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Arthur B. McDonald

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Arthur B. McDonald
CC OOnt ONS FRS FRSC
McDonald in Stockholm, December 2015
Born
Arthur Bruce McDonald

(1943-08-29) August 29, 1943 (age 81)
Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada
NationalityCanadian
Alma mater
Known forSolving the solar neutrino problem
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsAstrophysics
Institutions
ThesisExcitation energies and decay properties of T = 3/2 states in 17O, 17F and 21Na. (1970)
Doctoral advisorCharles A. Barnes
Websitewww.queensu.ca/physics/arthur-b-mcdonald

Arthur Bruce McDonald, CC OOnt ONS FRS FRSC P.Eng (born August 29, 1943) is a Canadian astrophysicist. McDonald is the director of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory Collaboration and held the Gordon and Patricia Gray Chair in Particle Astrophysics at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario from 2006 to 2013. He was awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Japanese physicist Takaaki Kajita.

Early life

Art McDonald was born on August 29, 1943,[1] in Sydney, Nova Scotia.[2] He graduated with a B.Sc. in physics in 1964 and M.Sc. in physics in 1965 from Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia.[3] He then obtained his Ph.D. in physics in 1969 from the California Institute of Technology.[4] McDonald cited a high school math teacher and his first-year physics professor at Dalhousie as his inspirations for going into the field of physics.[5]

Academic career

Art McDonald worked as a research officer at the Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories northwest of Ottawa from 1969 to 1982. He became professor of physics at Princeton University from 1982 to 1989, leaving Princeton to join Queen's University where he became professor from 1989 to 2013.

McDonald was a visiting scientist at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva in 2004.[6]

In 2013 McDonald became a professor emeritus of Queen's University in Kingston, Canada. He continues to be active in basic research in Neutrinos and Dark Matter at the SNOLAB underground Laboratory and was a past member of the board of the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics.[3][7][8]

His visiting positions include CERN, University of Washington (1978), Los Alamos National Laboratory (1981), University of Hawaii (2004, 2009), University of Oxford (2003, 2009), Queen's University (1988). [9]

Research

McDonald presenting himself and his research

Physicists have been investigating whether or not neutrinos have mass. Since the late 1960s, experiments have hinted that neutrinos may have mass. Theoretical models of the Sun predict that neutrinos should be made in large numbers. Neutrino detectors on the Earth have repeatedly seen fewer than the expected number of neutrinos. Because neutrinos come in three varieties (electron, muon, and tau neutrinos), and because solar neutrino detectors have been primarily sensitive only to electron neutrinos, the preferred explanation over the years is that those "missing" neutrinos had changed, or oscillated, into a variety for which the detectors had little or no sensitivity. If a neutrino oscillates, according to the laws of quantum mechanics, then it must have a mass.[7]

In 1984, McDonald's collaborator Herb Chen at the University of California at Irvine suggested the advantages of using heavy water as a detector for solar neutrinos.[10] Unlike previous detectors, using heavy water would make the detector sensitive to two reactions, one reaction sensitive to all neutrino flavours, the other sensitive to only the electron neutrino. Thus, such a detector could measure neutrino oscillations directly. Chen, Professor George Ewan, Professor David Sinclair, McDonald, and 12 other scientists formed the original Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) collaboration to exploit this idea in 1984.[6][11] SNO was to be a detector facility using 1000 tonnes of heavy water located 6,800 feet (2,100 m) underground in a mine outside Sudbury, Ontario. Chen died of leukemia in November 1987, however.

In August 2001, the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, led by McDonald since 1989, reported observations that directly suggested electron neutrinos from the Sun were oscillating into muon and tau neutrinos. McDonald is a co-recipient of the 2007 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics, the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics, and the 2015 Fundamental Physics Prize for the discovery of neutrino oscillations and demonstrating that neutrinos have mass.[4][12]

Professor McDonald is now participating in research with the SNO+ and DEAP-3600 experiments at SNOLAB, an expanded underground laboratory at the original SNO underground site and with the DarkSide-20k collaboration developing an experiment at the underground laboratory near Gran Sasso, Italy.

Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute

The Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute was inaugurally named the Canadian Particle Astrophysics Research Centre before renaming itself the Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute in May 2018, in recognition of Dr. Arthur B. McDonald's trailblazing work making Canada a leader in astroparticle physics.

Humanitarian work

In the spring of 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic and the ensuing shortages, McDonald became one of the leaders of a project to mass-produce mechanical ventilators at low cost.[13] McDonald has stated that the project was initiated by Princeton Professor Cristiano Galbiati who was locked down in Milan Italy. He inspired action by his colleagues on the DarkSide-20k Dark Matter physics experiment after recognizing the similarities between the requirements of a ventilator and those of particle physics experiments.[14] McDonald led the Canadian team with members from TRIUMF laboratory, CNL Chalk River, SNOLAB and the McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute after strong positive response from the Directors of these institutions. The design, called the Mechanical Ventilator Milano, is based on the Manley ventilator but uses modern electronics wherever possible.[15] The details, first published on March 23 by about 150 collaborators, were released under the CERN Open Hardware License.[16] The project received the support of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau who anticipated an initial order of 30,000 to Canadian hospitals from several suppliers.[17] An order has been placed for 10,000 units with Vexos, Markham.

Selected honours and awards

References

  1. ^ McDonald. "McDonald, Prof. Arthur Bruce". Who's Who. Vol. 2015 (online Oxford University Press ed.). A & C Black. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Unknown parameter |othernames= ignored (help) (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) (subscription required)
  2. ^ "Past Winner 2003 NSERC Award of Excellence McDonald". Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Retrieved 2012-09-21.
  3. ^ a b "CV Arthur B. McDonald" (PDF). www.queensu.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-01-07. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
  4. ^ a b c "Arthur B. McDonald". www.fi.edu. The Franklin Institute. 2014-01-15. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  5. ^ Gibson, Victoria (October 8, 2015). "Queen's professor awarded Nobel Prize". Queen's Journal. Retrieved December 25, 2017.
  6. ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015". Retrieved 2016-12-15.
  7. ^ a b "Interview with Arthur B. McDonald". Archived from the original on 17 November 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-02.
  8. ^ "Board of Directors". Perimeter Institute. 2012. Archived from the original on 2015-10-07. Retrieved 2015-10-09.
  9. ^ "Arthur B. McDonald Biographical". Nobel Media AB. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  10. ^ Chen, Herbert H. (September 1985). "Direct Approach to Resolve the Solar-Neutrino Problem". Physical Review Letters. 55 (14): 1534–1536. Bibcode:1985PhRvL..55.1534C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.55.1534. PMID 10031848.
  11. ^ Ewan, G.T.; Davidson, W.F. (2005). "Early Development of the Underground SNO Laboratory in Canada" (PDF). Physics in Canada. 61: 339–346, 347–350. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  12. ^ Spears, Tom (9 November 2015). "Neutrino Nobel winner Art McDonald nabs second big physics prize". Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on 14 November 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  13. ^ Knox, Melinda (2020-04-07). "Easy=to-build ventilators". Queen's Gazette. Retrieved 2020-04-29.
  14. ^ Semeniuk, Ivan (2020-03-29). "Nobel laureate leads push for simple made-in-Canada ventilator". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2020-04-29.
  15. ^ Shen, Allan (2020-04-07). "U. physicist, colleagues develop ventilator prototype amidst national equipment shortage". The Daily Princetonian. Retrieved 2020-04-29.
  16. ^ Galbiati, C.; Abba, A.; Agnes, P.; Amaudruz, P.; Arba, M.; Ardellier-Desages, F.; Badia, C.; Batignani, G.; Bellani, G.; Bianchi, G.; Bishop, D. (2021). "The novel Mechanical Ventilator Milano for the COVID-19 pandemic". Physics of Fluids. 33 (3): 037122. arXiv:2003.10405. Bibcode:2021PhFl...33c7122A. doi:10.1063/5.0044445. PMC 8060010. PMID 33897243.
  17. ^ Cousins, Ben (2020-04-07). "Nobel Prize winner helping create simple ventilator for mass production in Canada". CTV News. Retrieved 2020-04-29.
  18. ^ a b "Search Results: Arthur B. McDonald". Killam Laureates. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  19. ^ "Order of Canada citation". 2018-06-11.
  20. ^ "Arthur McDonald biography". Royal Society. Retrieved 2015-10-09.
  21. ^ "Henry Marshall Tory Medal". Royal Society of Canada. Archived from the original on 2012-03-11. Retrieved 2012-09-21.
  22. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015". www.nobelprize.org.
  23. ^ "Order of Canada Appointments". The Governor General of Canada His Excellency the Right Honourable David Johnston. Governor General of Canada. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  24. ^ "229781 Arthurmcdonald (2008 PS1)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  25. ^ "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  26. ^ National Academy of Sciences Members and Foreign Associates Elected, News from the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, May 3, 2016, archived from the original on May 6, 2016, retrieved 2016-05-14.
  27. ^ "Order of Nova Scotia". Retrieved 2016-12-08.
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