List of Jewish Nobel laureates
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/PikiWiki_Israel_9696_jewish_laureates_promenade_in_rishon_lezion.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_9696_jewish_laureates_promenade_in_rishon_lezion.jpg)
Nobel Prizes have been awarded to over 900 individuals,[1] of whom at least 20% were Jews.[2] The number of Jews receiving Nobel prizes has been the subject of some attention.[3] Israeli academics Elay Ben-Gal and Yeshayahu Leibowitz began an encyclopedia of Jewish Nobel laureates, and have interviewed as many as possible about their life and work.[4]
Jews have been recipients of all six awards. The first Jewish recipient, Adolf von Baeyer, was awarded the prize in Chemistry in 1905.
Jewish laureates Elie Wiesel and Imre Kertész survived the extermination camps during the Holocaust,[5] while François Englert survived by being hidden in orphanages and children's homes.[6] Others, such as Walter Kohn, Otto Stern, Albert Einstein, Hans Krebs and Martin Karplus had to flee Nazi Germany to avoid persecution.[7][8][9] Still others, including Rita Levi-Montalcini, Herbert Hauptman, Robert Furchgott, Arthur Kornberg, and Jerome Karle experienced significant antisemitism in their careers.[8][10]
Arthur Ashkin, a 96-year-old American Jew, was, at the time of his award, the oldest person to receive a Nobel Prize.[11][12]
Chemistry
Year | Laureate | Country | Rationale | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1905 | ![]() |
Adolf von Baeyer[13][14][15][16] | Germany | "[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"[17] |
1906 | ![]() |
Henri Moissan[13][14][15][16][18] | France | "[for his] investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him"[19] |
1910 | ![]() |
Otto Wallach[13][14][15][16] | Germany | "[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"[20] |
1915 | ![]() |
Richard Willstätter[13][14][15][16] | Germany | "for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll"[21] |
1918 | ![]() |
Fritz Haber[13][14][15][16][22] | Germany | "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"[23] |
1943 | ![]() |
George de Hevesy[13][14][15][16] | Hungary | "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"[24] |
1961 | ![]() |
Melvin Calvin[13][14][15][16] | United States | "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"[25] |
1962 | ![]() |
Max Perutz[13][14][15][16][26] | United Kingdom / Austria | "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"[27] |
1972 | ![]() |
Christian B. Anfinsen[13][16][28] | United States | "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"[29] |
William Howard Stein[13][14][16] | "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"[29] | |||
1977 | ![]() |
Ilya Prigogine[13][14][16][30] | Belgium | "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"[31] |
1979 | Herbert C. Brown[13][14][16][32] | United States | "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"[33] | |
1980 | ![]() |
Paul Berg[13][14][16][34] | United States | "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"[35] |
![]() |
Walter Gilbert[13][14][16] | "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"[35] | ||
1981 | ![]() |
Roald Hoffmann[13][14][16] | United States | "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"[36] |
1982 | ![]() |
Aaron Klug[13][14][16] | United Kingdom | "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"[37] |
1985 | ![]() |
Jerome Karle[10][13][14][16][38][39] | United States | "for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"[40] |
![]() |
Herbert A. Hauptman[8][13][14][16][41][42] | |||
1986 | ![]() |
John Polanyi[43] Polanyi's Nobel lecture upon receipt of the award was entitled "Some Concepts in Reaction Dynamics."[44] | Hungary / Canada | "for his work in chemical kinetics.[43] |
1989 | ![]() |
Sidney Altman[13][14][16] | Canada / United States | "for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"[45] |
1992 | ![]() |
Rudolph A. Marcus[13][14][16] | United States | "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"[46] |
1994 | ![]() |
George Andrew Olah[47][13][16] | Hungary | "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"[48] |
1996 | ![]() |
Harry Kroto[16][49] | United Kingdom | "for the discovery of fullerenes"[50] |
1998 | ![]() |
Walter Kohn[7][8][13][16][51] | United States / Austria | "for his development of the density-functional theory"[52] |
2000 | ![]() |
Alan J. Heeger[13][14][16][53] | United States | "for the discovery and development of conductive polymers"[54] |
2004 | ![]() |
Aaron Ciechanover[16][55][56] | Israel | "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"[57] |
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Avram Hershko[16][55] | Hungary / Israel | ||
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Irwin Rose[16][58][59] | United States | ||
2006 | Roger D. Kornberg[55][60][61] | United States | "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"[62][63] | |
2008 | ![]() |
Martin Chalfie[64] | United States | "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"[65] |
2009 | ![]() |
Ada Yonath[55] | Israel | "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"[66] |
2011 | ![]() |
Dan Shechtman[67] | Israel | "for the discovery of quasicrystals"[68] |
2012 | ![]() |
Robert Lefkowitz[69] | United States | "for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors"[70] |
2013 | ![]() |
Arieh Warshel[9][71] | Israel | "for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems"[72] |
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Michael Levitt[9][71] | United States / United Kingdom / Israel [73][74] | ||
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Martin Karplus[9][71] | United States / Austria [75] |
Physiology or Medicine
Year | Laureate | Country | Rationale | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1908 | ![]() |
Élie Metchnikoff[15][16][76] | Russia | "in recognition of their work on immunity"[77] |
![]() |
Paul Ehrlich[15][16][76] | Germany | ||
1914 | ![]() |
Robert Bárány[15][16][76] | Austria-Hungary | "for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"[78] |
1922 | ![]() |
Otto Fritz Meyerhof[15][16][76] | Germany | "for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"[79] |
1930 | ![]() |
Karl Landsteiner[15][16][76] | Austria | "for his discovery of human blood groups"[80] |
1931 | ![]() |
Otto Heinrich Warburg[15][16] | Germany | "for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"[81] |
1936 | ![]() |
Otto Loewi[15][16][76] | Austria | "for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"[82] |
1944 | ![]() |
Joseph Erlanger[15][16][76][83] | United States | "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"[84] |
1945 | ![]() |
Ernst Boris Chain[15][16][76] | United Kingdom | "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"[85] |
1946 | ![]() |
Hermann Joseph Muller[15][16][76] | United States | "for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"[86] |
1947 | ![]() |
Gerty Cori[16][76] | United States | "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"[87] |
1950 | ![]() |
Tadeusz Reichstein[15][16][76] | Switzerland / Poland | "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"[88] |
1952 | ![]() |
Selman Waksman[15][16][76] | United States | "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"[89] |
1953 | ![]() |
Hans Adolf Krebs[8][15][16][76] | United Kingdom | "for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"[90] |
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Fritz Albert Lipmann[76] | United States | "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"[90] | |
1958 | ![]() |
Joshua Lederberg[15][16][76] | United States | "for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"[91] |
1959 | ![]() |
Arthur Kornberg[10][15][16][76] | United States | "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"[92] |
1964 | Konrad Emil Bloch[15][16][76][93] | United States | "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"[94] | |
1965 | ![]() |
François Jacob[15][16][76] | France | "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"[95] |
![]() |
André Michel Lwoff[15][16][76] | |||
1967 | ![]() |
George Wald[15][16][76] | United States | "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"[96] |
1968 | ![]() |
Marshall Warren Nirenberg[15][16][76] | United States | "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"[97] |
1969 | ![]() |
Salvador Luria[15][16][76] | United States / Italy | "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"[98] |
1970 | ![]() |
Julius Axelrod[16][76] | United States | "for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"[99] |
Bernard Katz[15][16][76] | United Kingdom | |||
1972 | ![]() |
Gerald Edelman[16][76] | United States | "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"[100] |
1975 | ![]() |
David Baltimore[16][76] | United States | "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumor viruses and the genetic material of the cell"[101] |
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Howard Martin Temin[16][76] | |||
1976 | ![]() |
Baruch Samuel Blumberg[16][76] | United States | "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"[102] |
1977 | ![]() |
Rosalyn Sussman Yalow[16][34][76] | United States | "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"[103] |
1978 | Daniel Nathans[16][76] | United States | "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"[104] | |
1980 | ![]() |
Baruj Benacerraf[16][76] | United States | "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"[105] |
1982 | ![]() |
John Vane[106] | United States | along with Sune Bergström and Bengt Samuelsson for "their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances".[107] |
1984 | ![]() |
César Milstein[16][34][76] | Argentina |
"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"[108] |
1985 | ![]() |
Michael Stuart Brown[16][76] | United States | "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"[109] |
Joseph L. Goldstein[16][76] | ||||
1986 | ![]() |
Stanley Cohen[16][34][76] | United States | "for their discoveries of growth factors"[110] |
![]() |
Rita Levi-Montalcini[16][76][111] | Italy | ||
1988 | ![]() |
Gertrude B. Elion[16][76] | United States | "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"[112] |
1989 | ![]() |
Harold E. Varmus[16][34][76] | United States | "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"[113] |
1994 | ![]() |
Alfred G. Gilman[16][76] | United States | "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"[114] |
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Martin Rodbell[16][76] | |||
1997 | Stanley B. Prusiner[16][76] | United States | "for his discovery of prions – a new biological principle of infection"[115] | |
1998 | ![]() |
Robert F. Furchgott[8][16][76] | United States | "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"[116] |
2000 | ![]() |
Paul Greengard[16][76] | United States | "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"[117] |
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Eric Kandel[16][76] | United States / Austria | ||
2002 | ![]() |
Sydney Brenner[16][76] | United Kingdom | "for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"[118] |
H. Robert Horvitz[16][76] | United States | |||
2004 | ![]() |
Richard Axel[16][76][83][119] | United States | "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"[120] |
2006 | ![]() |
Andrew Fire[76] | United States | "for his discovery of RNA interference – gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"[121] |
2011 | Ralph M. Steinman[67][76][122][123] | Canada | for "his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity"[124] | |
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Bruce Beutler[67][76][125] | United States | "for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity" | |
2013 | James E. Rothman[9][126][127] | United States | "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"[128] | |
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Randy Schekman[9][126][127] | |||
2017 | ![]() |
Michael Rosbash | United States | "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm".[129] |
2020 | ![]() |
Harvey J. Alter | United States | "for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus".[130] |
2021 | ![]() |
David Julius | United States | "for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch".[131] |
Physics
Year | Laureate | Country | Rationale | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1907 | ![]() |
Albert A. Michelson[14][15][132] | United States | "for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"[133] |
1908 | ![]() |
Gabriel Lippmann[14][15][132] | France | "for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference"[134] |
1921 | ![]() |
Albert Einstein[14][15][132][135] | Germany / Switzerland | "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"[136] |
1922 | ![]() |
Niels Bohr[14][15][132][135] | Denmark | "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"[137] |
1925 | ![]() |
James Franck[14][132] | Germany | "for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"[138] |
![]() |
Gustav Hertz[14][15] | |||
1943 | ![]() |
Otto Stern[14][132] | United States | "for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"[139] |
1944 | ![]() |
Isidor Isaac Rabi[14][15][132] | United States | "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"[140] |
1945 | ![]() |
Wolfgang Pauli[132][141] | Austria | "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle"[142] |
1952 | ![]() |
Felix Bloch[14][15][132] | United States / Switzerland | "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"[143] |
1954 | ![]() |
Max Born[14][15][132] | United Kingdom | "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"[144] |
1958 | ![]() |
Ilya Frank[132][145] | Soviet Union | "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"[146] |
![]() |
Igor Tamm[14][15][132][145][147] | |||
1959 | ![]() |
Emilio Gino Segrè[14][15][132] | Italy | "for their discovery of the antiproton"[148] |
1960 | ![]() |
Donald A. Glaser[14][15][132] | United States | "for the invention of the bubble chamber"[149] |
1961 | ![]() |
Robert Hofstadter[14][15][132] | United States | "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"[150] |
1962 | ![]() |
Lev Landau[14][15][132][145][151] | Soviet Union | "for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium"[152][153] |
1963 | ![]() |
Eugene Wigner[132][154] | United States | "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"[155] |
1965 | ![]() |
Richard Feynman[14][15][132][156] | United States | "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"[157] |
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Julian Schwinger[14][15][132] | |||
1967 | ![]() |
Hans Bethe[132] | United States | "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"[158] |
1969 | ![]() |
Murray Gell-Mann[14][15][132][159] | United States | "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"[160] |
1971 | ![]() |
Dennis Gabor[14][132] | United Kingdom / Hungary | "for his invention and development of the holographic method"[161] |
1972 | ![]() |
Leon Cooper[132][162][163] | United States | "for his jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"[164] |
1973 | ![]() |
Brian David Josephson[14] | United Kingdom | "for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect"[165] |
1975 | ![]() |
Aage Niels Bohr[166] | Denmark | "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"[167] |
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Ben Roy Mottelson[14][132] | |||
1976 | ![]() |
Burton Richter[14][132] | United States | "for his pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"[168] |
1978 | ![]() |
Arno Allan Penzias[14][132] | United States | "for his discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"[169] |
1979 | ![]() |
Sheldon Glashow[14][132] | United States | "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"[170] |
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Steven Weinberg[14][132] | |||
1981 | ![]() |
Arthur Leonard Schawlow | United States | "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"[171] |
1987 | ![]() |
Karl Alexander Müller[132] | Switzerland | "for their important breakthrough in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials"[172] |
1988 | ![]() |
Leon M. Lederman[14][34][132] | United States | "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"[173] |
Melvin Schwartz[14][132] | ||||
Jack Steinberger[14][132] | ||||
1990 | ![]() |
Jerome Isaac Friedman[132] | United States | "for his pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"[174] |
1992 | Georges Charpak[132] | France / Poland | "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber"[175] | |
1995 | ![]() |
Martin Lewis Perl[132] | United States | "'for the discovery of the tau lepton' and 'for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics'"[176] |
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Frederick Reines[132] | "'for the detection of the neutrino' and 'for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics'"[176] | ||
1996 | ![]() |
David Morris Lee[47][132] | United States | "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"[177] |
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Douglas D. Osheroff[47] | |||
1997 | Claude Cohen-Tannoudji[132] | France | "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"[178] | |
2000 | ![]() |
Zhores Alferov[47][132] | Russia | "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics"[179] |
2003 | ![]() |
Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov[132] | Russia / United States | "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"[180] |
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Vitaly Ginzburg[132] | Russia | ||
2004 | David Gross[55][132][181] | United States | "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"[182] | |
H. David Politzer[132] | ||||
2005 | ![]() |
Roy J. Glauber[132] | United States | "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"[183] |
2011 | ![]() |
Adam Riess[67][132][184][185][186] | United States | "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"[187] |
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Saul Perlmutter[67][132][188][189] | |||
2012 | ![]() |
Serge Haroche[190] | France | "for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems"[191] |
2013 | ![]() |
François Englert[6][9][192][193] | Belgium | "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider"[194] |
2016 | ![]() |
J. Michael Kosterlitz[195] | United Kingdom | "for discoveries in condensed-matter physics that have transformed the understanding of matter that assumes strange shapes" |
2017 | ![]() |
Rainer Weiss[196] | United States | "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves" |
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Barry Barish[197][198] | |||
2018 | ![]() |
Arthur Ashkin | United States | "'for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics', in particular 'for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems'" |
2020 | ![]() |
Roger Penrose | United Kingdom | "for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity" |
Andrea Ghez | United States | "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy" |
Literature
Year | Laureate | Country | Rationale | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1910 | ![]() |
Paul Heyse[47][199] | Germany | "as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories"[200] |
1927 | ![]() |
Henri Bergson[199] | France | "in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented"[201] |
1958 | ![]() |
Boris Pasternak[199] | Soviet Union | "for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"[202] |
1966 | ![]() |
Shmuel Yosef Agnon[199] | Israel | "for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people"[203] |
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Nelly Sachs[199] | Sweden | "for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength"[203] | |
1976 | ![]() |
Saul Bellow[199] | United States | "for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work"[204] |
1978 | ![]() |
Isaac Bashevis Singer[199] | United States / Poland | "for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life"[205] |
1981 | ![]() |
Elias Canetti[199] | United Kingdom | "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power"[206] |
1987 | ![]() |
Joseph Brodsky[199] | United States | "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity"[207] |
1991 | Nadine Gordimer[199] | South Africa | "who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity"[208] | |
2002 | ![]() |
Imre Kertész[199][209][210] | Hungary | "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history"[211] |
2004 | ![]() |
Elfriede Jelinek[212] | Austria | "for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"[213] |
2005 | ![]() |
Harold Pinter[199][214] | United Kingdom | "who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms"[215] |
2014 | ![]() |
Patrick Modiano[216] | France | "for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation"[218] |
2016 | ![]() |
Bob Dylan | United States | "for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition" |
2020 | ![]() |
Louise Glück | United States | "for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal."[219] |
Economics
Year | Laureate | Country | Rationale | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | ![]() |
Paul Samuelson[220][221] | United States | "for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science"[222] |
1971 | ![]() |
Simon Kuznets[220][223] | United States | "for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development"[224] |
1972 | ![]() |
Kenneth Arrow[220][225] | United States | "for his pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory"[226] |
1973 | ![]() |
Wassily Leontief[220] | Russia / Germany / United States | "for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems"[227] |
1975 | ![]() |
Leonid Kantorovich[220] | Soviet Union | "for his contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources"[228] |
1976 | ![]() |
Milton Friedman[220][225][229] | United States | "for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy"[230] |
1978 | Herbert A. Simon[220][231] | United States | "for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations"[232] | |
1980 | Lawrence Klein[220][231] | United States | "for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies"[233] | |
1985 | ![]() |
Franco Modigliani[220][221] | Italy / United States | "for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets"[234] |
1987 | ![]() |
Robert Solow[220] | United States | "for his contributions to the theory of economic growth""[235] |
1990 | Harry Markowitz[220][231] | United States | "for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics""[236] | |
Merton Miller[220][231] | ||||
1992 | ![]() |
Gary Becker[220][231] | United States | "for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour""[237] |
1993 | ![]() |
Robert Fogel[220][231] | United States | "for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change"[238] |
1994 | John Harsanyi[220][231][239] | Hungary | "for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games"[240] | |
Reinhard Selten[241] | Germany | |||
1997 | ![]() |
Myron Scholes[220][231][242] | Canada | "for a new method to determine the value of derivatives"[243][244] |
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Robert C. Merton[245] | United States | ||
2001 | ![]() |
Joseph Stiglitz[220][231] | "for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information"[246] | |
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George Akerlof[247] | United States | ||
2002 | ![]() |
Daniel Kahneman[220][231] | Israel / United States | "for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty"[248] |
2005 | ![]() |
Robert Aumann[220][249] | Israel / United States | "for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis"[250] |
2007 | ![]() |
Leonid Hurwicz[220][251][252][253][254] | United States / Poland | "for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"[255] |
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Eric Maskin[220][254][256] | United States | ||
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Roger Myerson[220][254] | |||
2008 | ![]() |
Paul Krugman[220][257] | United States | "for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity"[258] |
2009 | ![]() |
Elinor Ostrom[259][260] | United States | "for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons"[261] |
2010 | ![]() |
Peter Diamond[262][263] | United States | "for his analysis of markets with search frictions"[264] |
2012 | ![]() |
Alvin E. Roth[265] | United States | "for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design"[266] |
2016 | ![]() |
Oliver Hart[267] | United States | "contributions to contract theory" |
2017 | ![]() |
Richard Thaler[268] | United States | "contributions have built a bridge between the economic and psychological analyses of individual decision-making" |
2018 | ![]() |
William Nordhaus[269][270] | United States | "for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis"[271] |
2019 | ![]() |
Michael Kremer[272] | United States | "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty" |
2020 | ![]() |
Paul Milgrom | United States | "for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats"[273] |
2021 | ![]() |
Joshua Angrist | United States / Israel | "for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships"[274] |
2022 | ![]() |
Ben Bernanke | United States | "for research on banks and financial crises"[275] |
2022 | Douglas Diamond[276] |
Peace
Year | Laureate | Country | Rationale | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1911 | ![]() |
Tobias Michael Carel Asser[277] | Netherlands | "Initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law at the Hague; Cabinet Minister; Lawyer"[278] |
![]() |
Alfred Hermann Fried[279] | Austria | "Journalist; Founder of Die Friedenswarte"[278] | |
1968 | ![]() |
René Cassin | France | "President of the European Court for Human Rights"[280] |
1973 | ![]() |
Henry A. Kissinger[281] | United States | "For the 1973 Paris agreement intended to bring about a cease-fire in the Vietnam War and a withdrawal of the American forces"[282][283] |
1978 | ![]() |
Menachem Begin[284] | Israel | "for the Camp David Agreement, which brought about a negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel"[285] |
1986 | ![]() |
Elie Wiesel[286] | United States | "Chairman of "The President's Commission on the Holocaust""[287] |
1994 | ![]() |
Yitzhak Rabin | Israel | "to honour a political act which called for great courage on both sides, and which has opened up opportunities for a new development towards fraternity in the Middle East."[288] |
![]() |
Shimon Peres | |||
1995 | ![]() |
Joseph Rotblat | Poland | "for his efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms"[289] |
Forced to decline prize
Boris Pasternak, a Russian Jew, who was awarded the 1958 prize for literature, initially accepted the award, but—after intense pressure from Soviet authorities—subsequently declined it.[290][291][292][293]
Jewish laureates per country
Below is a chart of all Jewish Nobel laureates per country (updated to 2022 laureates). Some laureates are counted more than once if have multiple citizenship.
Country | Number of Jewish Nobel laureates |
---|---|
![]() |
131 |
![]() |
15 |
![]() |
13 |
![]() |
13 |
![]() |
10 |
![]() ![]() |
10 |
![]() |
10 |
![]() |
5 |
![]() |
4 |
![]() |
4 |
![]() |
4 |
![]() |
4 |
![]() |
3 |
![]() |
3 |
![]() |
2 |
![]() |
1 |
![]() |
1 |
![]() |
1 |
Nobel Laureates Boulevard
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/PikiWiki_Israel_9695_jewish_laureates_promenade_in_rishon_lezion.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_9695_jewish_laureates_promenade_in_rishon_lezion.jpg)
The Israeli city of Rishon LeZion has an avenue dedicated to honoring all Jewish Nobel laureates. The street, called Tayelet Hatanei Pras Nobel (Nobel Laureates Boulevard/Promenade), has a monument with attached plaque for each Nobel laureate. The scientific adviser of the project was Prof. Israel Hanukoglu.[294]
See also
- List of Nobel laureates
- List of Muslim Nobel laureates
- List of Christian Nobel laureates
- List of black Nobel laureates
- List of Israeli Nobel laureates
References
- ^ All Nobel Prizes
- ^
- "A remarkable week for Jewish Nobelהש Prize winners". The Jewish Chronicle. October 10, 2013.
Jews have won more than 20 per cent of the 850-plus prizes awarded, despite making up just 0.2 per cent of world's population.
- "One-of-five Nobel Prize Laureates are Jewish". Israel High-Tech & Investment Report. December 2004. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
- Silverman, Anav (October 0012). "Jews make up less than 0.32% of mankind". ynetnews.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - Brooks, David (January 11, 2010). "The Tel Aviv Cluster". The New York Times. p. A23.
Jews are a famously accomplished group. They make up 0.2 percent of the world population, but 54 percent of the world chess champions, 27 percent of the Nobel physics laureates and 31 percent of the medicine laureates. Jews make up 2 percent of the U.S. population, but 21 percent of the Ivy League student bodies, 26 percent of the Kennedy Center honorees, 37 percent of the Academy Award-winning directors, 38 percent of those on a recent Business Week list of leading philanthropists, 51 percent of the Pulitzer Prize winners for nonfiction.
- Dobbs, Stephen Mark (October 12, 2001). "As the Nobel Prize marks centennial, Jews constitute 1/5 of laureates". J. The Jewish News of Northern California. Retrieved January 23, 2009.
Throughout the 20th century, Jews, more so than any other minority, ethnic or cultural group, have been recipients of the Nobel Prize – perhaps the most distinguished award for human endeavor in the six fields for which it is given. Remarkably, Jews constitute almost one-fifth of all Nobel laureates. This, in a world in which Jews number just a fraction of 1 percent of the population.
- "28". Judaism for dummies. John Wiley & Sons. 2001.
Similarly, because Jews make up less than a quarter of one percent of the world's population, it's surprising that over 20 percent of Nobel prizes have been awarded to Jews or people of Jewish descent.
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ignored (help) - Lawrence E. Harrison (2008). The Central Liberal Truth: How Politics Can Change a Culture and Save It. Oxford University Press. p. 102.
That achievement is symbolized by the fact that 15 to 20 percent of Nobel Prizes have been won by Jews, who represent two tenths of one percent of the world's population.
- The History of the Jewish People: Ancient Israel to 1880s America. Behrman House, Inc. 2006. p. 1.
These accomplishments account for 20 percent of the Nobel Prizes awarded since 1901. What a feat for a people who make up only .2 percent of the world's population!
{{cite book}}
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ignored (help)
- "A remarkable week for Jewish Nobelהש Prize winners". The Jewish Chronicle. October 10, 2013.
- ^ *Schuster, Ruth (2013-10-09). "Why do Jews win so many Nobels?". Retrieved 2018-03-17.
- "Why have Jews won Nobel Prizes disproportionately? - Prof. Robert Aumann (Nobel Prize Economist)". YouTube. 2017-04-17. Retrieved 2018-03-17.
- Pontz, Zach (2013-10-29). "Richard Dawkins Perplexed by High Number of Jewish Nobel Prize Winners". Algemeiner.com. Retrieved 2018-03-17.
- "Jews rank high among winners of Nobel, but why not Israelis", J. The Jewish News of Northern California, October 25, 2002. "There are three central theories given for Jewish academic achievement, according to Shulamit Volkov, professor of history at Tel Aviv University and author of "The Magic Circle: Germans, Jews and Anti-Semites." The first theory says that Jews are cleverer than others, a theory dismissed by Volkov and other serious academics. The second theory, proposed first by an American sociologist in 1919, holds that because Jews were on the margins of society they were forced to excel. The third and more common explanation, says Volkov, states that generations of Jewish Orthodox learning later translated brilliantly into secular learning."
- Noah Efron, "The Real Reason Why Jews Win So Many Nobel Prizes", Haaretz, October 21, 2013.
- Mark Mietkiewicz, "Nobel Prize and the Jews", Canadian Jewish News, December 10, 2018.
- Raphael Patai, The Jewish Mind, Wayne State University Press, 1996, pp. 339-371, 547-548.
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- ^ a b "Walter Kohn Autobiography". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2011-10-19.
They are dominated by my vivid recollections of 1 1/2 years as a Jewish boy under the Austrian Nazi regime... On another level, I want to mention that I have a strong Jewish identity and – over the years – have been involved in several Jewish projects, such as the establishment of a strong program of Judaic Studies at the University of California in San Diego.
- ^ a b c d e f Hargittai, István (2003). The Road to Stockholm: Nobel Prizes, Science, and Scientists. Oxford University Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-19-860785-4
- ^ a b c d e f g A remarkable week for Jewish Nobel Prize winnersThe Jewish Chronicle, October 10, 2013. "No less than six Jewish scientists were awarded Nobel Prizes this week... Belgian-born Francois Englert won the accolade in physics... Also this week, two American Jews were awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine [...] James Rothman and Randy Schekman... Meanwhile, three Jewish-American scientists, Arieh Warshel, Michael Levitt and Martin Karplus, shared the Nobel Prize in chemistry... Karplus [...] fled the Nazi occupation of Austria as a child in 1938.
- ^ a b c Hargittai, István (2003). The Road to Stockholm: Nobel Prizes, Science, and Scientists. Oxford University Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-19-860785-4
- ^ Hilary Brueck, "The world's oldest Nobel Prize winner, a 96-year-old physicist, says his new invention will give everyone in the world clean, cheap energy", Business Insider, January 26, 2019.
- ^ "The Latest: US scientist, 96, is oldest to win Nobel Prize", Associated Press, October 2, 2018.
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at Feuer, Lewis Samuel (1995). Varieties of Scientific Experience: Emotive Aims in Scientific Hypotheses (citing Encyclopaedia Judaica). Transaction Publishers. p. 402. ISBN 978-1-56000-223-9
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv J. Rogers Hollingsworth (2007), "High Cognitive Complexity and the Making of Major Scientific Discoveries", in Arnaud Sales, Marcel Fournier (eds.). Knowledge, Communication and CreativitySage Studies in International Sociology, SAGE, 2007, p. 136. ISBN 9780761943075
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1905". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ^ Joan Comay; Lavinia Cohn-Sherbok (1995). Who's who in Jewish history: after the period of the Old Testament. Routledge. p. 264. ISBN 0-415-12583-9.
Moissan, whose mother was Jewish, [...]
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1906". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
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- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ^ Leroy, Francis (2003). A Century of Nobel Prizes Recipients: Chemistry, Rhysics, and Medicine. CRC Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-8247-0876-4
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- ^ Georgina Ferry (2008). Max Perutz and the secret of life. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-7011-7695-2.
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- Radu Balescu. "Ilya Prigogine: His Life, His Work", in Stuart Alan Rice (2007). Special volume in memory of Ilya Prigogine, John Wiley and Sons. p. 2. "In the history of science, there are few examples of such a flashing and immense ascent as that of Ilya Prigogine (Fig. 1). The little Russian Jewish immigrant arrived in Brussels at the age of 12..."
- Magnus Ramage, Karen Shipp (2009). Systems Thinkers. Springer. p. 277. "Prigogine was born in January 1917 in Moscow... His family 'had a difficult relationship with the new regime' (Prigogine 1977), being both Jewish and merchants...
- Jean Maruani, Roland Lefebvre, Erkki Brändas (eds.) (2003). Advanced Topics in Theoretical Chemical Physics, Springer, p. xv. "Ilya Prigogine was born on January 25, 1917, in Moscow, Russia, the second boy in a middle-class, Jewish family."
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ^ Herbert C. Brown, "Herbert C. Brown", in Tore Frängsmyr, Sture Forsén (1993). Chemistry, 1971–1980. World Scientific. p. 337. "My parents... came to London in 1908 as part of the vast Jewish immigration in the early part of this century."
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ^ a b c d e f Hargittai, István (2003). The Road to Stockholm: Nobel Prizes, Science, and Scientists. Oxford University Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-19-860785-4
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ^ "Jerome Karle" Archived 2013-10-05 at the Wayback Machine, Profiles, Humanities and the Arts, City College of New York website. Retrieved September 10, 2011. "Jerome Karle is an American Jewish physical chemist who shared the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with a fellow CCNY classmate, Herbert Hauptman"
- ^ Seymour "Sy" Brody. "Jerome Karle: Nobel Prize" Archived 2014-10-24 at the Wayback Machine, American Jewish Recipients of the Nobel Prize, Florida Atlantic University Libraries website. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1985". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ^ Bernard S. Schlessinger, June H. Schlessinger (1996). The who's who of Nobel Prize winners, 1901–1995. Oryx Press. p. 101.
- ^ Samuel Kurinsky. "Jewish Nobel Prize Winners Part I: Chemistry", Hebrew History Federation.
- ^ a b "Press Release: The 1986 Nobel Prize in Chemistry". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
- ^ "Some Concepts in Reaction Dynamics" (PDF). The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
- ^ a b c d e Schreiber, Mordecai; Schiff, Alvin I.; Klenicki, Leon, eds. (2003), "Jewish Nobel Prize Winners", The Shengold Jewish Encyclopedia, Schreiber Publishing, p. 198, ISBN 1-887563-77-6
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-19.
- ^ "Sir Harold Kroto – Autobiography". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2012-10-14.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ Leroy, Francis (2003). A Century of Nobel Prizes Recipients: Chemistry, Rhysics, and Medicine. CRC Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-8247-0876-4
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ^ Fant, Kenne (2006). Alfred Nobel: A Biography. Arcade Publishing. p. 478. "Heeger was born in Sioux City, Iowa to a Jewish family."
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2011-10-19.
- ^ a b c d e Boaz Arad. "Best Jewish brains head to China. Beijing conference on science and technology to host Israeli, Jewish American Nobel laureates". Yedioth Ahronoth. January 11, 2010. "Three Nobel Prize laureates – Ada Yonath, Aaron Ciechanover, and Avram Hershko – are scheduled to take part in a conference in Beijing this month to present Israel's top achievements in the field of Chemistry. The three will be joined by two Jewish American laureates, Professor Roger Kornberg, a biochemist, and David Gross, who won a physics Nobel."
- ^ Ciechanover, Aaron (2009). "The 2008 Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting: Aaron Ciechanover, Chemistry 2004". Journal of Visualized Experiments (29). doi:10.3791/1559. PMC 3148932. PMID 19571788.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2004". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ^ István Hargittai, Magdolna Hargittai (2006). Candid Science VI. Imperial College Press. "Both Irwin Rose's parents came from secular Jewish families, on his maternal side, the Greenwalds originated from Hungary and on his paternal side, the Roses originated from the Odessa region of Russia."
- ^ Seymour "Sy" Brody. "Irwin Rose: Chemistry Recipient-2004" Archived 2014-10-24 at the Wayback Machine, American Jewish Recipients of the Nobel Prize, Florida Atlantic University Libraries website. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
- ^ Joe Eskenazi. "Winning Nobel Prizes seems to run in one family’s chemistry—and biology".The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles. October 12, 2006. "Arthur Kornberg – who still has his own lab at Stanford Medical School at age 88 – grew up in an Orthodox Brooklyn household, where Yiddish was the first language. His future wife, Sylvy Levy, also grew up Orthodox, but the couple raised their children in a fairly secular environment. Still, the family had a strong Jewish and pro-Israel identity, and Roger Kornberg is a consistent donor to the San Francisco-based Jewish Community Federation. Roger married an Israeli scientist, Yahli Lorch, a Stanford professor of structural biology, and they live almost half the year in their Jerusalem flat, where he leads his research team remotely via the Internet. "
- ^ Nadan Feldman. "U.S. Nobel laureate: Israel must invest more in higher education". Haaretz. January 13, 2012. "...explains Kornberg, when asked about the values his father instilled in him, and the atmosphere in which he grew up, in a Jewish family in the 1950s."
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ^ "Seymour "Sy" Brody's Jewish Heroes and Heroines of America Exhibits". Seymour "Sy" Brody's Jewish Heroes and Heroines of America Exhibits. Retrieved 2018-03-17.
- ^ "Martin Chalfie - Facts". Nobelprize.org. 2014-05-21. Retrieved 2018-03-17.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008". Nobelprize.org. 2014-05-21. Retrieved 2018-03-17.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
- ^ a b c d e
- Janice Arnold (2011-10-12). "Nobel laureate is pride of Sherbrooke Jews". Canadian Jewish News. "Shechtman was one of five Jews, including a former Montrealer, the late Ralph Steinman, to receive the prestigious prize for their scientific endeavours... Steinman and Bruce Beutler... won for their groundbreaking work in discoveries on the immune system. Saul Perlmutter and Adam Riess, both American Jews... won the prize in physics."
- Looks, Elka (2011-10-05). "Jews make strong showing among 2011 Nobel Prize winners". Haaretz. "Israeli scientist Daniel Shechtman has made headlines at home for winning the 2011 Nobel Prize in chemistry, but he is not the only Jewish recipient... Ralph Steinman and Bruce Beutler were awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine for their discoveries on the immune system... Saul Perlmutter and Adam G. Riess, both American Jews, are two of the three Nobel Prize in physics winners... So far, five of the seven Nobel Prize winners this year are Jewish..."
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
- ^ "NY Jewish doctor wins Nobel Prize in Chemistry", The Jerusalem Post (Jewish Telegraphic Agency), October 10, 2012.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
- ^ a b c "Three Jewish American scientists, two of which have Israeli citizenship, won the 2013 Nobel Prize for chemistry", The Jerusalem Post (Jewish Telegraphic Agency), October 19, 2013.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
- ^ "Michael Levitt is a US, British and Israeli citizen", The Jerusalem Post, October 9, 2013.
- ^ "Fellow winner Michael Levitt, a South Africa-born professor, also holds Israeli citizenship.", The Times of Israel, October 9, 2013.
- ^ "Martin Karplus, a US and Austrian citizen", The Jerusalem Post, October 9, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax "Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Biomedical Sciences". Israel Science and Technology Directory. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1914". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1931". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ a b Fred Skolnik, Michael Berenbaum (eds.) 2007. Encyclopaedia Judaica, Volume 13. Macmillan Reference USA / Keter Publishing House. p. 733. "Jewish scientists have participated in this problem from the early days of Joseph Erlanger's research on nerve conduction to Richard Axel's dissection of the pathways relevant to olfactory function."
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- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ Leroy, Francis (2003). A Century of Nobel Prizes Recipients: Chemistry, Physics, and Medicine. CRC Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-8247-0876-4
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1964". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
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- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
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- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ According to an interview published in Candid Science II, by István Hargittai (Imperial College Press, London, 2002, p. 562).
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- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
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- ^ Peter Badge, Nikolaus Turner (2007). Nobel Faces: A Gallery of Nobel Prize Winners Wiley-VCH. p. 126. ISBN 978-3-527-40678-4. "Axel was born to Polish Jewish refugees in New York in 1946"
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- ^ "Dr. Ernest Beutler: 1928 - 2008". tribunedigital-chicagotribune. 2008-10-10. Retrieved 2018-03-17.
- ^ a b "James Rothman and Randy Schekman, both Jewish, win together with Thomas Suedhof for discoveries on how proteins are transported within cells", The Times of Israel, October 7, 2013.
- ^ a b "Prix Nobel de médecine 2013 : un duo de chercheurs américains juifs récompensé", Le Monde Juif, October 7, 2013.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011". Nobel Foundation.
- ^ "The 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - Press Release". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2017-12-10.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2020". www.nobelprize.org.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at "Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Physics". Israel Science and Technology Directory. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1907". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1908". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
- ^ a b Leroy, Francis (2003). A Century of Nobel Prizes Recipients: Chemistry, Physics, and Medicine. CRC Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-8247-0876-4
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1925". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
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Parents: Father, Evgen Tamm; Mother, Olga Davidova Tamm. Nationality: Russian. Religion: Jewish.
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It is the story of a baptized German Jew (Tamm means "naive" in Hebrew)...
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Jewish women's writing likewise employs satirical and grotesque elements when depicting non-Jews... Some do so pointedly, such as Ilse Aichinger, Elfriede Gerstl, and Elifriede Jelinek... Jelinek resumed the techniques of the Jewish interwar satirists... Jelinek stresses her affinity to Karl Krauss and the Jewish Cabaret of the interwar era... She claims her own Jewish identity as the daughter of a Holocaust victim, her father, thereby suggesting that there is a continuity of Vienna's Jewish tradition (Berka 1993, 137f.; Gilman 1995, 3).
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Sure enough, I was accused in various places not just of 'tolerance for anti-Semitism' (yes, I'm Jewish) [...]
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Further reading
- Charpa, Ulrich; Deichmann, Ute. (eds.) (2007). Jews and Sciences in German Contexts: Case Studies From the 19th and 20th Centuries, Mohr Siebeck, pp. 23–25.
- Feldman, Burton (2001). The Nobel Prize: A History of Genius, Controversy, and Prestige, Arcade Publishing, pp. 407–10.
- Julius, Anthony (1995). T. S. Eliot, Anti-Semitism, and Literary Form, Cambridge University Press, p. 266.
- Lazarus, William P.; Sullivan, Mark. (2008). Comparative Religion For Dummies, Wiley Publishing, p. 45.
- Levitan, Tina (1960). The Laureates: Jewish Winners of the Nobel prize, Twayne Publishers (New York), 236 pages.
- Patai, Raphael (1996). The Jewish Mind, Wayne State University Press, pp. 339–42.
- Rubinstein, W. D. (1982). The Left, the Right and the Jews, Croom Helm, p. 63.
- Scharfstein, Sol (1999). Understanding Jewish Holidays and Customs: Historical and Contemporary, KTAV Publishing House, p. 168.
- Weiss, Mosheh (2004). A Brief History of the Jewish People, Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 216–17.
- Zuckerman, Harriet (1996). Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States, Transaction Publishers, originally publishing in 1977, pp. 71–78.