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Besides the offshore Search And Rescue services, the German Air Force previously provided SAR with the [[UH-1 Iroquois|Bell UH-1D Huey]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.rth.info/betreiber/betreiber.php?show=bw|title = Bundeswehr (in German language)|accessdate = 2008-05-22|last = Team www.rth.info|authorlink = |year = 2002}}</ref>. The Bundeswehr retired the UH-1D and moved to the [[NH-90]], a larger aircraft that is not able to land in urban areas. This resulted in helicopter SAR now being provided by the Department of Interior through the [[Bundespolizei (Germany)|Bundespolizei]]. Some helicopters are also provided by the automobile club [[ADAC]]. Inland, there are also mounted SAR groups affiliated with the [[German Red Cross]] and [[Johanniter-Unfall-Hilfe]], organizations that provides road-based [[first responder]] services. These groups provide comparable services off road, usually at field sporting events.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}
Besides the offshore Search And Rescue services, the German Air Force previously provided SAR with the [[UH-1 Iroquois|Bell UH-1D Huey]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.rth.info/betreiber/betreiber.php?show=bw|title = Bundeswehr (in German language)|accessdate = 2008-05-22|last = Team www.rth.info|authorlink = |year = 2002}}</ref>. The Bundeswehr retired the UH-1D and moved to the [[NH-90]], a larger aircraft that is not able to land in urban areas. This resulted in helicopter SAR now being provided by the Department of Interior through the [[Bundespolizei (Germany)|Bundespolizei]]. Some helicopters are also provided by the automobile club [[ADAC]]. Inland, there are also mounted SAR groups affiliated with the [[German Red Cross]] and [[Johanniter-Unfall-Hilfe]], organizations that provides road-based [[first responder]] services. These groups provide comparable services off road, usually at field sporting events.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

Further, the [[Technisches Hilfswerk]] is a key component of the German disaster relief framework. It is, among other things, regularly involved in operations urban search and rescue efforts abroad <ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.thw.bund.de/cln_036/nn_942466/EN/content/news/international/missions/2005/11/news__001.html|title=Search_and_rescue&action | accessdate = 2010-01-21}}</ref>.


===Hong Kong===
===Hong Kong===

Revision as of 21:42, 21 January 2010

For other uses, see Search and rescue (disambiguation).
A Canadian Forces CH-149 Cormorant helicopter hoists a man from a Canadian Coast Guard cutter
SAR vessel "Jenny Wihuri" at the port of Helsinki at dawn
a Canadian Forces CH-118 Iroquois SAR helicopter from 417 Combat Support Squadron in the mountains of British Columbia in January 1992
Rescue rope training

Search and rescue (SAR) is the search for and provision of aid to people who are in distress or imminent danger.[1]

Definitions of Search and Rescue

There are many different definitions of search and rescue, depending on the agency involved.

  • Canadian Forces: "Search and Rescue comprises the search for, and provision of aid to, persons, ships or other craft which are, or are feared to be, in distress or imminent danger."[1]
  • United States Defense Department: "An operation normally coordinated by a Rescue Coordination Center (RCC) or rescue sub-center, using available personnel and facilities to locate persons in distress" and rescue is "An operation to retrieve persons in distress, provide for their initial medical or other needs, and deliver them to a place of safety."[3]

History

One of the world's earliest well documented SAR efforts ensued following the 1656 wreck of the Dutch merchant ship Vergulde Draeck off the coast of Australia. Survivors sent for help, and in response three separate SAR missions were conducted, without success.[4]

Types of Search and Rescue

Mountain Rescue

Mountain rescue relates to search and rescue operations specifically in rugged and mountainous terrain.

Ground Search and Rescue

Ground search and rescue is the search for persons who are lost or in distress on land or inland waterways. Traditionally associated with wilderness zones, ground search and rescue services are increasingly required in urban and suburban areas to locate persons with Alzheimer's disease, autism, dementia, or other conditions that lead to wandering behaviour.[5] Ground search and rescue missions that occur in urban areas should not be confused with "Urban SAR", which in many jurisdictions refers to the location and extraction of people from collapsed buildings or other entrapments.[6]

Urban search and rescue

Urban search and rescue (US&R), also referred to as Heavy Urban Search and Rescue (HUSAR), is the location and rescue of persons from collapsed buildings or other urban and industrial entrapments. Due to the specialized nature of the work, most teams are multi-disciplinary and include personnel from police, fire and emergency medical services. Unlike traditional ground search and rescue workers, most US&R responders also have basic training in structural collapse and the dangers associated with live electrical wires, broken natural gas lines and other hazards. While earthquakes have traditionally been the cause of US&R operations, terrorist attacks and extreme weather such as tornadoes and hurricanes have also resulted in the deployment these resources.[7]

Combat Search and Rescue

Combat search and rescue is search and rescue operations that are carried out during war that are within or near combat zones.[8]

Air-sea rescue

Air-sea rescue (ASR) refers to the combined use of aircraft and surface vessels to search for and recover survivors of aircraft downed at sea as well as sailors and passengers of sea vessels in distress.[9]

Standards

With or without formal underlying foundations, numerous SAR organisations develop their own proprietary training curricula and operational protocols, which are available and applicable only to their own members.

In the US SAR standards are developed primarily by ASTM International and the US NFPA which are then used by organizations such as the Mountain Rescue Association (MRA), the US National Association of Search and Rescue (NASAR), and the US NFPA to develop training that will meet or exceed those standards.[10]

Within ASTM International, most standards of relevance to SAR are developed by Committee F32 on Search and Rescue. Formed in 1988, the committee had 85 current members and jurisdiction of 38 approved standards.[10]

International Divisions of Search and Rescue Responsibility

International Waters

International waters are divided into various regions according to the SOLAS convention. See the map provided by the IMO ocean atlas

United Nations

International Search and Rescue Advisory Group (INSARAG) is a UN Organization that promotes the exchange of information between national Urban Search and Rescue Organizations.

SAR by nation

Australia

AusSAR, which is part of the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA), provides a national search and rescue service.[11]

AusSAR operates a 24 hour Rescue Coordination Centre (RCC) in Canberra and is responsible for the national coordination of both maritime and aviation search and rescue. AusSAR is also responsible for the management and operation of the Australian ground segment of the Cospas-Sarsat distress beacon detection system. The service that spans the nation and covers 52.8 million square kilometres of the Indian, Pacific and Southern Oceans.[11]

AusSAR's RCC is staffed by SAR specialists who have a naval, merchant marine, air force, civil aviation or police service background. The RCC also coordinates medical evacuations, broadcasts maritime safety information and operates the Australian Ship Reporting System (AUSREP).[11]

There is also the national non-profit Westpac Life Saver Rescue Helicopter Service.

State search and rescue
BSAR searchers in the field at Mount Dom Dom

State Police in many states operate state-based search and rescue squads, such as the Victoria Police Search and Rescue Squad, which provides specialist expertise, advice and practical assistance in land search and rescue on most terrain including snow and vertical cliff search and rescue.[12]

There are also state-based volunteer search and rescue groups such as the Bushwalkers Wilderness Rescue Squad[13] in New South Wales and Bush Search and Rescue[14] in Victoria. These state-based groups draw searchers from bushwalking, mountaineering and specialist rescue clubs within their State. A few groups respond on horseback as mounted search and rescue.

The State Emergency Service is a volunteer based emergency organisation which is responsible for most rescue efforts in rural areas and in any rescue that results from flood or storm activity. In rural areas the SES conducts most bush search, vertical and road traffic rescues. In urban areas they assist the police and fire services with USAR.[15]

Belgium

Search and rescue duties along the Belgian part of the North Sea are executed by the Belgian Air Component. From its Koksijde Air Base it operates 5 Westland Sea King Mk.48 helicopters.[16]

Brazil

Search and rescue duties in Brazil are the responsibility of the Para-SAR, of the Brazilian Air Force.[17]

Canada

Canadian Forces CC-115 Buffalo fixed wing SAR aircraft from 442 Transport and Rescue Squadron.

Search and rescue duties in Canada are the responsibility of the Canadian Forces and Canadian Coast Guard in conjunction with provincial and municipal governments and private organizations. The Department of National Defence (DND) has overall responsibility for the coordinated search and rescue system. Authority for the provision of maritime SAR is assigned to the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans by the Canada Shipping Act and the Canada Oceans Act.[1] The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and other police forces also coordinate ground search and rescue (GSAR) operations, often using volunteer GSAR teams operating in specific districts under provincial coordinating bodies.[citation needed]

The Canadian Forces has five assigned SAR squadrons:

Plus three Combat Support Squadrons with SAR roles:

Some municipalities have their own SAR units:

There are also volunteer non-profit associations that conduct SAR in Canada:

China

Search and Rescue operations in China are conducted mainly by military and para-military units. The China Maritime Search and Rescue Center in Zhejiang is responsible for SAR co-ordination. These units also work along side with Hong Kong and Macau's SAR units.

Denmark

Royal Danish Air Force S-61A with its rescue swimmer

Search and Rescue operators in Denmark are primarily: Danish air force Squadron 722, Danish navy air squadron, naval home guard and the Danish Maritime Safety Administration, coordinated by the Joint Rescue Coordination Centre, operated by the navy and air force in the Danish Naval Commands facilities near Aarhus. Internationally the Danish works mainly with Germany, Norway and Sweden. With the two latter, the annual exercises Baltic SAREX[34] and Scan-SAR[35] are conducted.

SAR-services in Denmark started in 1957 with seven Sikorsky S-55s. Their piston engines produced only 550 hp (410 kW) and they had limited fuel capacity, so their operational range was short. To increase the operational area, Pembroke twin-engined fixed-wing aircraft were employed for search. These aircraft would localize the distressed person(s) and the S-55s would then rescue them. The SAR-service was started for respond to fighter-plane crashes as 79 aircraft crashed, with 62 dead, in the period 1950-1955.[36], but civilian SAR-duties are also conducted.

In 1962 eight ship-based Aérospatiale Alouette IIIs were received. These were primarily meant for the ships patrolling the North Atlantic, but also supported the S-55s. In 1964 - 1965 the seven S-55s were replaced with eight Sikorsky S-61A helicopters[37]. This helicopter was originally designed for anti-submarine warfare, but the Danish variant had the heavy dipping sonar equipment removed and extra fuel tanks added, giving the helicopters longer range. In 1977 radar was installed and in 1990 FLIR was added. Further avionics and navigation systems, including GPS, have also been added over time.

In 1977 the naval air squadron was re-established as an independent squadron in the navy and had their Alouette IIIs replaced with Westland Lynx helicopters. Their primary operational area was still the North Atlantic, but they continued their support role, although this was reduced with the introduction of the S-61s. In 2006, the first of the S-61s was replaced by one of 14 new AgustaWestland EH101 Merlin helicopters. Template:CommonsCat In 2007 the Danish Defence held a public display in Horsens, to raise awareness about rescue services and maritime safety. Maritime SAR is important because Denmark has a relative long coast line to its land mass.[38][39].

In 2008 the SAR forces in Denmark were equipped with eight EH-101, one or two Lynx, 34 naval home guard vessels and 21 rescue vessels[38] as well as the naval vessels at sea. The EH-101s operate from bases in Aalborg (EKYT), Skrydstrup (EKSP) and Roskilde (EKRK). When the sea water temperatures are low a helicopter is also deployed to the island of Bornholm (EKRN) in the Baltic Sea. The Lynx operates from KARUP (EKKA). Maritime vessels are spread out through the entire coastline and on islands. The S-61s and EH-101s have a crew of six: Two pilots, a navigator, a flight engineer, a physician and a rescue swimmer.

Estonia

The Estonian Border Guard (Piirivalve) is the Estonian security authority responsible for the border security. It is the main support organisation for search and rescue missions in Estonia, and operates a small fleet of SAR vessels and helicopters.[40]

Finland

In Finland the responsible authority for land and inland water SAR is the Fire and the Crisis and the Frontier Guard in the maritime area. These organizations alert and decide on the most suitable response for the location and situation. The country also has several volunteer organizations such as the volunteer fire department (VPK)[41], the Finnish Lifeboat Institution (SMPS)[42] and the Red Cross Finland (SPR)[43].

Germany

A cruiser of the DGzRS and a SeaKing helicopter of the German Navy

Search and Rescue in German waters is conducted by the Deutsche Gesellschaft zur Rettung Schiffbrüchiger DGzRS (literally translated: German Society for the Saving of Shipwrecked, more common: German Maritime Rescue Service GMRS) with air support by the German Navy and the German Air Force. All incoming requests are coordinated by the Maritime Rescue Coordination Center in Bremen. The DGzRS is a non-governmental organization entirely supported by donations [44].

Besides the offshore Search And Rescue services, the German Air Force previously provided SAR with the Bell UH-1D Huey.[45]. The Bundeswehr retired the UH-1D and moved to the NH-90, a larger aircraft that is not able to land in urban areas. This resulted in helicopter SAR now being provided by the Department of Interior through the Bundespolizei. Some helicopters are also provided by the automobile club ADAC. Inland, there are also mounted SAR groups affiliated with the German Red Cross and Johanniter-Unfall-Hilfe, organizations that provides road-based first responder services. These groups provide comparable services off road, usually at field sporting events.[citation needed]

Further, the Technisches Hilfswerk is a key component of the German disaster relief framework. It is, among other things, regularly involved in operations urban search and rescue efforts abroad [46].

Hong Kong

SAR operations are conducted by the Government Flying Service and before 1991 by the Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force. The GFS conducts maritime SAR within Hong Kong waters.[citation needed]

The current GFS fleet consists of nine aircraft including:[47]

Other civilian rescue units in Hong Kong include:

Iceland

Icelandic Coast Guard Eurocopter AS-365N Dauphin 2 helicopter

Search and Rescue operations in Iceland are mainly handled by the Icelandic Association for Search and Rescue (Slysavarnafélagið Landsbjörg) which operates numerous vehicles and boats across the country, along with the Icelandic Coast Guard which operates SAR helicopters and patrol vessels.[48]

The unique thing about Iceland Association for Search and Rescue is that it is operated almost solely on volunteer's contribution. The rescue units are more than 100 in total and are located in almost every part of the country. All the units contain groups of specially trained individuals.[49]

Ireland

SAR services are provided by a civilian body, the Irish Coast Guard.[50] It has responsibility for the Irish Search and Rescue Region.[50]

The Royal National Lifeboat Institution RNLI provide the waterborne element of Search and Rescue around the coast of Ireland from 43 lifeboat stations including inland stations at Enniskillen and Lough Derg.[51] In addition, there are community rescue boats at eleven stations: Cahore, Tramore, Bunmahon, Bantry, Derrynane, Banna, Ballybunion, Kilkee, Schull, Limerick City, Corrib/Mask.[52] The coastguard also has inshore rescue boats around the country.[53]

Mountain Rescue in Ireland is provided by 12 voluntary teams based in different regions of the country.[54]

Italy

Italian Guardia Costiera CP-902 U. Diciotti

Search and rescue is the responsibility of the Guardia Costiera.[55]

Macau

Macau's maritime SAR is conducted by two units:

The Macau Marine Department and responsible for maritime SAR within Macau's waterways. The Macau Search and Rescue Coordination Centre is under the Vessel Traffic Control Centre of Macao of the the Maritime Administration of Macau.[56]

Land and air based SAR is conducted by Macau's Corpo de Bombeiros de Macau (fire services).

Malta

The responsibility for SAR at sea in the Malta Search and Rescue Region falls under the Armed Forces of Malta (AFM). It is carried out by maritime patrol aircraft, helicopters and vessels under the co-ordination, command and control of the Rescue Co-ordination Centre.[57]

The AFM, in close collaboration with the US Coast Guard, also runs a Search and Rescue Training Centre for International Students[1] in Maritime SAR Mission Co-ordination and Planning.[58] To date more than 30 foreign students from 15 countries including Albania, Cameroon, Croatia, Equatorial Guinea and Kenya have attended these courses.[59][60]

Malta is also in talks with Libya about enhancing SAR cooperation between the two countries.[61]

Netherlands

SAR responsibility in the Netherlands is held by the Royal Netherlands Coast Guard, carried out by vessels and aircraft from various organisations among which mostly the Koninklijke Nederlandse Redding Maatschappij with 40 fast rescue vessels and between 1824 til 2006 answered 36358 distress calls and rescued in that same periode about 79887 people out of distress situations, the Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management and the Navy and Air Force.[62]. The Navy has No. 7 Squadron which flies the SAR and utility version of the Lynx maritime helicopter. The RNLAF has a specialized SAR unit, 303 Squadron, which is equipped with Agusta-Bell AB 412s and based at RNLAF Leeuwarden.

New Zealand

New Zealand's Search and Rescue Region extends from the South Pole to the southern border of the Honolulu region, including Norfolk, Tonga, Samoa, and Cook Islands.[63]

Smaller searches are controlled by the local police, who call on LandSAR for land-based operations, such as for lost hikers, and the Royal New Zealand Coastguard for coastal maritime incidents. Larger maritime search and rescue events, as well as reports of overdue aircraft, fall under the control of the National Rescue Coordination Centre, based in Wellington, which coordinates response from local coastguard, helicopter operators, merchant marine, air force and naval resources.[63][64]

There is also the charitable organization Westpac Rescue Helicopter (New Zealand).

Norway

The veteran Norwegian rescue ship Biskop Hvoslef

Norsk Selskab til Skibbrudnes Redning, also called the Redningsselskapet (English: Norwegian Society for Sea Rescue (NSSR)), is Norway's maritime rescue service. They have 43 search and rescue boats based from Oslo in the south to Båtsfjord in the north. Thirteen of these boats are operated by volunteers.[65]

The NSSR was founded on 9 July 1891, with a clearly defined goal – to save lives at sea. The NSSR is a humanitarian organization aiming at saving lives and recovering property at sea. Maintaining rescue services along the Norwegian coast, and neighbouring sea areas where such services may be necessary. The NSSR also runs an information service and educational programs designed to improve safety for boaters. The first rescue boats, the Colin Archer-class, were introduced in 1893. They were powered by only by sails and oars. NSSR’s boats and crew have saved over 6,200 people. More than 500,000 people have received assistance.[65]

The search and rescue helicopters are operated by the Royal Norwegian Air Force (RNoAF), who fly 12 Westland Sea Kings. These are scheduled to be replaced by the NHI NH90.[66]

Norwegian Red Cross Search and Rescue Corps (Røde Kors Hjelpekorps) have a large number of local SAR teams spread across the country. These are all manned with volunteer SAR workers. With 13,500 members in 320 local teams, this is by far the largest SAR organisation in Norway. Missions include assisting the police searching for missing people in woodlands and the mountains, search and rescue in lakes, rivers and at sea, and finally assisting skiers and holiday makers in the mountains during winter time. All volunteers have an extended First Aid education and certification, most are certified on HeartStart machines and trained in search techniques. Many of the local teams also operates ambulances and have crews trained for this.[citation needed]

The Norsk Luftambulanse-group (Norwegian Air Ambulance), and the company Lufttransport provides medical evacuation services throughout the country.[citation needed]

South Africa

The South African Search and Rescue Organization (SASAR), is a voluntary organization that functions under the auspices of the Department of Transport. SASAR is responsible for responding to aviation and maritime incidents. Its main role is to search for, assist and carry out rescue operations for the survivors of aircraft or vessel accidents.[67]

Depending on the nature of the accident, the RCC's (ARCC or MRCC) coordinate the search and rescue missions. These operations are carried out by other government departments, non governmental organizations, commercial/private organizations and voluntary organizations.[67]

Local resources:

Sweden

The Swedish Maritime Administration is responsible for maritime SAR in Swedish waters.[69] To carry out this role they employ resources from the Swedish Coast Guard, Pilot service, police and the volunteer Sea Search And Rescue organization SSRS. There are also helicopters available at their disposal. All this is run from the JRCC (Joint Rescue Co-ordination Center) previously known as the MRCC (Maritime Rescue Co-ordination center).[citation needed]

Switzerland

REGA Agusta A109 K2.

REGA (Schweizerische REttungsflugwacht / Garde Aérienne / Guardia Aerea) is the air rescue service which provides emergency medical assistance in Switzerland, notably in mountains but also in cases of life-threatening emergencies elsewhere. They will also return a citizen to Switzerland from a foreign country if they are in need of urgent medical care. Rega was established on 27 April 1952 by Dr. Rudolf Bucher, who thought that the Swiss rescue organisation needed a specialised air sub-section.[70]

United Kingdom

Royal Air Force Westland Sea King
See also: RAF Search and Rescue Force

In the UK, maritime search and rescue is coordinated by HM Coastguard, while land-based operations are usually coordinated by the local Police force. The operation itself is carried out with aircraft from the Royal Navy, Royal Air Force or Coastguard, RNLI lifeboats and police, military or volunteer mountain rescue or ALSAR (Association of Lowland Search and Rescue) teams. Aircraft coordination is carried out by the UK Aeronautical Rescue Coordination Centre (ARCC) based at RAF Kinloss in the north of Scotland. The centre is responsible for tasking and coordinating all of the UK's search and rescue helicopter and RAF mountain rescue teams.[71][72]

In 2006, the government announced controversial plans to effectively privatise provision of search and rescue helicopters in order to replace the aging Sea Kings currently in use, although they have suggested that crews may, at least partially, still be made up of military personnel.[73]

Local resources include:

United States of America

In January 2008, the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) released the National Response Framework (NRF) which, serves as the guiding document for a federal response during a national emergency. In addition to the NRF there are 15 annexes relating to Emergency Support Functions (ESF) which, includes other federal agencies that contain resources or expertise to support an emergency. Search and Rescue is included as ESF-9 and divides SAR into 4 primary elements, while assigning a federal agency with the lead role for each of the 4 elements.[76]

Other national organizations:

California
Colorado
Florida
Maryland
New York
North Carolina
  • NCCERT (North Carolina Canine Emergency Response Team)
Oregon
Virginia

Virginia is one of the few states that benefits from a state-coordinated system of training and response under the Virginia Department of Emergency Management (VDEM). Under Title 44 of the Code of Virginia, VDEM develops and maintains the Commonwealth of Virginia Emergency Operations Plan (COVEOP) that includes the ESF-9 Annex for Search and Rescue. Similar to the federal version of ESF-9 under the National Response Framework (NRF), VDEM divides SAR into 4 primary elements. While VDEM functions as the lead for ESF-9, many agencies, departments and volunteer organizations routinely responds to and supports SAR operations in the Commonwealth of Virginia.[83][84]

Aeronautical

Search and rescue services for downed, missing, or overdue aircraft and Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELTs). Organizations include:

Inland/Wilderness

For search and rescue of lost and missing persons in a wide variety of circumstances and environments, resources include:

Maritime/Waterborne

Providing search and rescue for vessels in distress in coastal and inland waters, resources include:

USAR/Disaster

To provide response in the event of collapsed structures and significant events, organizations include:

Washington

See also

References

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  49. ^ Slysavarnafélaginu Landsbjörg (undated). "ICE-SAR A Tale of Great Achievements". Retrieved 2008-03-07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  50. ^ a b Department of Transport (2002). "Irish Coast Guard IRCG". Retrieved 2008-02-24. Cite error: The named reference "IRCG1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  51. ^ "RNLI Lifeboat Stations in Ireland". Royal National Lifeboat Institution. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
  52. ^ "Community Rescue Boats Ireland". Irish Coast Guard. 25 June 2009. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
  53. ^ "Coastguard Teams". Irish Coast Guard. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
  54. ^ Mountain Rescue Ireland (2009). "Team Information". Retrieved 2010-01-05.
  55. ^ Capitanerie di porto - Guardia Costiera (2006). "Capitanerie di porto - Guardia Costiera". Retrieved 2008-11-11.
  56. ^ Maritime Administration (undated). "Maritime Services". Retrieved 2010-01-11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  57. ^ Search and Rescue Training Centre - Armed Forces of Malta (2004). "Search and Rescue (SAR) in Malta". Retrieved 2008-03-13.
  58. ^ Search and Rescue Training Centre - Armed Forces of Malta (2004). "Search and Rescue Training Centre - AFM". Retrieved 2008-03-13.
  59. ^ U.S. Department of State. (2007). "AFM SAR TC Graduation". Retrieved 2008-03-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  60. ^ Brincat, Erika F. (undated). "Search and rescue training certificates awarded". Retrieved 2008-03-13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  61. ^ MaltaMedia News. (2008). "Search & Rescue meeting between Libya and Malta". Retrieved 2008-03-15. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  62. ^ NLMARFOR (2008). "VGSQ 7 (Dutch language article)". Retrieved 2008-05-30. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  63. ^ a b Civil Aviation Auithority of New Zealand (undated). "AIPA New Zealand GEN 3.6 Search and Rescue". Retrieved 2008-02-24. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  64. ^ "NZ Search and Rescue – Who Does What?" (PDF). Maritime New Zealand. 2004. Retrieved 2008-10-03. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  65. ^ a b Redningsselskapet (2008). "Redningsselskapet (in the Norwegian language)". Retrieved 2008-11-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  66. ^ Royal Norwegian Air Force (undated). "Royal Norwegian Air Force - A Modern Force". Retrieved 2008-11-13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  67. ^ a b SASAR (undated). "Who are we?". Retrieved 2008-11-13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  68. ^ Wilderness Search and Rescue, Western Cape (undated). "Wilderness Search and Rescue, Western Cape". Retrieved 2009-11-06. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  69. ^ Swedish Maritime Administration (2009). "Maritime and Aeronautical Search and Rescue". Retrieved 2009-12-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  70. ^ REGA official website
  71. ^ ARCC Kinloss (2005). "Aeronautical Rescue Coordination Centre". Retrieved 2008-02-24.
  72. ^ Royal National Lifeboat Institution (2009). "Royal National Lifeboat Institution". Retrieved 2009-11-06.
  73. ^ BBC (2006-05-09). "Private bids plan for air rescue". Retrieved 2008-02-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  74. ^ Lincolnshire Urban Search & Rescue (undated). "Lincolnshire Urban Search & Rescue". Retrieved 2009-05-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  75. ^ SEBEV Search & Rescue (2009). "SEBEV Search and Rescue". Retrieved 2009-10-18. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  76. ^ http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-annexes-all.pdf, section ESF #9-1
  77. ^ National Association for Search and Rescue (2009). "National Association for Search and Rescue". Retrieved 2009-11-06. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  78. ^ National Association of Volunteer Search and Rescue Teams (2008). "National Association of Volunteer Search and Rescue Teams". Retrieved 2009-11-06.
  79. ^ Bay Area Search And Rescue Council (2009). "BASARAC". Retrieved 2009-12-10. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  80. ^ Marin County Sheriff's Department Search and Rescue Team (2009). "Marin County Search and Rescue". Retrieved 2009-12-15. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  81. ^ San Mateo County (2008). "Volunteer - Search and Rescue Units". Retrieved 2009-10-22.
  82. ^ New York Search And Rescue (2007). "New York Search And Rescue". Retrieved 2009-11-06.
  83. ^ Virginia Department of Emergency Management (2009). "vaemergency.com". Retrieved 2009-05-10.
  84. ^ Virginia Department of Emergency Management (2009). "Commonwealth of Virginia Emergency Operations Plan". Retrieved 2009-05-10.
  85. ^ Virginia Wing, Civil Air Patrol (2003). "Virginia Wing Headquarters Civil Air Patrol". Retrieved 2009-05-10.
  86. ^ Virginia Department of State Police (2009). "Aviation Unit". Retrieved 2009-05-10.
  87. ^ Amherst County Search and Rescue (undated). "Amherst County Search and Rescue". Retrieved 2009-05-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  88. ^ Angel Search & Rescue (2008). "Welcome to the Angel Search & Rescue web site!". Retrieved 2009-05-10.
  89. ^ Burleson, Randall C. (2009). "Appalachian Professional Tracking Group, Inc". Retrieved 2009-05-10.
  90. ^ Appalachian Search & Rescue Conference (undated). "Welcome to ASRC". Retrieved 2009-05-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  91. ^ Black Diamond Search and Rescue Council (2008). "Black Diamond Search and Rescue Council". Retrieved 2009-05-10.
  92. ^ Blue and Gray Search and Rescue (2009). "Welcome to Blue and Gray Search and Rescue". Retrieved 2009-05-10. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  93. ^ Commonwealth Search and Rescue (2006). "Commonwealth Search and Rescue". Retrieved 2009-05-10.
  94. ^ DOGS-East Search and Rescue (undated). "DOGS-East Search and Rescue". Retrieved 2009-05-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  95. ^ Eastern Region of the National Cave Rescue Commission (2008). "Eastern Region of the National Cave Rescue Commission". Retrieved 2009-05-10.
  96. ^ Greater Atlantic Rescue Dogs (2009). "Greater Atlantic Rescue Dogs". Retrieved 2009-05-10.
  97. ^ K-9 Alert Search and Rescue Dogs, Inc (undated). "K-9 Alert". Retrieved 2009-05-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: year (link)
  98. ^ Mid-Atlantic D.O.G.S. Search and Rescue (undated). "Mid-Atlantic D.O.G.S. Search and Rescue". Retrieved 2009-05-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  99. ^ Old Dominion Search and Rescue (undated). "Old Dominion Search and Rescue". Retrieved 2009-05-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  100. ^ piedmontsar.org (2009). "piedmontsar.org". Retrieved 2009-05-10.
  101. ^ Rockingham Augusta Search & Rescue (undated). "Rockingham Augusta Search & Rescue". Retrieved 2009-05-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  102. ^ Search and Rescue Dogs of Maryland (SARDOM) (2008). "SARDOM". Retrieved 2009-05-10.
  103. ^ Search and Rescue Tracking Institute (2008). "Welcome to the Search and Rescue Tracking Institute". Retrieved 2009-05-10.
  104. ^ Blacksburg Volunteer Rescue Squad (2005). "Blacksburg Volunteer Rescue Squad". Retrieved 2009-05-10.
  105. ^ North Mountain Volunteer Fire and Rescue Company (undated). "Top of Virginia Search and Rescue Group". Retrieved 2009-05-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  106. ^ Tidewater Search and Rescue (2009). "Welcome to TSAR". Retrieved 2009-05-10.
  107. ^ TROTSAR Inc (2009). "TROTSAR Mounted Search and Rescue Team Inc". Retrieved 2009-05-10.
  108. ^ Virginia Search and Rescue Dog Association (2009). "Virginia Search and Rescue Dog Association". Retrieved 2009-05-10.
  109. ^ Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries (2009). "Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries". Retrieved 2009-05-10.
  110. ^ Virginia Marine Resources Commission (2009). "Virginia Marine Resources Commission". Retrieved 2009-05-10.
  111. ^ Fairfax County Urban Search & Rescue (2009). "Welcome to VATF1.org". Retrieved 2009-05-10.
  112. ^ Virginia Task Force 2 (2009). "Virginia Task Force 2". Retrieved 2009-05-10. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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