South Arabia

South Arabia

جنوب الجزيرة العربية (Arabic)
South Arabia جنوب الجزيرة العربية (Arabic)
Historical region of Arabia
	Map of South Arabia
Country	Yemen; Saudi Arabia; Oman

South Arabia (Arabic: جنوب الجزيرة العربية) is a historical region that consists of the southern region of the Arabian Peninsula in West Asia, mainly centered in what is now the Republic of Yemen, yet it has also historically included Najran, Jizan, Al-Bahah, and 'Asir, which are presently in Saudi Arabia, and Dhofar of present-day Oman.

South Arabia is inhabited by people possessing distinctive linguistic and ethnic affinities, as well as traditions and culture, transcending recent political boundaries. There are two indigenous language groups: the now extinct Old South Arabian languages and the unrelated Modern South Arabian languages, both members of the Semitic family.

Etymology

The term Yamnat was mentioned in Old South Arabian inscriptions on the title of one of the kings of the second Himyarite Kingdom known as Shammar Yahrʽish II. The term was probably referring to the southwestern coastline of the Arabian peninsula and the southern coastline between Aden and Hadramout.^[1]^[2]^[3] One etymology derives Yemen from ymnt, meaning "South", and significantly plays on the notion of the land to the right (𐩺𐩣𐩬).^[4] Other sources claim that Yemen is related to yamn or yumn, meaning "felicity" or "blessed", as much of the country is fertile.^[5]^[6] The Romans called it Arabia Felix (fertile Arabia), as opposed to Arabia Deserta (deserted Arabia). Classical Latin and Greek writers used the name "India" to refer to South Arabia (ancient Yemen). The use of the term "India" arose from the fact that the Persians called the Abyssinians whom they came into contact in South Arabia by the name of the Cushitic people who lived next to them, i.e., Indians.^[7] Southern Arabia was part of Indian Ocean trade routes^[8] for millennia. With the advent of the Omani Empire,^[9] ties were strengthened between India and the Eastern Coast of Africa and Madagascar.

History

Three thousand years ago, several ancient states occupied the region of South Arabia, being M'ain, Qataban, Hadhramaut, and Saba.^[10] In these ancient times South Arabia claimed several notable features: the famous dam at Marib, the cosmopolitan incense trade, as well as the legendary Queen of Sheba.^[11] Two thousand years ago the Himyarites became the masters of South Arabia, dominating the region for several centuries. The Ethiopian Kingdom of Aksum invaded South Arabia first in the 3rd–4th centuries, then later in the 6th under King Kaleb who subjugated the region, c. 520. They were displaced by Persian forces of the Sassanid dynasty, c.575, who also arrived by sea.^[12]^[13]^[14] A half-century later, in the year 6 A.H. (628), the region converted to Islam.^[15]

Geography

Ancient

Ancient kingdoms and appellations:

Saba'
Ma'īn
Qatabān
Ḥaḑramawt
Awsān
Himyar
Arabia Felix (the term the Romans used to refer to South Arabia)

Pre-Islamic foreign occupiers:

Axum (3rd–4th, 6th centuries)
Sasanian Empire^[16] (6th–7th centuries).

Islamic dynasties

Umayyad 661–750
Abbasid 750–897
Ziyadid 819–1022
Zaydi Imams 897-1962
Najahid 1022-1158
Sulaihid 1047–1138
Zurayid 1083-1193
Mahdids 1159–1174
Ayyubid 1174–1228
Rasulid 1229–1454
Tahiride 1454–1526

Early modern and colonial

Northern
- Yemen Eyalet, Ottoman Empire (1517–1635)
- Yemeni Zaidi State (1597–1849)
- Yemen Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (1849–, 1872–1918)
- Principality of Najran (1633–1934)
Southern
- Aden city
  - Aden Province (1839–1937)
  - Colony of Aden (1937–1963)
- Regional
  - Sultanate of Lahej (1728–1967)
  - Aden Protectorate (1874–1959)
  - Federation of Arab Emirates of the South (1959–1962)
  - Federation of South Arabia (1962–1967)
  - Protectorate of South Arabia (1963–1967)

Modern

Yemen:

Unified
- Republic of Yemen (1990–present)
Northern
- Idrisid Emirate (1906–1934)
- Sheikdom of Upper Asir (1916–1920)
- Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (1918–1970)
- Yemen Arab Republic (1962–1990)
Southern
- Qu'aiti Sultanate (1858–1967)
- People's Republic of South Yemen (1967–1970)
- People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (1970–1990)
Other articles
- Yemeni Unification (1990)
- North Yemen and South Yemen
- Democratic Republic of Yemen (1994)
- Greater Yemen
- South Yemen insurgency
- Houthi insurgency in Yemen (2015)

Beyond Yemen:

Najran, Jizan, 'Asir, Al-Bahah in Saudi Arabia
Dhofar in Oman

References

^ Jawād ʻAlī (1968) [Digitized 17 February 2007]. الـمـفـصـّل في تـاريـخ العـرب قبـل الإسـلام [Detailed history of Arabs before Islam] (in Arabic). Vol. 1. Dār al-ʻIlm li-l-Malāyīn. p. 171.
^ Neuwirth, Angelika; Sinai, Nicolai; Marx, Michael (2010). The Qur??n in Context: Historical and Literary Investigations Into the Qur??nic Milieu. BRILL. ISBN 9789004176881.
^ Smith, William Robertson. Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia. p. 193. ISBN 1117531937. He was worshiped by the Madhij and their allies at Jorash (Asir) in Northern Yemen
^ Beeston, A.F.L.; Ghul, M.A.; Müller, W.W.; Ryckmans, J. (1982). Sabaic Dictionary. University of Sanaa, YAR. p. 168. ISBN 2-8017-0194-7.
^ Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov (2007). Enemies from the East?: V. S. Soloviev on Paganism, Asian Civilizations, and Islam. Northwestern University Press. p. 149. ISBN 9780810124172.
^ Edward Balfour (1873). Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial, Industrial and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures, Band 5. Printed at the Scottish & Adelphi presses. p. 240.
^ Origin Of Islam In Its Christian Environment Bell, Richard p.g 34
^ "Indian Ocean Trade Routes".
^ "William the Rebel: Musandam: The isolated land of the Shihuh". 19 December 2016.
^ Brian Doe, South Arabia (London: Thames & Hudson 1971) at 60–102.
^ Jean-Francois Breton, Arabia Felix (University of Notre Dame 1999) at 13–20, 23; 53–73; 3–5, 41–43.
^ al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari, volume V, The Sasanids, the Byzantines, the Lakmids, and Yemen (S.U.N.Y. 1999), in Yemen: Ethiopian conquest at 179, 182–183, 204–208, 212; Persia over al-Habashah at 159–160, 236–249.
^ Stuart Munro-Hay, Aksum. An African civilization of late antiquity (Edinburgh Univ. 1991) at 71–74, 76–77 (3rd century), at 78–80 (4th century), at 84–88 (6th century).
^ Sally Ann Baynard, "Historical Setting" in The Yemens: Country Studies (Washington, D.C.: Foreign Area Studies, The American University, c.1985) 1–89, at 3–14: Ethiopians at 11–12 (4th century for 4 decades, 6th century for about 50 years); Persians at xiii, 12.
^ al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari, volume VIII, The Victory of Islam (S.U.N.Y. 1997) at 114 (became Muslim).
^ Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Malik b. Hishām, al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya. 3rd edition. 4 vols. (Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 2010), 1:60-66; Fred M. Donner, Muhammad and The Believers: At the Origins of Islam (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2012), 34; G.W. Bowersock, The Throne of Adulis: Red Sea Wars on the Eve of Islam (Oxford University Press, 2013), 117.

External links

[1] Jawād ʻAlī (1968) [Digitized 17 February 2007]. الـمـفـصـّل في تـاريـخ العـرب قبـل الإسـلام [Detailed history of Arabs before Islam] (in Arabic). Vol. 1. Dār al-ʻIlm li-l-Malāyīn. p. 171.

[2] Neuwirth, Angelika; Sinai, Nicolai; Marx, Michael (2010). The Qur??n in Context: Historical and Literary Investigations Into the Qur??nic Milieu. BRILL. ISBN 9789004176881.

[3] Smith, William Robertson. Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia. p. 193. ISBN 1117531937. He was worshiped by the Madhij and their allies at Jorash (Asir) in Northern Yemen

[4] Beeston, A.F.L.; Ghul, M.A.; Müller, W.W.; Ryckmans, J. (1982). Sabaic Dictionary. University of Sanaa, YAR. p. 168. ISBN 2-8017-0194-7.

[5] Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov (2007). Enemies from the East?: V. S. Soloviev on Paganism, Asian Civilizations, and Islam. Northwestern University Press. p. 149. ISBN 9780810124172.

[6] Edward Balfour (1873). Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial, Industrial and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures, Band 5. Printed at the Scottish & Adelphi presses. p. 240.

[7] Origin Of Islam In Its Christian Environment Bell, Richard p.g 34

[8] "Indian Ocean Trade Routes".

[9] "William the Rebel: Musandam: The isolated land of the Shihuh". 19 December 2016.

[10] Brian Doe, South Arabia (London: Thames & Hudson 1971) at 60–102.

[11] Jean-Francois Breton, Arabia Felix (University of Notre Dame 1999) at 13–20, 23; 53–73; 3–5, 41–43.

[12] -Tabari, The History of al-Tabari, volume V, The Sasanids, the Byzantines, the Lakmids, and Yemen (S.U.N.Y. 1999), in Yemen: Ethiopian conquest at 179, 182–183, 204–208, 212; Persia over al-Habashah at 159–160, 236–249.

[13] Stuart Munro-Hay, Aksum. An African civilization of late antiquity (Edinburgh Univ. 1991) at 71–74, 76–77 (3rd century), at 78–80 (4th century), at 84–88 (6th century).

[14] Sally Ann Baynard, "Historical Setting" in The Yemens: Country Studies (Washington, D.C.: Foreign Area Studies, The American University, c.1985) 1–89, at 3–14: Ethiopians at 11–12 (4th century for 4 decades, 6th century for about 50 years); Persians at xiii, 12.

[15] -Tabari, The History of al-Tabari, volume VIII, The Victory of Islam (S.U.N.Y. 1997) at 114 (became Muslim).

[16] Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Malik b. Hishām, al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya. 3rd edition. 4 vols. (Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 2010), 1:60-66; Fred M. Donner, Muhammad and The Believers: At the Origins of Islam (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2012), 34; G.W. Bowersock, The Throne of Adulis: Red Sea Wars on the Eve of Islam (Oxford University Press, 2013), 117.

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v t e Former states in South Arabia
Federation of South Arabia	Aden Alawi Aqrabi Audhali Beihan Dathina Dhala Fadhli Haushabi Lahej Lower Aulaqi Lower Yafa Maflahi Qutaibi Shaib Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom Upper Aulaqi Sultanate Wahidi Balhaf Wahidi Bir Ali Wahidi Haban
Protectorate of South Arabia	Kathiri Mahra Qu'aiti Upper Yafa (Al-Busi – Al-Dhubi – Hadrami – Mawsata – Maflahi – Na'wah – Rubeaten – Juban) al-Hawra al-`Irqa
Independent states	North Yemen South Yemen (1994 revival attempt) Baidah Najran Lower Asir Upper Asir Tarim
History of Yemen Federation of the Emirates of the South Aden Protectorate Aden Province Aden Colony