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The president of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States,^[1] indirectly elected to a four-year term by the American people through the Electoral College.^[2] The office holder leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.^[3]

Since the office was established in 1789, 45 people have served in 46 presidencies. The first president, George Washington, won a unanimous vote of the Electoral College;^[4] one, Grover Cleveland, served two non-consecutive terms and is therefore counted as the 22nd and 24th president of the United States, giving rise to the discrepancy between the number of presidents and the number of persons who have served as president.^[5]

The presidency of William Henry Harrison, who died 31 days after taking office in 1841, was the shortest in American history.^[6] Franklin D. Roosevelt served the longest, over twelve years, before dying early in his fourth term in 1945. He is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms.^[7] Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected president more than twice, and no one who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected may be elected more than once.^[8]

Four presidents died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Warren G. Harding, and Franklin D. Roosevelt), four were assassinated (Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley and John F. Kennedy), and one resigned (Richard Nixon, facing impeachment).^[9] John Tyler was the first vice president to assume the presidency during a presidential term, and set the precedent that a vice president who does so becomes the fully functioning president with his presidency, as opposed to a caretaker president.^[10] The Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution put Tyler's precedent into law in 1967. It also established a mechanism by which an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency could be filled.^[11] Richard Nixon was the first president to fill a vacancy under this provision when he selected Gerald Ford for the office following Spiro Agnew's resignation in 1973. The following year, Ford became the second to do so when he chose Nelson Rockefeller to succeed him after he acceded to the presidency. As no mechanism existed for filling an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency before 1967, the office was left vacant until filled through the next ensuing presidential election and subsequent inauguration.^[12]

Throughout most of its history, American politics has been dominated by political parties. The Constitution is silent on the issue of political parties, and at the time it came into force in 1789, no organized parties existed. Soon after the 1st Congress convened, factions began rallying around dominant Washington administration officials, such as Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson.^[13] Greatly concerned about the capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together, Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency. He was, and remains, the only U.S. president never affiliated with a political party.^[14]

As of May 2022, there are five living former presidents: Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump. The most recent to die was George H. W. Bush, on November 30, 2018.^[15]

Presidents

List of presidents of the United States from 1789 – till date.
#^[a]	Name (Birth–Death)	Term^[16]		Election	Vice President^[18]
1	George Washington (1732–1799) ^[19]	April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797	Unaffiliated	1788–89	John Adams^[c]
1	George Washington (1732–1799) ^[19]	April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797	Unaffiliated	1792	John Adams^[c]
2	John Adams (1735–1826) ^[21]	March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801	Federalist	1796	Thomas Jefferson^[d]
3	Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) ^[23]	March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1809	Democratic- Republican	1800	Aaron Burr
3	Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) ^[23]	March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1809	Democratic- Republican	1804	George Clinton^[e]
4	James Madison (1751–1836) ^[24]	March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817	Democratic- Republican	1808	George Clinton^[e]
				1808	Vacant after Apr. 20, 1812
				1812	Elbridge Gerry^[e]
				1812	Vacant after Nov. 23, 1814
5	James Monroe (1758–1831) ^[25]	March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825	Democratic- Republican	1816	Daniel D. Tompkins
5	James Monroe (1758–1831) ^[25]	March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825	Democratic- Republican	1820	Daniel D. Tompkins
6	John Quincy Adams (1767–1848) ^[26]	March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829	Democratic- Republican^[f]	1824	John C. Calhoun^[g]^[h]
6	John Quincy Adams (1767–1848) ^[26]	March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829	National Republican	1824
7	Andrew Jackson (1767–1845) ^[29]	March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837	Democratic	1828
				1828	Vacant after Dec. 28, 1832
				1832	Martin Van Buren
8	Martin Van Buren (1782–1862) ^[30]	March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841	Democratic	1836	Richard Mentor Johnson
9	William Henry Harrison^[e] (1773–1841) ^[31]	March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841	Whig	1840	John Tyler
10	John Tyler (1790–1862) ^[32]	April 4, 1841^[i] – March 4, 1845	Whig^[j]		Vacant throughout presidency
10	John Tyler (1790–1862) ^[32]	April 4, 1841^[i] – March 4, 1845	Unaffiliated		Vacant throughout presidency
11	James K. Polk (1795–1849) ^[35]	March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849	Democratic	1844	George M. Dallas
12	Zachary Taylor^[e] (1784–1850) ^[36]	March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850	Whig	1848	Millard Fillmore
13	Millard Fillmore (1800–1874) ^[37]	July 9, 1850^[k] – March 4, 1853	Whig	1848	Vacant throughout presidency
14	Franklin Pierce (1804–1869) ^[39]	March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857	Democratic	1852	William R. King^[e]
14	Franklin Pierce (1804–1869) ^[39]	March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857	Democratic	1852	Vacant after Apr. 18, 1853
15	James Buchanan (1791–1868) ^[40]	March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861	Democratic	1856	John C. Breckinridge
16	Abraham Lincoln^[l] (1809–1865) ^[41]	March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865	Republican	1860	Hannibal Hamlin
16	Abraham Lincoln^[l] (1809–1865) ^[41]	March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865	National Union^[m]	1864	Andrew Johnson
17	Andrew Johnson (1808–1875) ^[42]	April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869	National Union^[n]		Vacant throughout presidency
17	Andrew Johnson (1808–1875) ^[42]	April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869	Democratic		Vacant throughout presidency
18	Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885) ^[41]	March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877	Republican	1868	Schuyler Colfax
				1872	Henry Wilson^[e]
				1872	Vacant after Nov. 22, 1875
19	Rutherford B. Hayes (1822–1893) ^[43]	March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881	Republican	1876	William A. Wheeler
20	James A. Garfield^[o] (1831–1881) ^[44]	March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881	Republican	1880	Chester A. Arthur
21	Chester A. Arthur (1829–1886) ^[45]	September 19, 1881^[p] – March 4, 1885	Republican	1880	Vacant throughout presidency
22	Grover Cleveland (1837–1908) ^[46]	March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889	Democratic	1884	Thomas A. Hendricks^[e]
22	Grover Cleveland (1837–1908) ^[46]	March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889	Democratic	1884	Vacant after Nov. 25, 1885
23	Benjamin Harrison (1833–1901) ^[47]	March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893	Republican	1888	Levi P. Morton
24	Grover Cleveland (1837–1908) ^[46]	March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897	Democratic	1892	Adlai Stevenson I
25	William McKinley^[q] (1843–1901) ^[48]	March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901	Republican	1896	Garret Hobart^[e]
				1896	Vacant after Nov. 21, 1899
				1900	Theodore Roosevelt
26	Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919) ^[49]	September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909	Republican	1900	Vacant through Mar. 4, 1905
26	Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919) ^[49]	September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909	Republican	1904	Charles W. Fairbanks
27	William Howard Taft (1857–1930) ^[48]	March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913	Republican	1908	James S. Sherman^[e]
27	William Howard Taft (1857–1930) ^[48]	March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913	Republican	1908	Vacant after Oct. 30, 1912
28	Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924) ^[50]	March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921	Democratic	1912	Thomas R. Marshall
28	Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924) ^[50]	March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921	Democratic	1916	Thomas R. Marshall
29	Warren G. Harding^[e] (1865–1923) ^[51]	March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923	Republican	1920	Calvin Coolidge
30	Calvin Coolidge (1872–1933) ^[52]	August 2, 1923^[r] – March 4, 1929	Republican	1920	Vacant through Mar. 4, 1925
30	Calvin Coolidge (1872–1933) ^[52]	August 2, 1923^[r] – March 4, 1929	Republican	1924	Charles G. Dawes
31	Herbert Hoover (1874–1964) ^[53]	March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933	Republican	1928	Charles Curtis
32	Franklin D. Roosevelt^[e] (1882–1945) ^[54]	March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945	Democratic	1932	John Nance Garner
				1936	John Nance Garner
				1940	Henry A. Wallace
				1944	Harry S. Truman
33	Harry S. Truman (1884–1972) ^[55]	April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953	Democratic	1944	Vacant through Jan. 20, 1949
33	Harry S. Truman (1884–1972) ^[55]	April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953	Democratic	1948	Alben W. Barkley
34	Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890–1969) ^[56]	January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961	Republican	1952	Richard Nixon
34	Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890–1969) ^[56]	January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961	Republican	1956	Richard Nixon
35	John F. Kennedy^[s] (1917–1963) ^[57]	January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963	Democratic	1960	Lyndon B. Johnson
36	Lyndon B. Johnson (1908–1973) ^[58]	November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969	Democratic	1960	Vacant through Jan. 20, 1965
36	Lyndon B. Johnson (1908–1973) ^[58]	November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969	Democratic	1964	Hubert Humphrey
37	Richard Nixon^[h] (1913–1994) ^[53]	January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974	Republican	1968	Spiro Agnew^[h]
				1972	Spiro Agnew^[h]
					Vacant, Oct. 10 – Dec. 6, 1973
					Gerald Ford^[t]
38	Gerald Ford (1913–2006) ^[59]	August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977	Republican		Vacant through Dec. 19, 1974
38	Gerald Ford (1913–2006) ^[59]	August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977	Republican		Nelson Rockefeller^[t]
39	Jimmy Carter (b. 1924) ^[60]	January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981	Democratic	1976	Walter Mondale
40	Ronald Reagan (1911–2004) ^[61]	January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989	Republican	1980	George H. W. Bush
40	Ronald Reagan (1911–2004) ^[61]	January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989	Republican	1984	George H. W. Bush
41	George H. W. Bush (1924–2018) ^[62]	January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993	Republican	1988	Dan Quayle
42	Bill Clinton (b. 1946) ^[63]	January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001	Democratic	1992	Al Gore
42	Bill Clinton (b. 1946) ^[63]	January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001	Democratic	1996	Al Gore
43	George W. Bush (b. 1946) ^[64]	January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009	Republican	2000	Dick Cheney
43	George W. Bush (b. 1946) ^[64]	January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009	Republican	2004	Dick Cheney
44	Barack Obama (b. 1961) ^[65]	January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017	Democratic	2008	Joe Biden
44	Barack Obama (b. 1961) ^[65]	January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017	Democratic	2012	Joe Biden
45	Donald Trump (b. 1946) ^[66]	January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021	Republican	2016	Mike Pence
46	Joe Biden (b. 1942) ^[67]	January 20, 2021 – Incumbent	Democratic	2020	Kamala Harris

Notes

^ Presidents are numbered according to uninterrupted periods served by the same person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Upon the resignation of 37th president, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford became the 38th president even though he simply served out the remainder of Nixon's second term and was never elected to the presidency in his own right. Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd president and the 24th president because his two terms were not consecutive. A vice president who temporarily becomes acting president under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution is not counted, because the president remains in office during such a period.
^ Reflects the president's political party at the start of their presidency. Changes during their time in office are noted. Also reflects the vice president's political party unless otherwise noted beside the individual's name.
^ Political parties had not been anticipated when the Constitution was drafted, nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788–89. When they did develop, during Washington's first term, Adams joined the faction that became the Federalist Party. The elections of 1792 were the first ones in the United States that were contested on anything resembling a partisan basis.^[20]
^ The 1796 presidential election was the first contested American presidential election and the only one in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing political parties. Federalist John Adams was elected president, and Jefferson of the Democratic-Republicans was elected vice president.^[22]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Died in office of natural causes.
^ Early during Adams' term the Democratic-Republican Party dissolved; his allies in Congress and at the state-level were referred to as "Adams' Men" during the Adams presidency. When Andrew Jackson became president in 1829, this group became the "Anti-Jackson" opposition, and organized themselves as the National Republican Party.^[27]
^ John Calhoun, formerly a Democratic-Republican, founded the Nullifier Party in 1828 to oppose the Tariff of 1828 and advance the cause of states' rights, but was brought on as Andrew Jackson's running mate in the 1828 presidential election in an effort to broaden the democratic coalition led by Jackson.^[28]
^ ^a ^b ^c Resigned from office
^ John Tyler was sworn in as president on April 6, 1841.^[33]
^ John Tyler was elected vice president on the Whig Party ticket in 1840. His policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party five monthes in office.^[34]
^ Millard Fillmore was sworn in as president on July 10, 1850.^[38]
^ Died April 15, 1865; see Assassination of Abraham Lincoln for further details.
^ When he ran for reelection in 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the National Union Party ticket.
^ While president, Johnson tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson rejoined the Democratic Party.
^ Died September 19, 1881; see Assassination of James A. Garfield for further details.
^ Chester A. Arthur was initially sworn in as president on September 20, 1881, and then again on September 22.
^ Died September 14, 1901; see Assassination of William McKinley for further details.
^ Calvin Coolidge was initially sworn in as president on August 3, 1923, and then again on August 21.
^ Died November 22, 1963; see Assassination of John F. Kennedy for further details.
^ ^a ^b Appointed as vice president under terms of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, Section 2.

References

^ Rossiter (1962), p. 86.
^ Shugart (2004), pp. 633–636.
^ Fairman (1949), pp. 145–146.
^ Matuz (2001), p. xxii.
^ Schaller & Williams (2003), p. 192.
^ McHugh & Mackowiak (2014), pp. 990–995.
^ Skau (1974), pp. 246–275.
^ Willis & Willis (1952), p. 473.
^ Abbott (2005), pp. 627–644.
^ Dinnerstein (1962), pp. 447–451.
^ Kassop (2005), pp. 147–153.
^ Gilbert (2003), pp. 877–879.
^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 197; Nardulli (1992), p. 179.
^ Seasongood (1932), pp. 265–271; Jamison (2014).
^ Tumulty (2018); Horsley, Rosenbaum & Kesbeh (2018).
^ LOC; whitehouse.gov (a).
^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 257–258.
^ LOC.
^ McDonald (2000).
^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 197, 272; Nardulli (1992), p. 179.
^ Pencak (2000).
^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 274.
^ Peterson (2000).
^ Banning (2000).
^ Ammon (2000).
^ Hargreaves (2000).
^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 228; Goldman (1951), p. 159.
^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 892; Houpt (2010), pp. 26, 280.
^ Remini (2000).
^ Cole (2000).
^ Gutzman (2000).
^ Shade (2000).
^ Abbott (2013), p. 23.
^ Cash (2018), pp. 34–36.
^ Rawley (2000).
^ Smith (2000).
^ Anbinder (2000).
^ Abbott (2005), p. 639.
^ Gara (2000).
^ Gienapp (2000).
^ ^a ^b McPherson (2000). sfnp error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFMcPherson2000 (help)
^ Trefousse (2000).
^ Hoogenboom (2000).
^ Peskin (2000).
^ Reeves (2000).
^ ^a ^b Campbell (2000).
^ Spetter (2000).
^ ^a ^b Gould (2000). sfnp error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFGould2000 (help)
^ Harbaugh (2000).
^ Ambrosius (2000).
^ Hawley (2000).
^ McCoy (2000).
^ ^a ^b Hoff (2000). sfnp error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFHoff2000 (help)
^ Brinkley (2000).
^ Hamby (2000).
^ Ambrose (2000).
^ Parmet (2000).
^ Gardner (2000).
^ Greene (2013).
^ whitehouse.gov (b).
^ Schaller (2004).
^ whitehouse.gov (c).
^ whitehouse.gov (d).
^ whitehouse.gov (e).
^ whitehouse.gov (f).
^ whitehouse.gov (g).
^ whitehouse.gov (h).

Works cited

General

Guide to U.S. Elections. SAGE Publications. 2010. ISBN 978-1-60426-536-1.
"Chronological List of Presidents, First Ladies, and Vice Presidents of the United States". Library of Congress. Retrieved February 20, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
"Presidents". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

Expert studies

Abbott, Philip (2005). "Accidental Presidents: Death, Assassination, Resignation, and Democratic Succession". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 35 (4). Wiley: 627–645. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2005.00269.x. ISSN 0360-4918. JSTOR 27552721.
Abbott, Philip (2013). "The First Bad President?: John Tyler". Bad Presidents. The Evolving American Presidency Series. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 23–42. doi:10.1057/9781137306593_2. ISBN 978-1-349-45513-3.
Cash, Jordan T. (2018). "The Isolated Presidency: John Tyler and Unilateral Presidential Power". American Political Thought. 7: 26–56. doi:10.1086/695644. S2CID 158133180 – via ResearchGate.
Dinnerstein, Leonard (1962). "The Accession of John Tyler to the Presidency". Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 70 (4). Virginia Historical Society: 447–458. JSTOR 4246893.
Fairman, Charles (1949). "The President as Commander-in-Chief". The Journal of Politics. 11 (1). University of Chicago Press: 145–170. doi:10.2307/2126503. JSTOR 2126503. S2CID 155029239.
Gilbert, Robert E. (2003). "'The Contemporary Presidency': The Twenty-Fifth Amendment: Recommendations and Deliberations of the Working Group on Presidential Disability". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 33 (4): 877–888. doi:10.1046/j.0360-4918.2003.00088.x. JSTOR 27552541.
Goldman, Ralph Morris (1951). Party Chairmen and Party Faction, 1789–1900: A Theory of Executive Responsibility and Conflict Resolution. University of Chicago Press.
Houpt, David W. (2010). "Securing a Legacy". The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. Vol. 118, no. 1. Virginia Historical Society. ProQuest 195929787.
Kassop, Nancy (2005). "'The Law': When Law and Politics Collide: Presidents and the Use of the Twenty-Fifth Amendment". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 35 (1). Wiley: 147–165. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2004.00240.x. JSTOR 27552664.
Matuz, Roger (2001). Complete American Presidents Sourcebook. UXL. ISBN 978-0-7876-4842-8. LCCN 00056794. OL 24722725M.
McHugh, Jane; Mackowiak, Philip A. (2014). "Death in the White House: President William Henry Harrison's Atypical Pneumonia". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 59 (7). Oxford University Press: 990–995. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu470. JSTOR 24032403. PMID 24962997.
Nardulli, Peter F., ed. (1992). The Constitution and American Political Development: An Institutional Perspective. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-01787-2.
Rossiter, Clinton (1962). "Powers of the United States President and Congress". Pakistan Horizon. 15 (2). Pakistan Institute of International Affairs: 85–92. JSTOR 41392704.
Schaller, Thomas F.; Williams, Thomas W. (2003). "'The Contemporary Presidency': Postpresidential Influence in the Postmodern Era". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 33 (1). Center for Congressional and Presidential Studies: 188–200. JSTOR 27552468.
Seasongood, Murray (1932). "George Washington and Political Parties". The American Scholar. Vol. 1, no. 3. Phi Beta Kappa.
Shugart, Matthew S. (2004). "Elections': The American Process of Selecting a President: A Comparative Perspective". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 34 (3). Center for Congressional and Presidential Studies: 632–655. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2004.00216.x. JSTOR 27552617.
Skau, George H. (1974). "Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Expansion of Presidential Power". Current History. 66 (394). University of California Press: 246–275. doi:10.1525/curh.1974.66.394.246. JSTOR 45313079. S2CID 248394036.
Willis, Paul G.; Willis, George L. (1952). "The Politics of the Twenty-Second Amendment". Western Political Science Association. 5 (3). University of Utah Press: 469–482. doi:10.2307/442606. JSTOR 442606.

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Ambrose, Stephen E. (2000) [1999]. "Eisenhower, Dwight David". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700094. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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Ammon, Harry (2000) [1999]. "Monroe, James". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300338. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Anbinder, Tyler (2000) [1999]. "Fillmore, Millard". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400374. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Banning, Lance (2000) [1999]. "Madison, James". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300303. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Brinkley, Alan (2000) [1999]. "Roosevelt, Franklin Delano". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600567. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Campbell, Ballard C. (2000) [1999]. "Cleveland, Grover". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500144. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Cole, Donald B. (2000) [1999]. "Van Buren, Martin". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300507. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Gara, Larry (2000) [1999]. "Pierce, Franklin". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400788. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Gardner, Lloyd (2000) [1999]. "Johnson, Lyndon Baines". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700147. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Gienapp, William E. (2000) [1999]. "Buchanan, James". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400170. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Gould, Lewis L. (2000) [1999]. "McKinley, William". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500507. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Gould, Lewis L. (2000) [1999]. "Taft, William Howard". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600642. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Greene, John Robert (2013). "Ford, Gerald R., Jr". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1501345. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Gutzman, K. R. Constantine (2000) [1999]. "Harrison, William Henry". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300211. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Hamby, Alonzo L. (2000) [1999]. "Truman, Harry S." American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700307. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Harbaugh, William H. (2000) [1999]. "Roosevelt, Theodore". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600569. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Hargreaves, Mary W. M. (2000) [1999]. "Adams, John Quincy". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300002. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Hawley, Ellis W. (2000) [1999]. "Harding, Warren Gamaliel". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600253. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Hoff, Joan (2000) [1999]. "Hoover, Herbert Clark". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600287. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Hoff, Joan (2000) [1999]. "Nixon, Richard Milhous". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700684. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Hoogenboom, Ari (2000) [1999]. "Hayes, Rutherford Birchard". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500331. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
McCoy, Donald R. (2000) [1999]. "Coolidge, Calvin". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600109. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
McDonald, Forrest (2000) [1999]. "Washington, George". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0200332. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
McPherson, James M. (2000) [1999]. "Grant, Ulysses S." American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500291. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
McPherson, James M. (2000) [1999]. "Lincoln, Abraham". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400631. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Parmet, 1917–22 November 1963) (2000) [1999]. "Kennedy, John Fitzgerald". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700152. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Pencak, William (2000) [1999]. "Adams, John". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0100007. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Peskin, Allan (2000) [1999]. "Garfield, James Abram". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500264. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Peterson, Merrill D. (2000). "Jefferson, Thomas". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0200196. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Rawley, James A. (2000) [1999]. "Polk, James Knox". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400795. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Reeves, Thomas C. (2000) [1999]. "Arthur, Chester Alan". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500033. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Remini, Robert V. (2000) [1999]. "Jackson, Andrew". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0300238. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Schaller, Michael (2004). "Reagan, Ronald Wilson". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0700791. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Shade, William G. (2000) [1999]. "Tyler, John". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0401004. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Smith, Elbert B. (2000) [1999]. "Taylor, Zachary". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400978. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Spetter, Allan Burton (2000) [1999]. "Harrison, Benjamin". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0500320. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Trefousse, Hans L. (2000) [1999]. "Johnson, Andrew". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400566. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
"James Carter". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
"George H. W. Bush". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
"William J. Clinton". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
"George W. Bush". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
"Barack Obama". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
"Donald Trump". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
"Joe Biden". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

News articles

Horsley, Scott; Rosenbaum, Marcus; Kesbeh, Dina (November 20, 2018). "Former President George H.W. Bush Dies At 94". NPR. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
Jamison, Dennis (December 31, 2014). "George Washington' Views on Political Parties in America". The Washington Times. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
Tumulty, Karen (November 30, 2018). "George H.W. Bush, 41st President of the United States, Dies at 94". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 23, 2021.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to President of the United States.

Wikiquote has quotations related to List of presidents of the United States.

[16] Presidents are numbered according to uninterrupted periods served by the same person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Upon the resignation of 37th president, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford became the 38th president even though he simply served out the remainder of Nixon's second term and was never elected to the presidency in his own right. Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd president and the 24th president because his two terms were not consecutive. A vice president who temporarily becomes acting president under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution is not counted, because the president remains in office during such a period.

[18] Reflects the president's political party at the start of their presidency. Changes during their time in office are noted. Also reflects the vice president's political party unless otherwise noted beside the individual's name.

[23] Political parties had not been anticipated when the Constitution was drafted, nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788–89. When they did develop, during Washington's first term, Adams joined the faction that became the Federalist Party. The elections of 1792 were the first ones in the United States that were contested on anything resembling a partisan basis.^[20]

[26] The 1796 presidential election was the first contested American presidential election and the only one in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing political parties. Federalist John Adams was elected president, and Jefferson of the Democratic-Republicans was elected vice president.^[22]

[diednatural-28] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Died in office of natural causes.

[33] Early during Adams' term the Democratic-Republican Party dissolved; his allies in Congress and at the state-level were referred to as "Adams' Men" during the Adams presidency. When Andrew Jackson became president in 1829, this group became the "Anti-Jackson" opposition, and organized themselves as the National Republican Party.^[27]

[35] John Calhoun, formerly a Democratic-Republican, founded the Nullifier Party in 1828 to oppose the Tariff of 1828 and advance the cause of states' rights, but was brought on as Andrew Jackson's running mate in the 1828 presidential election in an effort to broaden the democratic coalition led by Jackson.^[28]

[resigned-36] Resigned from office

[42] John Tyler was sworn in as president on April 6, 1841.^[33]

[44] John Tyler was elected vice president on the Whig Party ticket in 1840. His policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party five monthes in office.^[34]

[49] Millard Fillmore was sworn in as president on July 10, 1850.^[38]

[52] Died April 15, 1865; see Assassination of Abraham Lincoln for further details.

[54] When he ran for reelection in 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the National Union Party ticket.

[56] While president, Johnson tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson rejoined the Democratic Party.

[58] Died September 19, 1881; see Assassination of James A. Garfield for further details.

[61] Chester A. Arthur was initially sworn in as president on September 20, 1881, and then again on September 22.

[64] Died September 14, 1901; see Assassination of William McKinley for further details.

[70] Calvin Coolidge was initially sworn in as president on August 3, 1923, and then again on August 21.

[75] Died November 22, 1963; see Assassination of John F. Kennedy for further details.

[VP25th-78] Appointed as vice president under terms of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, Section 2.

[FOOTNOTERossiter196286-1] Rossiter (1962), p. 86.

[FOOTNOTEShugart2004633–636-2] Shugart (2004), pp. 633–636.

[FOOTNOTEFairman1949145–146-3] Fairman (1949), pp. 145–146.

[FOOTNOTEMatuz2001xxii-4] Matuz (2001), p. xxii.

[FOOTNOTESchallerWilliams2003192-5] Schaller & Williams (2003), p. 192.

[FOOTNOTEMcHughMackowiak2014990–995-6] McHugh & Mackowiak (2014), pp. 990–995.

[FOOTNOTESkau1974246–275-7] Skau (1974), pp. 246–275.

[FOOTNOTEWillisWillis1952473-8] Willis & Willis (1952), p. 473.

[FOOTNOTEAbbott2005627–644-9] Abbott (2005), pp. 627–644.

[FOOTNOTEDinnerstein1962447–451-10] Dinnerstein (1962), pp. 447–451.

[FOOTNOTEKassop2005147–153-11] Kassop (2005), pp. 147–153.

[FOOTNOTEGilbert2003877–879-12] Gilbert (2003), pp. 877–879.

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010197Nardulli1992179-13] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 197; Nardulli (1992), p. 179.

[FOOTNOTESeasongood1932265–271Jamison2014-14] Seasongood (1932), pp. 265–271; Jamison (2014).

[FOOTNOTETumulty2018HorsleyRosenbaumKesbeh2018-15] Tumulty (2018); Horsley, Rosenbaum & Kesbeh (2018).

[FOOTNOTELOCwhitehouse.gov_(a)-17] LOC; whitehouse.gov (a).

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010257–258-19] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 257–258.

[FOOTNOTELOC-20] LOC.

[FOOTNOTEMcDonald2000-21] McDonald (2000).

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010197,_272Nardulli1992179-22] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 197, 272; Nardulli (1992), p. 179.

[FOOTNOTEPencak2000-24] Pencak (2000).

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010274-25] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 274.

[FOOTNOTEPeterson2000-27] Peterson (2000).

[FOOTNOTEBanning2000-29] Banning (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAmmon2000-30] Ammon (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHargreaves2000-31] Hargreaves (2000).

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010228Goldman1951159-32] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 228; Goldman (1951), p. 159.

[FOOTNOTE''Guide_to_U.S._Elections''2010892Houpt201026,_280-34] Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 892; Houpt (2010), pp. 26, 280.

[FOOTNOTERemini2000-37] Remini (2000).

[FOOTNOTECole2000-38] Cole (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGutzman2000-39] Gutzman (2000).

[FOOTNOTEShade2000-40] Shade (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott201323-41] Abbott (2013), p. 23.

[FOOTNOTECash201834–36-43] Cash (2018), pp. 34–36.

[FOOTNOTERawley2000-45] Rawley (2000).

[FOOTNOTESmith2000-46] Smith (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAnbinder2000-47] Anbinder (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAbbott2005639-48] Abbott (2005), p. 639.

[FOOTNOTEGara2000-50] Gara (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGienapp2000-51] Gienapp (2000).

[FOOTNOTEMcPherson2000-53] McPherson (2000). sfnp error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFMcPherson2000 (help)

[FOOTNOTETrefousse2000-55] Trefousse (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHoogenboom2000-57] Hoogenboom (2000).

[FOOTNOTEPeskin2000-59] Peskin (2000).

[FOOTNOTEReeves2000-60] Reeves (2000).

[FOOTNOTECampbell2000-62] Campbell (2000).

[FOOTNOTESpetter2000-63] Spetter (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGould2000-65] Gould (2000). sfnp error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFGould2000 (help)

[FOOTNOTEHarbaugh2000-66] Harbaugh (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAmbrosius2000-67] Ambrosius (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHawley2000-68] Hawley (2000).

[FOOTNOTEMcCoy2000-69] McCoy (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHoff2000-71] Hoff (2000). sfnp error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFHoff2000 (help)

[FOOTNOTEBrinkley2000-72] Brinkley (2000).

[FOOTNOTEHamby2000-73] Hamby (2000).

[FOOTNOTEAmbrose2000-74] Ambrose (2000).

[FOOTNOTEParmet2000-76] Parmet (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGardner2000-77] Gardner (2000).

[FOOTNOTEGreene2013-79] Greene (2013).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(b)-80] whitehouse.gov (b).

[FOOTNOTESchaller2004-81] Schaller (2004).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(c)-82] whitehouse.gov (c).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(d)-83] whitehouse.gov (d).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(e)-84] whitehouse.gov (e).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(f)-85] whitehouse.gov (f).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(g)-86] whitehouse.gov (g).

[FOOTNOTEwhitehouse.gov_(h)-87] whitehouse.gov (h).

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v t e Presidents of the United States
Presidents and presidencies	George Washington (1789–1797) John Adams (1797–1801) Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809) James Madison (1809–1817) James Monroe (1817–1825) John Quincy Adams (1825–1829) Andrew Jackson (1829–1837) Martin Van Buren (1837–1841) William Henry Harrison (1841) John Tyler (1841–1845) James K. Polk (1845–1849) Zachary Taylor (1849–1850) Millard Fillmore (1850–1853) Franklin Pierce (1853–1857) James Buchanan (1857–1861) Abraham Lincoln (1861–1865) Andrew Johnson (1865–1869) Ulysses S. Grant (1869–1877) Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–1881) James A. Garfield (1881) Chester A. Arthur (1881–1885) Grover Cleveland (1885–1889) Benjamin Harrison (1889–1893) Grover Cleveland (1893–1897) William McKinley (1897–1901) Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909) William Howard Taft (1909–1913) Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921) Warren G. Harding (1921–1923) Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929) Herbert Hoover (1929–1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945) Harry S. Truman (1945–1953) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961) John F. Kennedy (1961–1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969) Richard Nixon (1969–1974) Gerald Ford (1974–1977) Jimmy Carter (1977–1981) Ronald Reagan (1981–1989) George H. W. Bush (1989–1993) Bill Clinton (1993–2001) George W. Bush (2001–2009) Barack Obama (2009–2017) Donald Trump (2017–2021) Joe Biden (2021–present)
Presidency timelines	Washington McKinley T. Roosevelt Taft Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F. D. Roosevelt Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L. B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G. H. W. Bush Clinton G. W. Bush Obama Trump Biden
Category List

v t e Chief executives of the United States
Federal	President of the United States list
State governors (current list)	Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California list Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia list Hawaii list Idaho Illinois list Indiana list Iowa Kansas Kentucky list Louisiana list Maine list Maryland list Massachusetts Michigan list Minnesota list Mississippi list Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire list New Jersey list New Mexico list New York list North Carolina list North Dakota list Ohio Oklahoma list Oregon list Pennsylvania Rhode Island list South Carolina list South Dakota list Tennessee list Texas list Utah Vermont list Virginia list Washington West Virginia Wisconsin list Wyoming
Territorial (current list)	American Samoa District of Columbia list Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico list United States Virgin Islands
Defunct	Cuba Dakota Territory Panama Canal Zone Philippine Islands (until 1935) Philippine Commonwealth (until 1946) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Santo Domingo