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==[[North America]]==
==[[North America]]==
===[[Canada]]===
===[[Canada]]===
====[[Vancouver, British Columbia]]====
The [[West End, Vancouver]] has become a hub of Korean activity, particularly among young exchange students and working vacationers. The area around Robson and Denman is rapidly gaining synergy as a Koreatown; complete with numerous bars, restaurants, and shops. There are even a few temples, schools, and Korean civic organizations that serve the rapidly growing community.

Many also regard the intersection of North Road and Lougheed Highway as a Korean-dominated business district. This district includes Korean restaurants (i.e. INSADONG), Korean shopping plazas and Korean grocery stores.

The nearby suburb of Burnaby also has a growing Korean business district along Kingsway near Metrotown.

====[[Toronto, Ontario]]====
====[[Toronto, Ontario]]====
{{main|Koreatown, Toronto}}
{{main|Koreatown, Toronto}}

Revision as of 22:53, 24 August 2010

The Koreatown marker in Los Angeles, California.
Koreatown
Hangul
[코리아타운 or 한인타운 ] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
Hanja
[코리아타운 or 韓人타운 ] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
Revised RomanizationKoriataun or Hanintaun
McCune–ReischauerK'oriat'aun or Hanint'aun

Koreatown (Korean: 코리아타운) is a term to describe a Korean ethnic enclave within a city or metropolitan area. Other terms may be such as Little Seoul or Little Korea.

Asia

China

Beijing

There are more than 120,000 Koreans living in Beijing. Prominent areas include Wudaokou (Chinese: 五道口; pinyin: Wǔdàokǒu; Korean: 오도구 Odogu (우따오커우 Uttaokeou)), and Wangjing (Chinese: 望京; pinyin: Wàngjīng, Korean: 망경 Manggyeong (왕징 Wangjing)).

Hong Kong

The Koreatown is located in and around Kimberley Street in Tsim Sha Tsui. There is also a Korean settlement in Lei King Wan, Sai Wan Ho, where the Korean International School in Hong Kong is also located.

Qingdao

100,000 Koreans live in Qingdao.

Shenyang

Shenyang has a large Koreatown known as Xita/Seotap (Chinese: 西塔, Korean: 서탑／西塔) meaning Western Pagoda.

Shanghai

65,000 Koreans live in Shanghai. Longbai in the Minhang district, to the west of the city, has a Korean oriented neighborhood.

Indonesia

A 31,000 M2 Koreatown block is being constructed on north Jakarta Pulomas. Upon its completion, it will be the first artificially-made KoreanTown in the world with 7 blocks and 9 buildings.Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).

Koreans in Indonesia number approximately 40,000, which makes Indonesia the 12th largest country with Koreans living outside of Korea.[1]

Japan

Main article: Koreantowns in Japan

During the 1910 to 1945 colonial period, approximately 2.4 million ethnic Koreans emigrated to Japan for economic reasons, though some brought over forcibly during the Second World War to work as laborers. While most departed after the war, still many were forced to remain by the Japanese government, and were joined in the 1950s by a wave of refugees from Jeju Island. Today, Koreans, known as Zainichi Koreans (재일조선인, who on paper retain the nationality of the old Korea) or Zainichi Koreans (재일한국인, who have adopted South Korean nationality), are the largest ethnic minority in Japan, amounting to 620,000 in 2002. Those with North Korean ties are a key source of remittances to North Korea. There is a separate group of more recent migrants from South Korea with strong links to their home country, and there is a considerable cultural gap between these so-called "new-comers" and Zainichi Koreans.

Osaka

Main article: Ikuno Koreatown

The Korean enclave in the city of Osaka, numbering over 90,000, is by far the largest in Japan, concentrated in the Ikuno Ward, where 25% of the inhabitants are of Korean origin. Tsuruhashi in the Ward is the most famous Koreatown in Japan, and is dominated by Jeju Islanders. Imazato-Shinchi is an area increasingly dominated by recent South Korean "new-comers". The total Korean population in Osaka prefecture amounted to 150,000 in 2002.

Tokyo

Main article: Shinokubo Koreatown

According to official statistics in 2002, the Korean population in Tokyo amounted to 80,000, which was the second largest following that of Osaka.

Unlike other Japanese Koreatowns, the Korean-oriented commercial district around Shin-Okubo Station in Shinjuku Ward developed after World War II, and is dominated by "new-comers" - recent immigrants from South Korea who have retained their ethnic and cultural identity, as can be seen from the ubiquitous signs written in hangul. Other immigrants from China, Taiwan, South East Asia and various other nationalities makes this one of the most colourful and multicultural areas in Tokyo.

The area around Mikawashima station on the Jōban Line, to the north of the city, is a Koreatown dominated by Zainichi immigrants from Jeju island.

Also noteworthy is a smaller-scale Zainichi Korean quarter to the southeast of Ueno station, and to the southwest, a community of South Korean "new-comers".

Kawasaki

Approximately 6,000 people of South and North Korean nationality live in central Kawasaki. Although most have assimilated, it remains one of the largest concentrations of Korean-Japanese in Eastern Japan.

Kyoto

A small Koreatown has developed in the Gion neighborhood (the Geisha district) of Kyoto. Kyoto prefecture is home to approximately 38,000 ethnic Koreans in 2002.

There are several Korean restaurants, businesses, churches and organizations, in the west of Kyoto city, in the neighborhoods south of Saiin station, on the Hankyu Railway line.

Shimonoseki

Green Mall in Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi is a Koreatown. It is also known as "Little Pusan" partly because of the Kanpu Line, a regular ferry that goes to Pusan, South Korea across the Sea of Japan.

Kazakhstan

Koryo-saram

Malaysia

Ampang

Ampang is an area long known for its large number of Korean expatriates.[2] Koreans in Malaysia have opened restaurants, churches, and grocery stores there, specifically in the area around Ampang Point.[3] Mont Kiara located southwestern of downtown Kuala Lumpur also houses Korean businesses as well.[4]

Philippines

Main article: Koreans in the Philippines

Metro Manila

Many Korean establishments such as restaurants and bars can be found in Makati City's Burgos St. which is regarded as the area's red light district. Korean video stores, groceries, and even spas can be found in the aforementioned locale. Those who frequent these places range from Korean tourists in the Philippines to long time residents.

Russia

There are traditional regions of Korean Russian settlement: the Russian Far East and Sakhalin Island. Korean communities with large numbers are also found in Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Central Russia (Volgograd, Saratov, Rostov, Nizhnay, Novgorod, and other areas). As well as in the Siberian cities of Novosibirsk, Krasmoyarsk, Tomsk, and Irkutsk. As of 2009, there were 222,027 people of Korean descent in Russia.[5]

Singapore

Main article: Koreans in Singapore

A little Koreatown has blossomed in the Upper Bukit Timah area due to the number of Koreans living there.

Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan has an ethnic Korean population of 175,939 (As of 2009) who were forcibly relocated to the region from the Soviet Far East in 1937-1938.

Vietnam

Hanoi

Main article: Trung Hoa Nhan Chinh

The new business center of the city at Trung Hoa Nhan Chinh is sometimes referred to as the local Koreatown with a significant South Korean population.

Europe

Germany

Koreans in Germany numbered 31,248 individuals as of 2009, according to the statistics of South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Though they are now only the 14th-largest Korean diaspora community worldwide, they remain the second-largest in Western Europe, behind the rapidly-growing community of Koreans in the United Kingdom.

Spain

Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

The city of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, the largest city in the Canary Islands, Spain, is currently home to over 1500 Koreans (over 7000 at its peak), and has the largest concentration of Koreans in Spain. As most Koreans originally came to work in the fishing industry, most Korean companies and businesses are located around the port area of Puerto de La Luz. However, most Koreans live in the more affluent neighborhoods of Avenida Mesa y Lopez, Madera y Corcho, Siete Palmas and Avenida Maritima.

United Kingdom

London, England

New Malden has probably the largest single expatriate community of South Koreans in Europe.[6] According to the Korean Residents Society, the Korean population in Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames is about 3,500 to 4,500, mostly in New Malden, out of a total borough population of 157,900; some sources cite the population as high as 20,000 to 32,000. There is also a growing population in Golders Green, North-West London.

North America

Canada

Toronto, Ontario

Main article: Koreatown, Toronto

Toronto's primary Koreatown is located on Bloor Street, roughly between Bathurst and Christie Streets; but although many Koreans work there very few actually live in this area. The first Korean store in Toronto (Barton Premium Supermarket or Hangook Shikpoom Bonjom closed October 2004 but moved to its current location, P.A.T. Central Mkt @675 Bloor St W) was situated at 721 Palmerston Avenue just north of Bloor in this area in the early 1970s, eventually leading to more stores and restaurants concentrating in this area. The first Korean restaurant, Korea House, is still located on 666 Bloor Street West.

A secondary concentration may be found on Yonge Street, between Sheppard Avenue East and north of Steeles Avenue East A large Korean supermarket, Galleria Supermarket is located on Yonge and is now developing into a Korean Cultural Centre as well. The success of Galleria has led to a brand new supermarket called H-Mart, located on Yonge St. just south of Major Mackenzie Dr., which opened in December 2007.

It is estimated that there are around 130,000 Koreans living in Toronto. The Korean community continues to have a strong presence in Canada's largest city. There are a large number of Korean students who study in Toronto, thus the frequency of seeing Koreans not only in Koreatowns but everywhere across the city and its suburbs.

Guatemala

Guatemala City

Koreans in Guatemala form one of the newest Korean diaspora communities in Latin America. As recently as 1997, only 2,051 Koreans resided in the country, but by 2005, that number had almost quintupled to 9,944, surpassing the older community of Koreans in Paraguay and giving Guatemala the fourth-largest Korean population in the region, behind Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico. Since 2005, the number of Koreans in the country has remained roughly stable. Roughly four-tenths had permanent residency in the country, with the rest having temporary visas. 90% live in Guatemala City.

As of 2001, there were thirty-three Korean restaurants in the capital; other Korean residents operate karaoke bars, mini-supermarkets, book cafes, and clothing stores; Mainly concentrated in the El Pueblito, Monte María, and Roosevelt neighborhoods.

Mexico

Mexico City

Mexico City has a small enclave of Korean restaurants, supermarkets, and video rental stores in the Zona Rosa neighborhood, mainly located on Calle Florencia. Most of Mexico City’s Koreans are more recently arrived, the result of South Korea’s economic boom of the ‘60s and ‘70s.

Baja California

In Baja California, the Korean Mexican population is also very large with the majority of the Korean descendants being mixed with Spanish and Amerindian ancestry (Mestizo). Mainly because when Korean immigrants arrived in Mexico many generations ago, they were not in enclaved ethnic communities as like in the U.S. and Canada, so intermarriage between Koreans and Mexicans were highly encouraged from the Korean Mexican society producing a unique and indistinguishable offspring of people mixed Korean, Spanish/European, and Amerindian ancestry.

United States

According to the MOFAT 2009 statistics, there were 2,102,283 Korean Americans in the U.S.

Annandale, Virginia

According to the 2000 census, 66,000 Koreans live in Annandale and the surrounding region.[7] The local phone directory, the Giant Directory, lists 929 businesses that cater to Koreans. This is more than one-third of all Korean Businesses in the Washington Metropolitan Area. Koreatown starts at Hummer Road, where Ye Chon (예촌), a Korean restaurant that is open 24/7, from Little River Turnpike and goes for 1.5 miles to Evergreen Lane. There is also another 24/7, Korean BBQ restaurant, Gooldaegee (꿀 돼지), also known as Honey Pig, located on Columbia Pike, that offers pork, chicken, and beef meats to be cooked on the grill[8]. These businesses that are located in the urban part of Annandale include electronic stores display the latest gadgets from Asia, lawyer and realty offices, incense-filled medicine shops, karaoke bars and dance clubs, and 39 Korean restaurants. Some examples of Korean restaurants are Seoul Soon Dae (서울 순대), Han Gang Restaurant, Jin Sung Garden (진성가든), Man Po Myun Oak Restaurant (만포 면옥), Nulbom Restaurant (늘봄분식), Il Mee Buffett (일미 식당), Gom Ba Woo (곰바우), Gool daejee Korean BBQ (꿀 돼지), Todam Village Restaurant (토담골), Pojangmahjah (포장마차), Nak-won Restaurant, Choong Hwa Won‎ (중화원), Jangwon‎, Cafe Tu Ah‎, Annangol (아난골 식당), Kaboja Restaurant (가보자 식당), Sorak Garden Restaurant (설악 가든), Yang Pyung Seoul (Nineteen Hall Garden)[7][9]Annandale also has a number of Korean-style bakeries such as Shilla Bakery (신라 명, Virginia Korean Bakery (고려제과) and Le Matin De Paris. [10] [11] [12] In 2008, former Congressman Thomas M. Davis, who administered the district where Annandale, VA is located, supported a bill that would designate Korean American Day on January 13th.[13]

Atlanta, Georgia

Most of Georgia's 83,000 Koreans are located in the greater Atlanta area. Although there are few Korean businesses within the city of Atlanta proper, a very large concentration of Korean shops can be found in various areas of suburban Gwinnett County, particularly in the cities of Duluth, Suwanee, and Norcross. The suburban sprawl of metro Atlanta makes it difficult to denote any one particular area as "Koreatown". The major shopping streets are Buford Highway and Pleasant Hill Road, along with several smaller intersecting roads. These are home to many Korean restaurants, shops, salons, banks and spas. Most Korean shops and places of entertainment are located within strip malls, usually no more than 2 stories in height. A large majority of the shop signs are written in both Korean and English. [14]

Bergen County, New Jersey

One of the largest immigrant groups in Bergen County is the Korean American community, which is concentrated along the Hudson River - especially in the area near the George Washington Bridge - and represents over half of the state's entire Korean population.[15][16] Palisades Park boasts the highest percentage (36.38%) and total number (6,065) of Koreans among all municipalities in the state,[17][18] while neighboring Fort Lee has the second largest cluster (5,978) and third highest proportion (17.18%, trailing Leonia's 17.24%).[18][19] Eight of the nation's top ten municipalities by percentage of Korean population are located in Bergen County, including Palisades Park, Leonia, Fort Lee, Ridgefield, Closter, Norwood, Edgewater, and Englewood Cliffs.[18] Overall, sixteen of the top twenty communities on that list are located in Bergen; virtually all are in the eastern third of the county near the Hudson River.

In addition, the commercial districts of several communities — including Palisades Park, Fort Lee, Cliffside Park, Ridgefield, Leonia, and to a lesser extent Englewood Cliffs, Edgewater, and Fairview — collectively function as a sprawling suburban Koreatown for northern New Jersey, drawing shoppers from throughout the region.[20] There is also an entrenched Korean population in the Northern Valley, especially in Tenafly, Cresskill, Demarest, Closter, Norwood, and Old Tappan, as well as in several inland boroughs, including Paramus, Fairlawn, Rutherford, and Little Ferry.

There is a small but growing Korean population in Jersey City; mostly young professionals and students, centered around Journal Square.

There has been an influx of Korean-American students, young professionals, and families migrating towards Middlesex County, around Rutgers University and its surrounding towns (Edison, New Brunswick, Woodbridge).

Chicago, Illinois

Main article: Albany Park, Chicago

Chicago's Albany Park neighborhood has been referred to as Chicago's "Koreatown" since the 1980s. The majority of Korean shops in Albany Park can be found along Lawrence Avenue (4800 North) between Kedzie (3200 West) and Pulaski (4000 West). This particular section of Lawrence Avenue has been officially designated by the city of Chicago as "Seoul Drive" because of the multitude of Korean-owned enterprises on the street. Although many of the Korean Americans in the neighborhood have been moving to the north suburbs in recent years, it still retains its Korean flavor. Every year there is a Korean festival, and the neighborhood is home to a Korean television station (WOCH-CA Ch. 41) and radio station (1330 AM) as well as two Korean-language newspapers. There are still many Korean businesses interspersed among the newer Mexican bakeries and Middle Eastern grocery stores. Approximately 45% of the businesses on this particular stretch of Lawrence Avenue are owned by Korean-Americans.[21].

Dallas, Texas

Main article: Koreatown, Dallas, Texas

A sizable Koreatown can be found in Dallas, though this mostly commercial area of the city has not been officially designated as such.[22] Instead, large signs situated at the intersection of Harry Hines Boulevard and Royal Lane proclaim the area as the "Asian Trade District." The signs also feature depictions of a red and blue "taeguk," a symbol that is prominently featured on the national flag of South Korea, thereby acknowledging the specifically Korean affiliation of the district. This area in the northwest part of the city is characterized by a large number of Korean-owned businesses serving the city's sizable Korean American community. Although, Korean business is undoubtedly the most dominant in the area, there are isolated Chinese and Vietnamese businesses as well.

Denver, Colorado

Metro Denver’s most distinct, though not officially designated, Korean neighborhood lies in suburban Aurora, just southeast of Denver proper. The stretch of Parker Road roughly between I-225 and East Jewell Avenue is largely commercial in nature and is dotted with Korean supermarkets, restaurants, and shops. Much of the business signage displays both English and Korean, though some businesses exclusively display Korean characters. Though many Koreans and Korean Americans do live in the vicinity, the district also serves as a regional center of Korean products and culture for the entire Front Range, and is home to several Korean-language newspapers.

Many Korean Americans who reside in Metro Denver do not live in Koreatown, but in other parts of the city, especially the southeastern suburbs of Arapahoe County. It is here that a large concentration of Korean churches of varying sizes and denominations can be found, as there is a distinct lack of such facilities in the Koreatown neighborhood due to its commercial nature. It is not uncommon to find Korean-owned businesses outside of the Koreatown area.

Houston, Texas

Spring Branch is the main focus point of Houston's Korean American communtity although the neighborhood is not exclusively Korean as it also has a large Hispanic population. In 1997 S.D. Kim, the Houston bureau chief of The Korea Times, said that Koreatown, the Korean community in Spring Branch, grew because of inexpensive housing and the zoning to the Spring Branch Independent School District [23]. In 1998 and again in 2001, a proposal to place Korean language street signs in Koreatown lead to political controversy; the reaction against the proposal lead to the withdrawal of the proposal[24].

Los Angeles, California

Main article: Koreatown, Los Angeles, California

The Greater Los Angeles Area is home to the largest number of ethnic Koreans outside of Asia. Koreatown is an officially recognized district of the city and contains probably the heaviest concentration of Korean residents and businesses. However, when the term "Koreatown" is used it usually refers to a larger area that includes the adjacent neighborhoods of Wilshire Center, Harvard Heights and Pico Heights. Koreans began to move into the area in the late 1960s after changes in the US Immigration laws, establishing numerous businesses although never outnumbering Latino residents.

New York City

Main article: Koreatown, Manhattan

Koreatown, or K-town as it is colloquially known, is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, that is generally bordered by 31st and 36th Streets and Fifth Avenue and Sixth Avenues. It is this neighborhood, near Herald Square, which is usually named as New York's Koreatown. The core of this Koreatown is located on 32nd Street between Fifth Avenue and Broadway, and is officially named "Korea Way." However, the main residential cluster is located in the borough of Queens.

Main article: Queens

Northern Boulevard in Queens is an extended Koreatown strip that stretches east from Flushing through Bayside and into Great Neck in Nassau County. Union Street between 35th and 41st Avenues in Flushing is the central business district of this Koreatown.

Significant Korean populations live in Elmhurst, Jackson Heights, Woodside, Sunnyside, Douglaston, Little Neck, Bayside and throughout the rest of the borough of Queens.

Main article: Bedford Park, Bronx

There is also a block of Korean stores and restaurants on E. 204th St in the Bedford Park neighborhood of the Bronx.[25]

Although Brooklyn has more Korean residents than the Bronx, there is no official Koreatown. The Korean population is scattered throughout Brooklyn South, settling in neighborhoods from Kensington, Gerritsen Beach, to Canarsie. However, the Bay Ridge/ Fort Hamilton neighborhood contains the highest density of Koreans.

Staten Island's Korean population is centered around the neighborhood of Heartland Village.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

The vicinity of 5th Street and Olney Avenue is a Korean-American business district.

Oakland, California

A significant Korean community, the largest in the Bay Area is centered on Telegraph Avenue between 20th and 35th Streets between Downtown Oakland and the Temescal district lined with some 150 Korean-owned businesses and a Buddhist temple. This segment of Telegraph Avenue is lined with bright banners proclaiming the district as "Koreatown-Northgate" with the slogan "Oakland's got Seoul." Before 1991, the area was characterized by homelessness and crime and a majority African-American population and was the Northgate district. There has been criticism with the non-Korean residents of the city officially naming the district Koreatown who actually form the majority; mostly African Americans. This is has led to tensions between the Korean business and landowners with the African American population who form the majority of residents in the district though a number of Koreans have begun settling into the area.[26]

Seattle-Tacoma, Washington

There is a very high concentration of Korean businesses along State Route 99 in Tacoma as well as in the neighboring suburbs of Lakewood and Federal Way. The most recognizable district of Korean businesses exists in Tacoma between South 86th st and 94th st with most businesses being Korean-run and servicing Korean-Americans. In 1990, business owners debated a new name for the area along South Tacoma Way between South 84th and 94th street and although it is displayed in English as the "International Business District", it is also referenced as "Koreatown" in Korean alongside it's English designation. [27] [28]

South America

Argentina

Buenos Aires

Buenos Aires's 'Barrio Coreano' is in the neighborhood of Flores, specifically in the south of this neighborhood. The primary artery of the district is Carabobo Avenue, which houses various Korean businesses and organizations, including restaurants, beauty salons, a Korean school (Instituto Coreano Argentino) and churches, among others. In recent years, there has been a huge move from the Bajo Flores towards the Avellaneda Avenue, the reason being the increasing theft and insecurity around the slums close to Av. Castanares. What some might call these days, "The New Koreatown," has been increasing in size at a faster rate while the shops in Av. Carabobo have been closing. [29] There are over 22,000 Koreans in Argentina, most of them in Buenos Aires, where the Asian population is around 2.5%.[30]

Brazil

Sao Paulo

Brazil has several Korean enclaves but, recently a Koreatown was formed in Bom Retiro a densely populated area of Brazil's biggest city, Sao Paulo. The Korean consulate in Brazil said that the municipal government in Sao Paulo has designated Bom Retiro as 'Koreatown' and has passed an ordinance that will see the city provide administrative and financial support to the new community. The Korean consul general in Sao Paulo said that the town will be turned into a special Korean economic and cultural district which will help attract tourists from around the world and will further promote Korean culture in Brazil.

Chile

Santiago

The Korean population is mostly concentrated in Patronato. Currently, approximately 3000 Koreans live in Chile. The Korean community is well organized and united. Colonia Coreana organizes several events annually. Among these events are: soccer tournaments, Korean festivals, and the annual Mr. and Ms. Patronato.[31]

Paraguay

Asunción

Koreans in Paraguay formed one of the earliest Korean diaspora communities in Latin America; however, they were always overshadowed by the larger Korean communities in neighboring Brazil and Argentina, and since the late 1990s, their population has dwindled. As of 2009, there were 5,229 Korean residents in Paraguay. Besides Asunción, Koreans have settled in Ciudad del Este, Pedro Juan Caballero, and Encarnación.

Oceania

Australia

Sydney, New South Wales

Australia's Korean-speaking population is estimated to be around 150,000.[32]

Sydney's Korean population settled in the suburbs of Campsie, Eastwood, Epping, Strathfield and Chatswood.[33] These areas are home to a number of Korean speaking business and retail stores which include Korean restaurants, video stores, hairdressers and supermarkets.[34] The neighborhood of Campsie is the original Koreatown of Sydney. [35]

Other important Korean commercial areas are located the suburbs of Parramatta and Chatswood which are business districts West and North of the Sydney CBD.[36][37][38][39] The intersection of Liverpool Street and Pitt Street in Sydney CBD (Central Business District) is also becoming a popular area for Korean commercial activity including restaurants, karaoke bars, supermarkets and hairdressers.

Melbourne, Victoria

Melbourne's de facto[40] Koreatown is concentrated around the vicinity of La Trobe Street. The Korean population of Melbourne has grown significantly in recent years, in conjunction to a large floating population of South Korean students living and working abroad. As a result, numerous Korean owned businesses have appeared to cater to this demand.[41]

New Zealand

Auckland

As of 2006, Korean New Zealanders (or Korean Kiwis) numbered 30,792. Nearly 70% of the Korean population lives on the North Shore City, where Korean is the second most common language spoken.[42]

See also

References

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  3. ^ Rhee, Hyun Ah (2006-12-18). "Koreans find green pastures in Ampang" (Document). Malaysiakini. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |accessdate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)
  4. ^ Written byPreetam Rai (2008-03-03). "Global Voices in English » Malaysia: Korean Town in Malaysian Capital". Globalvoicesonline.org. Retrieved 2010-05-13.
  5. ^ Kim, German Nïkolaevich (2005). "Koreans in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Russia": 983–992. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-29904-4_100. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) in Skoggard, Ian A.; Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R. (2005). Encyclopedia of diasporas immigrant and refugee cultures around the world. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 0-387-29904-1.
  6. ^ http://www.thinklondon.com/downloads/london_communities/Korean_community/Communityreport_KoreaAWlowres.pdf
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  14. ^ [1][dead link]
  15. ^ Profile of General Demographic Characteristics for Bergen County, New Jersey: 2000. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on March 17, 2007.
  16. ^ Profile of General Demographic Characteristics for New Jersey: 2000. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on March 17, 2007
  17. ^ Profile of General Demographic Characteristics for Palisades Park borough, New Jersey: 2000, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on March 17, 2007.
  18. ^ a b c Korean Ancestry by City. Retrieved on March 17, 2007.
  19. ^ Profile of General Demographic Characteristics for Fort Lee borough, New Jersey: 2000, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on March 17, 2007.
  20. ^ Korean store chains move to Palisades Park, The Record (Bergen County), March 4, 2007
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  22. ^ "About KAC - Korean American Coalition Dallas/Fort Worth Chapter (한미연합회)". Kacdfw.org. Retrieved 2010-05-13.
  23. ^ http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DM&p_theme=dm&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0ED3D9267709D576&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM TAKING OFF Houston's Asian communities growing rapidly]." The Dallas Morning News. June 29, 1997.
  24. ^ "Korean street sign flap revisited." Associated Press. July 22, 2001.
  25. ^ http://www.bronxmall.com/norwoodnews/ongoing/census/census112003.html. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  26. ^ Richards, Kathleen (May 06, 2009). "Oakland's Koreatown Isn't Your Typical Ethnic Enclave". East Bay Express. Oakland. Retrieved 2009-05-06. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  27. ^ "South Tacoma Way timeline | South Tacoma Way". The News Tribune. 2007-10-15. Retrieved 2010-05-13.
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External links

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