Portuguese Air Force

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Portuguese Air Force
Força Aérea Portuguesa
Portuguese Air Force Coat of Arms
FoundedJuly 1, 1952 (71 years)
Country Portugal
TypeAir Force
RoleNational air defense, reconnaissance, ground forces and naval support operations, transport, search and rescue, and maritime air patrol
Size6599 personnel[1]
103 aircraft
Part ofPortuguese Armed Forces
Command HQEstado-Maior da Força Aérea
PatronOur Lady of Loreto
Our Lady of Air
Motto(s)Latin: Ex Mero Motu
"Of his own free will"
Anniversaries1 July
EngagementsPortuguese Colonial War
Commanders
Air Force Chief of StaffGeneral José Pinheiro
Insignia
RoundelNormal roundelLow visibility roundel
Fin flash
Aircraft flown
AttackLockheed Martin F-16, Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet
FighterLockheed Martin F-16
PatrolP-3 Orion, C-295MPA/Persuader
TrainerAlpha-Jet, Epsilon TB 30, Aerospatiale Alouette III
TransportC-130 Hercules, CASA C-295, EH-101 Merlin, Aerospatiale Alouette III, Dassault Falcon 20, Dassault Falcon 50

The Portuguese Air Force (Portuguese: Força Aérea Portuguesa) is the air force of Portugal. In Portugal, it is referred to by the acronym FAP, but internationally is often referred to by the acronym PoAF. It is one of the three branches of the Portuguese Armed Forces.

The Portuguese Air Force was formed on July 1, 1952, when the former Aeronáutica Militar (Army Aviation) and Aviação Naval (Naval Aviation) were united in a single independent Air Force. However, its origins dates back to 1912, when military aviation began to be used in Portugal, later leading to the creation of the Army and Navy's aviation services.

Its Aerobatic display teams are the Asas de Portugal jet aircraft display team and the Rotores de Portugal helicopter display team.

History

Portuguese De Havilland DH-82 Tiger Moth at the Portuguese Air Force Museum

The history of Portuguese military aviation dates back to 1911, when a Balloon Company was founded as part of the Army Telegraphic Service, later receiving a handful of airplanes. During World War I, an air unit was planned as part of the Portuguese Forces fighting in the Western Front, but was never activated. Several of the Portuguese airmen that were to integrate that air unit, instead flew in British and French squadrons. Serving in French squadron SPA 65, in November 1917, air ace Óscar Monteiro Torres became the first Portuguese pilot to be killed in an air combat, his SPAD S.VII being shot down, after himself having shot down two German fighters. In Mozambique, in the operations against German Eastern Africa, the Portuguese forces included a small squadron of Farman F.40 airplanes, this being one of the first employments of military aircraft in Africa.[2]

The Army and Navy aviation arms

In 1913, following the development of military aviation in Europe and the creation of the French Aéronautique Militaire, the Portuguese government started considering the creation of an aviation service with the intent of supporting the development of an Army and Navy aviation. As such, on May 14, 1914, the Military Aeronautical Service (Portuguese: Serviço Aeronáutico Militar) and School of Military Aeronautics (Portuguese: Escola de Aeronáutica Militar, EAM) were founded. Later in 1918, these services were reorganised and the Army's aviation was renamed to Service of Military Aeronautics (Portuguese: Serviço de Aeronáutica Militar) and was made directly dependent of the Ministry of War. The OGMA workshops at Alverca, which still exists under this name, and the first operational squadrons were founded that same year.[2][3][4]

On September 28, 1917, the Navy Aviation Service and School was created, as well as the first naval aviation base, the Maritime Aviation Centre of Bom Sucesso, in Lisbon. During World War I, the Portuguese Naval Aviation employed flying boats based in Lisbon and latter in also in the Azores in anti-submarine patrols.

The Portuguese Navy's aviation service was later renamed two more times — in 1918 to Naval Aeronautical Service (Portuguese: Serviço da Aeronáutica Naval),[5] and once again in 1936 to Navy Air Forces (Portuguese: Forças Aéreas da Armada).[4][6][7]

The first aerial crossing of the South Atlantic was made by the Portuguese naval aviators Sacadura Cabral and Gago Coutinho in 1922. They left the Lisbon Naval Air Station in Bom Sucesso, on March 30, in a Fairey IIID Mk.II seaplane of the Navy, specifically outfitted for the journey. The aircraft was equipped with an artificial horizon for aeronautical use, a revolutionary own invention of Gago Coutinho. They arrived on the Brazilian Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago on the April 17 and ended the journey in Rio de Janeiro on the June, 17.

The aviation of the Army gained the status of a full arm of service in 1924, becoming in equality with the other combat arms like the infantry or the artillery. It became known as Arm of Aeronautics (Portuguese: Arma de Aeronáutica) or Military Aeronautics (Portuguese: Aeronáutica Militar).

In 1931, occurred the only employment of an aircraft carrier by the Portuguese forces, when the merchant ship Cubango was transformed in an seaplane carrier to be integrated in the naval and military expedition deployed to Madeira to subdue a military uprising that had occurred in the island. Four Naval Aviation's CAMS 37 flying boats operating from the Cubando gave air support to the Government landing forces, being crucial for their victory in the subjugation of the revolutionaries.

In 1937, the Military Aeronautics underwent a major reorganization, gaining a large autonomy. Despite continuing to be administratively part of the Army, the Military Aeronautics now had a separate chain of command, with its forces under an Aeronautics Command directly dependent from the Minister of War.

Early involvement by the Portuguese military aviation included the Revolution in 1926 and the participation of a number of Portuguese pilots and other airmen in the Spanish Civil War in the late 1930s.

Portugal was not directly involved in World War II, but had to defend its neutrality. An important effort was made to defend the strategic Azores islands from a possible invasion — an intent of Adolf Hitler through 1941 was to seize them as an ideal base for the trans-Atlantic ranged Amerika Bomber project — including the deployment of most of the Portuguese air combat squadrons to there. By 1943, good relations with the Allies resulted in the purchase of modern British and US aircraft, including the Hawker Hurricane, Supermarine Spitfire and Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, as well as others impounded after they landed due to mechanical problems or bad weather.

Portugal joined NATO in 1949 as one of its founders.

Creation of the independent Air Force

PoAF North American T-6 at the Portuguese Air Force Museum

In August 1950, the Government role of Minister of National Defense was established to oversee all national military policy with coordinating authority over the Minister of the Army (former Minister of War) and the Minister of the Navy, and direct authority over the newly created role of Under-Secretary of State for the Aeronautics (Portuguese: Subsecretário de Estado da Aeronáutica), which was created with the objective of managing all the Portuguese military aviation.[8][9][10]

The role of Under-Secretary of State for the Aeronautics was only activated and filled in 1952, when the Aeronáutica Militar was organized as an independent branch of the Armed Forces, at the same time integrating the Naval Aviation. By this new organization, the air forces included independent forces and forces of cooperation. The air forces of cooperation could be placed under Army or Navy command for operational purposes. As such, the naval aviation personnel were under the command of the Under-Secretary of State for the Aeronautics under the status of deployed, and the naval aviation units formed a semi-independent branch for operational and training purposes, designated Naval Air Forces (Portuguese: Forças Aeronavais).[11][12]

These events are what is considered to be the creation of the Portuguese Air Force (PoAF) as an independent branch of the Armed Forces.

With this merger, the PoAF started to have in its charge all the aviation infrastructures that until then belonged to the Army and the Navy. These included the following:[3][7][13][14]

From the Army Aviation:

From the Naval Aviation:

Development of the Portuguese Air Force

Asas de Portugal display team.

The Portuguese national metropolitan and overseas territory was divided in 1956 in three major air regions, that started to exercise the operational command of the aerial units stationed in their area – later two semi-independent commands were created inside the 1st Air Region designated as air zones:

In 1955, the first Portuguese paratrooper unit was created under the command of the Air Force. The Portuguese paratrooper forces would continue to be a part of the Air Force until 1993, when they were transferred to the Army.

In 1958, the Naval Air Forces and the Ground Air Forces were completely integrated in the Air Force, ending any type of administrative connection, respectively, to the Navy and to the Army.[7][15]

Starting in 1960, a number of air bases and other units were installed in the Portuguese overseas territories, under the command of the 2nd and 3rd air regions and the Guinea and Cape Verde Air Zone. By the mid-1960s, Cape Verde, Portuguese Guinea, São Tomé and Príncipe, Angola and Mozambique were already covered by air bases and other airfields.

The Air Force in the Portuguese Overseas War

Paratroopers being launched by a Portuguese Air Force's Alouette III, in an air assault operation in Angola, in the 1960s.

From 1961 to 1975, the Portuguese Air Force was deeply engaged in the three theatres of operation of the Portuguese Overseas War, both with aviation and paratrooper forces.

In the Overseas War, Portuguese Air Force had both strategic and tactical air missions.

The strategic mission consisted of the interterritorial connection between European Portugal and the Portuguese Guinea, Angola and Mozambique theatres of operations, using DC-6 and later Boeing 707 aircraft. After acquiring the Boeing 707, the Air Force was able take a large share of the transport missions that until then were made through the use of merchant ships, reducing the connection time between the different territories.[16]

The tactical missions undertaken by the Portuguese Air Force in the three theatres of operations were:

In Angola and Mozambique, Volunteer Air Formations (FAV, Formações Aéreas Voluntárias) units were formed, composed of civilian volunteer pilots who assisted the Portuguese Air Force in several missions, mostly transport and reconnaissance, using both civilian and military light aircraft.

The Air Force also participated in ground and air-ground operations with its paratrooper forces, which became one of the main shock forces of the Portuguese Armed Forces. These troops, in the beginning of the War were mainly launched by parachute to the operations areas, but later were mainly employed in air assault operations using Alouette III and Puma helicopters. Besides the four regular paratrooper battalions (one in Angola, one in Portuguese Guinea and two in Mozambique), the Air Force was also involved in the creation of the paramilitary elite Paratrooper Special Groups in Mozambique. In order to stop the guerilla infiltrations in the Angola north border, the Counter Infiltration Tactical Unit (Unidade Táctica de Contra-Infiltração) was created, a mixed aviation/paratrooper unit, grouping trackers, paratroopers, helicopters and light aircraft.

The post-War

The military coup in 1974 was partly caused by the war in Mozambique, Angola and Portuguese Guinea during the 1960s. It in turn led to these countries' independence in 1975. The turmoil of the revolution and the end of the war in the African colonies, which had involved 150,000 personnel, brought about a major reorganisation which reduced the 850 aircraft inventory of the PoAF in 1974 to only one third of that in 1976.

Since then Portugal has gradually regained its balance and changed the organisation of the PoAF in the interest of efficiency. Some of the noteworthy changes during the last decade include the closure of Air Base No. 3 in Tancos and Air Base No. 7 in Aveiro, the introduction of an independent naval helicopter squadron in the Portuguese Navy, the acquisition of modern aircraft such as the F-16 Fighting Falcon, which replaced the A-7P Corsair II, the relocation of several squadrons to other bases, and the privatization of the OGMA workshops.

More recently, since 2005, the Aerospatiale Puma has been replaced by 12 AgustaWestland EH-101 helicopters, mainly used in the search and rescue role, in Montijo, with two stationed at Lajes, Azores, and one on Porto Santo, Madeira. This was followed by the introduction of the EADS CASA C-295, which replaced the CASA C-212, and the arrival of five former-Netherlands Naval Aviation Service P-3C Orion to replace the older P-3P Orion fleet. The F-16 fleet has completed the Mid Life Update conversion and update, with the fighters now in service with two squadrons at Monte Real.10 NH-90 Helicopters were ordered but cancelled due to budget cuts.

Aircraft

A Portuguese F-16A at RIAT 2006
A Alpha Jet trainer on touch down
An AW101 helicopter

Current inventory

Main articles: List of aircraft of the Portuguese Air Force and Portuguese military aircraft serials
Type Origin Role Variant In service Notes
Combat Aircraft
F-16 Fighting Falcon United States fighter F-16A 33[17]
Maritime Patrol
CASA C-295 Spain maritime patrol / SAR 5[17]
Lockheed P-3 Orion United States ASW / maritime patrol P-3C 5[17]
Transport
C-130 Hercules United States transport C-130H 5[17]
CASA C-295 Spain transport 7[17]
Helicopters
AW101 Italy transport / SAR 12[17]
Alouette III France light utility 12 To be phased out 2018 7[17]
Trainer Aircraft
F-16 United States conversion trainer F-16B 5[17]
Alpha Jet Germany trainer / light attack 6 To be phased out 2018 8[17]
Socata TB 30 France basic trainer 16[17]

Land vehicles

Organization

class=notpageimage|
Location of the main Air Force units in Continental Portugal. Not included are units in the Azores and Madeira (off-map to west).
Legend: BA - Main air base; AT/AM - Forward air base; ER - Radar station; CFMTFA - Air Force Military and Technical Training Center; DG - General Storage Complex of the Air Force.
Radar Station No. 1, at Fóia
Air Base No. 4, at Lajes, Azores.

The Portuguese Air Force is structured in three command levels:[22][23]

  • Long term planning — it is of the responsibility of the Chief of Staff of the Air Force seconded by the Vice-Chief of Staff, who runs the Staff of the Air Force.
  • Short term planning — it is of the responsibility of the three major commands of the PoAF, that change the doctrinal directives into operational and technical directives:
    • Air Command;
    • Air Force Personnel Command;
    • Air Force Logistics Command.
  • Execution — The base units, depending hierarchically and functionally from the respective functional and technical Command, are responsible for the execution. They are formed into three Groups: Operational Group, Maintenance Group and Support Group, organized according to the mission and means assigned. These units are responsible for applying the directives, having the air operations as outcome.

Chief of Staff of the Air Force

The Chief of Staff of the Air Force (Portuguese: Chefe do Estado-Maior da Força Aérea, CEMFA) is the commander of the Portuguese Air Force. It is the only full General (four stars) of the Air Force.

Under its direct command are the following bodies:

  • Vice Chief of Staff;
  • Staff of the Air Force;
  • Air Force Inspection Agency (Inspeção Geral da Força Aérea);
  • Air Force Academy (Academia da Força Aérea, AFA);
  • Directorate of Finance (Direção de Finanças);
  • Air, Personnel and Logistics commands;
  • Air Force Legal Department;
  • Air Force Historical Archive.

Staff of the Air Force

The Staff of the Air Force (Portuguese: Estado-Maior da Força Aérea, EMFA) is responsible for studying, conceiving and planning the Air Force activities, supporting the Air Force Chief of Staff decisions. The EMFA is commanded by the Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force (VCEMA), a Lieutenant-General, who is seconded by a Major-General, called Deputy Chief of Staff of the Air Force (SUBCEMFA).

It consists of a Personnel Division (1ª Divisão - Pessoal), an Intelligence Division (2ª Divisão - Informações), a Operations Division (3ª Divisão - Operações), a Logistics Division (4ª Divisão - Logísticas), and of Support Units (Orgãos de apoio).

Air Force Logistics Command

The Air Force Logistics Command (Portuguese: Comando da Logística da Força Aérea) is commanded by a Lieutenant-General and has, as its mission, the management of the Air Force's materials resources in order to accomplish the CEMFA's plans and directives.

Under its command it has the following bodies:

  • Directorate of Supplying and Transports;
  • Directorate of Communications and Information Systems;
  • Directorate of Engineering and Programs;
  • Directorate of Infra-Structure;
  • Directorate of Weapons Systems Maintenance;
  • General Storage Complex of the Air Force (Depósito Geral de Material da Força Aérea, DGMFA).

Air Force Personnel Command

The Personnel Command of the Air Force (Portuguese: Comando de Pessoal da Força Aérea) is commanded by a Lieutenant-General that administers the human resources of the Air Force in accordance with the CEMFA's plans and directives.

Under its command it has the following bodies:

Air Command

The Air Command (Portuguese: Comando Aéreo), commanded by a Lieutenant-General, plans, directs and controls the efficiency of the air power, the air activity and defence of the national air space. It is also of the Air Command's responsibility the security of the Air Force bases and units.

Base units

The Air Command's base units guarantee the readiness of the air units and the logistic and administrative support of all the units and boards based there but depending on other commands. Organization:

  • The main air bases, when they have their own air assets
  • The forward air bases, when they support deployed air assets. Examples of these bases are the Transit and Maneuvers Airfields

Surveillance and detection units

The Surveillance and Detection Units (Portuguese: Unidades de Vigilância e Detecção, UVD) guarantee the operational of these same means.

Air Zones

Air Zones have the mission of planning, supervising and controlling the readiness of the air power resources and the air activity in their area of responsibility, of the accomplishment of the established plans. Guaranteeing, under the terms established in international agreements, the relationships with the foreign forces stationed at the base units under their hierarchic authority, but keeping the status inherent to the unit commander.

Existing Air Zones commands:

Squadrons

CASA/Airbus Military C-295M; tactical transport aircraft.
Alpha-Jet with commemorative painting of the 50th anniversary of 103 Squadron.

Esquadras (squadrons) are considered to be the basic flying unit of the Portuguese Air Force, in which aircraft are integrated into to carry out missions. Squadrons are under the command and part of operational groups (Portuguese: Grupo Operacional), which in turn are dependent of the air base at which they, and the squadron, are based.

Flight squadrons receive a designation of three numerical digits, in which the first indicates its primary mission:

1 - Instruction squadron;
2 - Fighter squadron;
3 - Attack squadron;
4 - Reconnaissance squadron;
5 - Transport squadron;
6 - Maritime patrol squadron;
7 - Search and Rescue squadron;
8 - Special function squadron;

The second digit indicates the type of aircraft operated by the squadron:

0 - Fixed-wing aircraft;
1 - Mixed;
5 - Rotary-wing aircraft;

The third digit is a sequential number of the same mission and aircraft type.

Flights

Esquadrilhas (flights) are the smallest flying units of the Air Force and have existed as independent units and as part of existing squadrons.

Units

Air bases and flying units

See also: COFA, List of Portuguese Air Force bases, and List of Portuguese Air Force aircraft squadrons

The order of battle of the Portuguese Air Force is as follows:[24]

An Alouette III light helicopter
PoAF's F-16A fighter prepares to refuel from a KC-10. March 19th, 1999
PoAF Hummer and Condor tactical air control vehicles

Air Base No. 1 (BA1) — Sintra, Lisbon (LPST)

Air Base No. 4 (BA4) — Lajes, Azores (LPLA)

Air Base No. 5 (BA5) — Monte Real, Leiria (LPMR)

Air Base No. 6 (BA6) — Montijo, Setúbal (LPMT)

Air Base No. 11 (BA11) — Beja (LPBJ)

Transit Airfield No. 1 (AT1) — Lisbon (LPPT)

Maneuvers Airfield No. 1 (AM1) — Ovar, Aveiro (LPOV)

Maneuvers Airfield No. 3 (AM3) — Porto Santo, Madeira (LPPS)

Support units

Rank Structure

Main article: Military ranks of Portugal

Officers

NATO code OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1 OF(D) Student officer
Rank insignia Various
Ranks in Portuguese Marechal
da Força Aérea 		General Tenente-
-general 		Major-
-general 		Brigadeiro-
-general 		Coronel Tenente-
-Coronel 		Major Capitão Tenente Alferes Aspirante
a oficial 		Cadete
aluno
Ranks in English Marshal
of the Air Force 		General Lieutenant
General 		Major
General 		Brigadier
General 		Colonel Lieutenant
Colonel 		Major Captain Lieutenant Second
Lieutenant 		Officer
candidate 		Officer cadet

Sergeants and enlisted

NATO code OR-9 OR-8 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5 OR-4 OR-3 OR-2 OR-1
Rank insignia
Rank in Portuguese Sargento-
-Mor 		Sargento-
-Chefe 		Sargento-
-Ajudante 		Primeiro-
-Sargento 		Segundo-
-Sargento 		Furriel Segundo-
-Furriel 		Cabo-
-Adjunto 		Primeiro-
-Cabo 		Segundo-
-Cabo 		Soldado Soldado-
-Recruta
Rank in English Command Chief Master Sergeant Chief Master Sergeant Senior Master Sergeant Master Sergeant Technical Sergeant Staff Sergeant Sergeant Corporal Senior Airman Airman First Class Airman Airman Basic

See also

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References

Notes

  1. ^ "EMGFA". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  2. ^ a b "Portuguese Military Aviation in brief". 20 October 2009. Archived from the original on October 20, 2009. Retrieved 22 February 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b "Aircraft serialling systems". October 25, 2009. Archived from the original on October 25, 2009. Retrieved July 16, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b Revista da Armada 81, p. 16
  5. ^ "Drecreto-Lei nº 3743" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Diário da República. January 11, 1918. Retrieved July 15, 2013. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  6. ^ "Decreto-Lei nº 27059" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Diário do Governo. September 30, 1936. Retrieved July 14, 2013. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  7. ^ a b c "Aviação Naval (Portuguese Naval Aviation) in brief". October 20, 2009. Archived from the original on October 20, 2009. Retrieved July 16, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ "Portuguese Military Aviation in brief". October 20, 2009. Archived from the original on October 20, 2009. Retrieved July 16, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Revista da Armada 356, p. 10
  10. ^ "Decreto-Lei nº 37909" (in Portuguese). Diário da República. August 1, 1950. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  11. ^ Revista da Armada 356, p. 10–11
  12. ^ "Decreto-Lei nº 39071" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Diário da República. December 31, 1952. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  13. ^ "Aeronautical infrastructures". 20 October 2009. Archived from the original on October 20, 2009. Retrieved 22 February 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ "Air Units". 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on October 20, 2009. Retrieved 22 February 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ "Decreto-Lei nº 41492" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Diário da República. December 31, 1953. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |trans_title= (help)
  16. ^ "Esquadra 501 - História" (in Portuguese). Esquadra 501. Archived from the original on February 22, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "World Air Forces 2015 pg. 27". Flightglobal Insight. 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  18. ^ a b c "OPSAS BA11: Meios" (in Portuguese). October 5, 2005. Archived from the original on August 4, 2011. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
  19. ^ "Mercedes Unimog of Air Force". 1 October 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  20. ^ "Mercedes 1823 Atego". 30 July 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  21. ^ "PORTUGAL M1025 HUMMER (M-PAV-2)". 31 January 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  22. ^ "Força Aérea Portuguesa - Organização" (in Portuguese). Portuguese Air Force. 24 January 2012. Archived from the original on January 24, 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ "Força Aérea Portuguesa - Estrutura" (in Portuguese). Portuguese Air Force. 24 January 2012. Archived from the original on January 24, 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ "Força Aérea Portuguesa - Esquadras de Voo" (in Portuguese). Portuguese Air Force. 24 January 2012. Archived from the original on January 24, 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ "Campo de Tiro - Alcochete" (in Portuguese). Portuguese Air Force. 24 April 2010. Archived from the original on April 24, 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

Sources

  • Lopes, Mário Canongia (1989). Os Aviões da Cruz de Cristo. Lisbon: Dinalivro.
  • Cardoso, Edgar (1981). História da Força Aérea Portuguesa. Amadora: Gratelo SARL.
  • Lapa, Albino (1928). Aviação Portuguesa.
  • Cardoso, Edgar (1963). Presença da Força Aérea em Angola.
  • Abecasis, José Krus (1985). Bordo de Ataque. Coimbra.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Santos, J. Trindade dos (June 1978). "Aviação Naval". Revista da Armada (in Portuguese) (81). Lisbon: Portuguese Navy: 15–21. Retrieved July 15, 2004. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  • Soares, A.J. Silva (August 2002). "A Extinção da Aviação Naval - Conclusão". Revista da Armada (in Portuguese) (356). Lisbon: Portuguese Navy: 8–11. Retrieved July 16, 2004. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)

External links

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