between immigrants and the native population. In times of high unemployment this rhetorical coupling amplifies and enhances the legitimacy of the welfare chauvinist and other xenophobic arguments.[8][9]
Political parties and welfare chauvinism
Examples of contemporary parties that use, or used, a welfare chauvinist argumentation strategy: the Progress Party and Danish People's Party in Denmark, Front National in France, Freedom Party of Austria in Austria, The Republicans in Germany, Sweden Democrats[1][10] and New Democracy[1] in Sweden.
See also
References
Footnotes
- ^ a b c d Rydgren 2005
- ^ a b Mény & Surel 2002
- ^ a b c Rydgren & Widfeldt 2004
- ^ Linda Besner (7 February 2013): Why the Dutch Vote for Geert Wilders Randomhouse.ca, retrieved 31 July 2013
- ^ Jørgen Gold Andersen and Tor Bjørklund (1990): Structural changes and new cleavages: The progress parties in Denmark and Norway Acta Sociologica, JStor, retrieved 31 July 2013
- ^ Kitschelt 1997
- ^ Lodenius 2010
- ^ Scheepers, Gijsberts & Coenders 2002
- ^ Oesch 2008
- ^ Kiiskinen & Saveljeff 2010
Literature list
- Kiiskinen, Jenny; Saveljeff, Sigrid (2010), Att dansa i otakt med väljarna: Socialdemokraternas och Moderaternas strategiska bedömning av Sverigedemokraterna (in Swedish), Malmö: Malmö högskola, ISSN 1652-3997
- Kitschelt, Herbert (1997), The radical right in Western Europe: a comparative analysis, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, ISBN 0-472-08441-0, LIBRIS 8883465
- Lodenius, Anna-Lena (2010), Sverigedemokraterna, så funkar dom (in Swedish), Ordfront magasin, retrieved 2011-08-14
- Mény, Yves; Surel, Yves (2002), Democracies and the Populist Challenge, Basingstoke: Palgrave, ISBN 0-333-97004-7, LIBRIS 8284093
- Oesch, Daniel (2008), "Explaining Workers' Support for Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe: Evidence from Austria, Belgium, France, Norway, and Switzerland", International Political Science Review, vol. 29, pp. 349–373
- Rydgren, Jens; Widfeldt, Anders (2004), Från Le Pen till Pim Fortuyn – Populism och Parlamentarisk Högerextremism i dagens Europa (in Swedish), Malmö: Liber, ISBN 0-333-97004-7, LIBRIS 8284093
- Rydgren, Jens (2005), Från skattemissnöje till etnisk nationalism: Högerpopulism och parlamentarisk högerextremism i Sverige (in Swedish), Lund: Studentlitteratur, ISBN 91-44-04307-4, LIBRIS 9840294
- Scheepers, Peer; Gijsberts, Mérove; Coenders, Marcel (2002), "Ethnic Exclusionism in European Countries: Public Opposition to Civil Rights for Legal Migrants as a Response to Perceived Ethnic Threat", European Sociological Review, vol. 18, pp. 17–34