Ted Kennedy

This article is about the U.S. senator, for information about the hall of fame ice hockey player see Ted Kennedy (hockey player).

Edward "Ted" Kennedy
File:EMK.jpg
Senior Senator, Massachusetts
In office January 1963–Present
Preceded by	Benjamin A. Smith II
Succeeded by	Incumbent (2007)
Personal details
Nationality	american
Political party	Democratic
Spouse(s)	(1) Virginia Joan Bennett, divorced (2) Victoria Reggie

Edward Moore Kennedy (born February 22, 1932) is the senior U.S. Senator from Massachusetts, having served since 1963. The most prominent living member of the Kennedy family, he is the brother of assassinated President John F. Kennedy and Senator Robert F. Kennedy.

Because of Kennedy's personal prominence and his longtime advocacy of liberal principles, he is widely regarded as a "lion" of the Democratic Party. Supporters admire him as a forceful and reliable advocate for liberalism, whose personal and political skills enable him to achieve some gains even in an era of conservative ascendancy; however, some Democrats see him as being too ready to compromise with Republican legislators. His critics on the right charge that he is stuck in a "big-government" ideology from the 1960s, and has not adapted to changing times. Republicans seeking to rally their supporters often invoke Kennedy as the politician who must be opposed, citing his politics and what they see as failings in his personal conduct.

Family and youth

Kennedy is the youngest of nine children of Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy. He attended the Fessenden School, and later Milton Academy and entered Harvard College in 1950. He was suspended from Harvard in May 1951 after he arranged for another student to take a final examination in a Spanish class in his place. He then entered the U.S. Army for two years; he was assigned to the SHAPE headquarters in Paris. Kennedy eventually re-entered Harvard, graduating in June 1956. In 1958, he attended the Hague Academy of International Law. He earned his law degree from the University of Virginia and was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1959. While he was in law school, he managed his brother John's 1958 Senate re-election campaign.

His home is in Hyannis Port, Mass., where he lives with his wife Victoria Reggie Kennedy, a Washington lawyer and daughter of a Louisiana judge, and her children, Curran and Caroline. He has three grown children from his first marriage with Virginia Joan Bennett: Kara, Edward Jr., and Patrick, and four grandchildren. After his brothers John and Bobby were assassinated (in 1963 and 1968, respectively), he took on the role of surrogate father for his brothers' 13 children.[1]

In 1962, Ted Kennedy was elected to the Senate from special election to fill the seat left vacant by his oldest brother, John, upon the latter's election as President of the United States. He was elected to a full six-year term in 1964 and was reelected in 1970, 1976, 1982, 1988, 1994, and 2000.

As of 2005, Kennedy is the third-longest serving senator in U.S. history, behind only Strom Thurmond and Robert Byrd. According to NPR, Kennedy plans to run for an eighth full term (and ninth overall term) in 2006. If he wins and serves out his full six-year term, he will have served in the U.S. Senate for fifty years. Kennedy's plans beyond 2012 are unknown.

Early career

John, Robert, and Edward Kennedy

Kennedy is the senior Democrat on the Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee. He also serves on the Judiciary Committee, where he is the senior Democrat on the Immigration Subcommittee, and the Armed Services Committee, where he is the senior Democrat on the Seapower Subcommittee. He is also a member of the Congressional Joint Economic Committee, a founder of the Congressional Friends of Ireland, and a trustee of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C..

Kennedy's career in the Senate attracted national attention at its inception, as it has several times since. During his 1962 campaign, he was accused by his opponents of riding on his family's name and fortune, and (having no previous experience in elected office) of not being sufficiently qualified to hold so high an office. Soon after entering office, he went through the trauma of the assassination of his brother John, an event that focused much attention on him.

In 1964, Kennedy was in a plane crash in which the pilot and one of Kennedy's aides were killed. He was pulled from the wreckage by fellow senator Birch E. Bayh II (D-Ind.) and spent weeks in the hospital recovering from a severe back injury, a punctured lung, broken ribs, and internal bleeding.

In 1968, his last surviving brother, Robert, was assassinated during his bid to be nominated as Democratic candidate for the presidency. Kennedy delivered a very emotional eulogy at Robert's funeral. After the shock from this event wore off, Ted was looked upon as a likely future presidential candidate. For about a year, the Democratic establishment began to focus attention on him as the carrier of the torch for the Kennedys and the party. His eulogy showed one thing: Since his father suffered a stroke which left him invalid, he has been the family patriarch and had given such tributes for the family in times of crisis.

In October 1971 Kennedy called for the withdrawal of British troops from Ireland, and for all political parties there to begin talks on creating a United Ireland. The senator has retained an interest in the Irish political situation since that time.

Personal Scandals

Chappaquiddick

During a party on Chappaquiddick Island on July 18, 1969, Senator Kennedy drove his 1967 Oldsmobile Delmont 88 off Dike Bridge (also spelled Dyke Bridge), a wooden bridge that is angled obliquely to an unlit road onto which he claimed to have made a wrong turn. The car plunged into tide-swept Poucha Pond (at that location a channel) and landed upside down under the water. There is speculation about whether Mary Jo Kopechne (a secretary and "boiler room" girl who had previously worked for the 1968 Presidential campaign of Senator Kennedy's late brother, Senator Robert F. Kennedy), the passenger in the car, drowned or suffocated. Kennedy returned on foot to the Lawrence Cottage where a party attended by Miss Kopechne and other "boiler room" girls was in progress. Two other men, his cousin Joseph Gargan and party co-host Paul Markham then assisted him in trying to rescue Kopechne. All involved failed to use the telephone at the Lawrence Cottage to call the police for help. Kennedy discussed the accident with several people, including his lawyer, before he was contacted by the police. The next morning July 19, 1969 Police Chief Dominick Arena called the Senator from the closest house to the Dike Bridge, rented at the time by the Malms. Senator Kennedy was given the news that his mother's car had been involved in a fatal accident. Kennedy had never reported the accident. A science teacher and 15 year old boy fishing discovered Kennedy's car the morning after the incident occurred. Kopechne's body was discovered by diver John Farrar. John Farrar observed that a large amount of air was released from the car when it was righted in the water, he also noted that the trunk when opened was remarkably dry. These observations and others lead many to believe that Mary Jo Kopechne had not drowned but suffocated in an air pocket within the Delmont 88. The diver John Farrar has stated that he was on call and available at the time of the accident.

The incident quickly blossomed into a scandal. Kennedy was criticized for failing to come to Kopechne's aid, for failing to summon help, for contacting not the police but his lawyer first, and for failing to report the accident to the authorities. Because of a lack of evidence other than Kennedy's own word, allegations persist that he was drunk, that he did not try to save Kopechne, and that he intentionally turned onto the road crossing the bridge going to the beach in order to have sex with her. Mary Jo Kopechne and the other "boiler room" girls had been at that beach on the other side of the Dike Bridge earlier in the day.

The Senator was married to Joan Bennett Kennedy, who was pregnant at the time, but would later miscarry. Kennedy pled guilty to a charge of leaving the scene of an accident after causing injury. He received a sentence of two months in jail, which was suspended. An Edgartown grand jury later reopened the investigation but did not return an indictment.

Kennedy's political opponents question whether justice was served in this case, though their motives may be political, rather than based on any evidence. Rumors still circulate of a conspiracy by Kennedy and his family to alter his driving record to obviate charges of negligent homicide, and to influence the Edgartown grand jury. Some people question his description of his escape from the car, because of his back troubles remaining from his 1964 airplane accident. Though claiming to be injured, Kennedy swam a second larger body of water after the accident to return to his hotel room as the ferry was closed for the night.

The Joyce Carol Oates novel Black Water is a fictionalized account of the events at Chappaquiddick. Set in the early 1990s, it chronicles the story of a twenty-six-year-old woman named Kelly Kellher who meets a character called "The Senator" at a Fourth of July party, leading to her inevitable and tragic demise.

The accident and continuing allegations of heavy drinking, drug use and womanizing have haunted his reputation and hampered his political career through the decades since it transpired. He withdrew in 1974 from the 1976 presidential race and failed in a 1980 primary challenge to Jimmy Carter.

"Waitress Sandwich"

Kennedy and fellow Democratic senator Chris Dodd, from Connecticut, were accused in 1985 of sexually assaulting a waitress. While at Washington DC’s La Brasserie restaurant it was reported that the two made a "human sandwich" with Carla Gaviglio, who was serving the two at the time. Kennedy apparently threw Gaviglio on top Dodd, who was slumped in a chair drunk, and then jumped on top of her, after which Gaviglio ran from the room screaming. Although Gaviglio had several witness to the event, she declined to press charges. According to Gaviglio, Kennedy said "you like that ... dont you?". (See "THE BACHELORS; They Say Power Corrupts. In Washington It Also Seduces," Washington Post, Oct 3, 1990.)

Palm Beach Rape Incident

- The Senator was involved in the rape trial of William Kennedy Smith in 1991.[2] The Senator gave evidence during the trial. It was discovered that Kennedy had encouraged his nephew William Kennedy Smith and his son Patrick Kennedy to go out late one evening. It was during this time that the Senator's son, Patrick Kennedy met 27-year-old Testa's Restaurant waitress, Michelle Cassone. According to Ms. Cassone at one point during the evening at the Kennedy family retreat the Senator appeared "without his trousers" and sporting only a long-tailed shirt." William Kennedy Smith was acquitted of the charges although the incident did attract unfortunate publicity for the Kennedy family. It led to criticism of some members of the family, including by John Kennedy Jr. who accused some of his relatives of being "poster boys for bad behavior."

Presidential bid

The unfavorable publicity and investigative press scrutiny surrounding the Chappaquiddick incident resulted in Kennedy's putting off any presidential aspirations at the time. However, a decade later, Kennedy decided to throw his hat in the ring for the Democratic nomination in the 1980 presidential election. He launched an insurgent campaign against Democratic incumbent Jimmy Carter. Kennedy was unafraid of criticizing the president who was mired in the Iran hostage crisis. He did, however, vow to support Carter if he were re-nominated. Despite much early support, his bid was ultimately unsuccessful, largely due to controversy surrounding the incident at Chappaquiddick. He lost substantial credibility in November 1979 during the week his campaign was officially launched when he was widely ridiculed in the press following an interview with Roger Mudd on CBS News Special Reports. When Kennedy was asked by Mudd: "Why do you want to be President?", he was unable to provide a straight forward answer. Kennedy did go on to win some primaries, even after it appeared that Carter would probably win renomination. Eventually he bowed out of the race, but delivered a rousing speech before the 1980 Democratic National Convention in New York City that many consider to be one of his finest moments.

No Child Left Behind

Senator Kennedy was a major player in the bipartisan team that wrote the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, which according to both Kennedy and President Bush was a compromise, and according to both their parties conceded too much to the other side.

He then worked to get it passed in a Republican-controlled Congress, despite the oppposition of conservative Republicans on states' rights grounds, and liberal Democrats opposing what was perceived as President Bush's initiative.

Four weeks after the bill's passage, Kennedy reversed his position, calling the President and Congress to account for failing to budget enough funding for programs mandated by the law. He has since opposed the law on these grounds, and has divested responsibility for the bill.

Views on abortion

Kennedy claims to have held a pro-life view prior to his conversion. In a letter to a constituent, dated August 3, 1971 Kennedy wrote:

"While the deep concern of a woman bearing an unwanted child merits consideration and sympathy, it is my personal feeling that the legalization of abortion on demand is not in accordance with the value which our civilization places on human life. Wanted or unwanted, I believe that human life, even at its earliest stages, has certain rights which must be recognized -- the right to be born, the right to love, the right to grow old.

"I share the confidence of those who feel that America is working to care for its unwanted as well as wanted children, protecting particularly those who cannot protect themselves. I also share the opinions of those who do not accept abortion as a response to our society's problems -- an inadequate welfare system, unsatisfactory job training programs, and insufficient financial support for all its citizens.

"When history looks back to this era it should recognize this generation as one which cared about human beings enough to halt the practice of war, to provide a decent living for every family and to fulfill its responsibility to its children from the very moment of conception."

This letter was written at a time when abortion was a particularly hot topic, being fought in state legislatures throughout the United States. Seventeen months later, the U.S. Supreme Court would rule in Roe v. Wade that the "right of privacy... is broad enough to encompass a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy." Shortly after that, Kennedy reversed his position on abortion, to the point where he soon became one of the major targets of Roman Catholic groups opposing pro-choice Catholics in U.S. politics.

Democratic Party icon

Since his presidential bid, Kennedy has become the de facto head of the liberal wing of the Democratic party. He is one of the most recognizable and influential members of the party. In 2004, Kennedy supported the failed presidential bid of his fellow Massachusetts Senator John Kerry, speaking for Kerry multiple times and lent his chief of staff, Mary Beth Cahill, to the Kerry campaign.

Immigration Policy

Ted Kennedy was a strong supporter of the 1965 Hart-Celler Act which dramatically changed US immigration policy. [3] "The bill will not flood our cities with immigrants. It will not upset the ethnic mix of our society. It will not relax the standards of admission. It will not cause American workers to lose their jobs." (U.S. Senate, Subcommittee on Immigration and Naturalization of the Committee on the Judiciary, Washington, D.C., Feb. 10, 1965. pp. 1-3.). Kennedy is now the ranking Democrat on the Senate Committee on Immigration, and remains a strong advocate of high levels of immigration. [4]

Alternative Energy

Ted Kennedy has maintained a strong record in favor of alternative energy sources as seen in his voting record as a senator. [5] Some people, however, see Kennedy's opposition to a wind farm within sight of his home [6] as an example of a NIMBY philosophy.

Grounded by terror watch list

During a congressional hearing on homeland security in August 2004, Kennedy revealed that he had been stopped from boarding airlines on multiple occasions because his name or a similar name had appeared on a terror watch list. Homeland Security officials later apologized and corrected the mistake.

Political Resurrection

In 1991, during the Clarence Thomas hearings, Kennedy's career reached what has been called a low ebb. Journalist Anna Quindlen wrote that he "let us down because he had to; he was muzzled by the facts of his life." The Boston Globe, editorialized that his "reputation as a womanizer made him an inappropriate and non-credible" critic of Thomas.

According to a 2002 article in The Nation by Jack Newfield, that year also appears to represent a turning point. His good friend, Republican Senator Orrin Hatch confronted him about his drinking and then he "met Vicki Reggie and ended his partying." After their marriage in 1992, he faced a tough challenger, Mitt Romney, for re-election in 1994 and allowed the fact of Romney's Mormon faith to be made an issue,[7] bringing the ugly subject of religion back to Massachusetts politics for the first time (at least openly) since the days of Michael Curley. According to Newfield, Kennedy's family and friends believe that campaign "allowed him to reconnect with his reasons for believing in public service."

Newfield states that "In making the physical and emotional sacrifices necessary to win an exhausting campaign, Kennedy recovered his dedication to remain in the Senate, and he focused all his energies on the job"; he goes on to call him "the best and most effective senator of the past hundred years." "Because of his tragic experience", says Newfield, he is often found serving as "America's national grief counselor." Despite his liberal views, "The key to Kennedy's effectiveness has been his remarkable capacity to form warm, genuine friendships—more than mere working alliances—with GOP senators." [8]

See also

• William Kennedy Smith

Further reading

• Burke, Richard E. (1993). The Senator: My Ten Years With Ted Kennedy. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312951337.

External links

• Congressional biography
• Campaign homepage
• Senate homepage
• Robert Kennedy's eulogy read by Ted Kennedy
• Webcast of Kennedy at a Jan. 21, 2003 National Press Club event, via NPR Provides corroboration for 2006 re-election run.
• Ted Kennedy's 1980 Democratic National Convention Address
• Committee for a Democratic Majority
• Ted Kennedy's Driving Record - List of Traffic Offenses
• Chappaquiddick: A Profile in Cowardice
• FBI FOIA Investigation on Chappaquiddick
• Terror List Snag Nearly Grounded Ted Kennedy (USA Today article)
• Both sides fault lack of funding for No Child Left Behind

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