Cork (city): Difference between revisions

Cork

*Corcaigh*
Cork Corcaigh
	From top, left to right: City Hall at night, Shandon Steeple, the English Market, City Gaol, Blackrock Castle, Lewis Glucksman Gallery, Main Quadrangle in UCC. From top, left to right: City Hall at night, Shandon Steeple, the English Market, City Gaol, Blackrock Castle, Lewis Glucksman Gallery, Main Quadrangle in UCC.
	Flag of Cork Flag Coat of arms
	Nickname(s): The Rebel City, Leeside, The Real Capital
	Motto(s): Statio Bene Fida Carinis (Latin); "A safe harbour for ships"
Country	Ireland
Province	Munster
County	Cork
Founded	6th century A.D.
City rights	1185 A.D.
Government
• Lord Mayor	Dara Murphy
• Mayor's party	Fianna Fáil
Area
• City	37.3 km2 (14.4 sq mi)
Population (2006)
• City	119,143
• Density	3,194.18/km2 (8,272.9/sq mi)
• Urban	190,384
• Metro	380,000
• Demonym	Corkonian Leesider
Time zone	UTC0 (WET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+1 (IST)
Area code	021
Car plates	C
Website	www.corkcity.ie

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit Next edit →

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Revision as of 03:58, 16 March 2010

Cork (Irish: Corcaigh, pronounced [ˈkˠorkˠɪɟ]—from corcach meaning "swamp") is the second largest city in the Republic of Ireland and the island of Ireland's third most populous city. It is the principal city and administrative centre of County Cork^[2] and the largest city in the province of Munster. Cork has a population of 119,143, while the addition of the suburban areas contained the county brings the total to 190,384.^[3] Metropolitan Cork has a population of approximately 274,000, while the Greater Cork area is about 380,000.^[4]

Cork has a reputation for rebelliousness dating back to the town's support of the English Pretender Perkin Warbeck in 1491 following the Wars of the Roses. As a result, County Cork has earned the nickname of "the Rebel County", while Corkonians often refer to the city as the "real capital of Ireland", and themselves as the "Rebels".

The city is built on the River Lee which divides into two channels at the western end of the city. The city centre is located on the island created by the channels. At the eastern end of the city centre they converge; and the Lee flows around Lough Mahon to Cork Harbour, one of the world's largest natural harbours.^[5]^[6] The city is a major Irish seaport; there are quays and docks along the banks of the Lee on the city's east side.

History

Cork was originally a monastic settlement founded by Saint Finbarr in the 6th century.^[7] Cork achieved an urban character at some point between 915 and 922 when Norseman (Viking) settlers founded a trading port.^[8] It has been proposed that, like Dublin, Cork was an important trading centre in the global Scandinavian trade network.

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±%
1659	4,826	—
1813	64,394	+1234.3%
1821	100,658	+56.3%
1831	107,016	+6.3%
1841	80,720	−24.6%
1851	82,625	+2.4%
1861	79,594	−3.7%
1871	78,642	−1.2%
1881	80,124	+1.9%
1891	75,345	−6.0%
1901	76,122	+1.0%
1911	76,673	+0.7%
1926	78,490	+2.4%
1936	93,322	+18.9%
1946	89,877	−3.7%
1951	112,009	+24.6%
1956	114,428	+2.2%
1961	115,689	+1.1%
1966	125,283	+8.3%
1971	134,430	+7.3%
1979	138,267	+2.9%
1981	136,344	−1.4%
1986	133,271	−2.3%
1991	127,253	−4.5%
1996	127,187	−0.1%
2002	123,062	−3.2%
2006	119,418	−3.0%
^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]

The city was once fully walled, and some wall sections and gates remain today.^[15] For much of the Middle Ages, Cork city was an outpost of Old English culture in the midst of a predominantly hostile Gaelic countryside and cut off from the English government in the Pale around Dublin. Neighbouring Gaelic and Hiberno-Norman lords extorted "Black Rent" from the citizens in order to keep them from attacking the city. The main overlords of south western Ireland were the Fitzgerald Earl of Desmond dynasty, with the lordships of the MacCarthy and Barry families abutting directly onto Cork city. The Cork municipal government was dominated by about 12–15 merchant families, whose wealth came from overseas trade with continental Europe – in particular the export of wool and hides and the import of salt, iron and wine. Of these families, only the Ronayne family were of Gaelic Irish origin. The medieval population of Cork was about 2000 people. It suffered a severe blow in 1349 when almost half the townspeople died of bubonic plague when the Black Death arrived in the town. In 1491 Cork played a part in the English Wars of the Roses when Perkin Warbeck a pretender to the English throne, landed in the city and tried to recruit support for a plot to overthrow Henry VII of England. The mayor of Cork and several important citizens went with Warbeck to England but when the rebellion collapsed they were all captured and executed. Cork's nickname of the 'rebel city' originates in these events.

A description of Cork written in 1577 speaks of the city as, "the fourth city of Ireland" that is, "so encumbered with evil neighbours, the Irish outlaws, that they are fayne to watch their gates hourly ... they trust not the country adjoining [and only marry within the town] so that the whole city is linked to each other in affinity"

The city's charter was granted by King John in 1185. The title of Mayor of Cork was established by royal charter in 1318, and the title was changed to Lord Mayor in 1900 following the Knighthood of the incumbent Mayor by Queen Victoria on her visit to the City.^[16]

In the War of Independence, the centre of Cork was gutted by fires started by the British Black and Tans,^[17] and the city saw fierce fighting between Irish guerrillas and UK forces. During the Irish Civil War, Cork was for a time held by anti-Treaty forces, until it was retaken by the pro-Treaty National Army in an attack from the sea.

Local administration and politics

Local administration of the area within Cork's city boundary is the responsibility of Cork City Council. While local government in Ireland has limited powers in comparison with other countries^[18] the council has responsibility for planning, roads, sanitation,libraries, street lighting, parks and a number of other important functions. Cork City Council has 31 elected members representing six electoral wards. The party make-up of the council is Fine Gael 8 members, the Labour Party 7 members, Fianna Fáil 6 members, Sinn Féin 4 members, Socialist Party 1 member, Workers Party 1 member, Independents 4 members.^[19]

Climate

The climate of Cork, like the rest of Ireland, is mild and changeable with abundant rainfall and a lack of temperature extremes. Cork lies in Plant Hardiness zone 10. Met Éireann maintain a climatological weather station at Cork Airport,^[20] a few kilometres south of the city – it should be noted that as the airport is at an altitude of 151 m (500 ft); temperatures can often differ by a few degrees between the airport and the city itself. There are also smaller synoptic weather stations at University College Cork, Clover Hill ^[20] and Fota Island.^{[citation needed]}

Temperatures below 0 °C or above 30 °C are rare, though not unheard of. Cork Airport records an average of 1194.4 mm of precipitation annually, most of which is rain – hail, sleet and snow are rare.^[21] The airport records an average of 8 days of hail and 16 days of snow or sleet a year; though it only records lying snow for 6 days of the year. The low altitude of the city, and moderating influences of the harbour, mean that lying snow very rarely occurs in the city itself. There are 151 'rainy' days a year (over 1 mm of rainfall), of which there are 75 days with 'heavy rain' (over 5 mm).^[21]

Cork is also a generally foggy city, with an average of 100 days of fog a year – most common during mornings at times of high pressure or else during winter. Despite this, however, Cork is also one of Ireland's sunniest cities, with an average of 3.8 hours of sunshine every day and only having 69 days where there is no 'recordable sunshine', mostly during and around winter.^[21]

Climate data for Cork Airport 1961–1990
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Source: Met Éireann

Culture

Music, theatre, dance, film and poetry all play a prominent role in Cork city life. The Cork School of Music and the Crawford College of Art and Design provide a constant throughput of new blood, as do the active theatre components of many courses at University College Cork (UCC). Highlights include: Corcadorca Theatre Company, of which Cillian Murphy was a troupe member^[22] prior to Hollywood fame; Cork Film Festival,^[23] a major supporter of the art of the short film;^{[citation needed]} The Institute for Choreography and Dance, a national contemporary dance resource; the Triskel Arts Centre; Cork Jazz Festival; the Cork Academy of Dramatic Art (CADA).

The Everyman Palace Theatre and the Granary Theatre both play host to large amounts of dramatic plays throughout the year. Cork is home to the RTÉ Vanbrugh String Quartet, and to many musical acts, including John Spillane, The Frank And Walters, Sultans Of Ping, Simple Kid and the late Rory Gallagher. Singer songwriter Cathal Coughlan and Sean O'Hagan of The High Llamas also both hail from Cork. The opera singers Cara O'Sullivan, Mary Hegarty, Brendan Collins, and Sam McElroy are also Cork born. The short story writers Frank O'Connor and Sean O'Faoláin hailed from Cork. Contemporary writers of national and international status include Thomas McCarthy, Gerry Murphy (poet), and novelist and poet William Wall. There is a thriving literary community centring on The Munster Literature Centre and the Triskel Arts Centre.

Cork has been gaining cultural diversity for many years as a result of immigration, from Western Europe (particularly France and Spain) in the mid to late nineties, and more recently from Eastern European countries such as Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Slovakia, Hungary etc. and in small amount from various African and Asian nations. ^{[citation needed]} This is reflected in the recent growth of multi-cultural restaurants and shops, including specialist shops for East-European or Middle-Eastern food, Chinese and Thai restaurants, French patisseries, Indian buffets, and Middle Eastern kebab houses. Cork saw significant Jewish immigration from Lithuania and Russia in the late 19th century. Jewish citizens such as Gerald Goldberg (several times Lord Mayor), David Marcus (novelist) and Louis Marcus (documentary maker) played important roles in 20th century Cork. Today, the Jewish community is relatively small in population, although the city still has a Jewish quarter and local synagogue.^[24] Cork also features various Christian churches, as well as a mosque. Some Catholic masses around the city are said in Polish, Filipino, Lithuanian, Romanian and other languages,^[25] in addition to the traditional Latin and local Irish^{[citation needed]} and English languages.

Recent additions to the arts infrastructure include modern additions to Cork Opera House and the Crawford Municipal Art Gallery. The new Lewis Glucksman Gallery opened in the Autumn of 2004 at UCC, was nominated for the prestigious Stirling Prize in the United Kingdom, and the building of a new €60 million School of Music was completed in September 2007. Construction of the €50 million Brookfield UCC Medical School complex was completed in 2005. ^{[citation needed]}

Cork was the European Capital of Culture for 2005, and in 2009 was included in the Lonely Planet's top 10 "Best in Travel 2010". The guide described Cork as being "at the top of its game: sophisticated, vibrant and diverse".^[26]

There is a rivalry between Cork and Dublin, similar to the rivalry between London and Manchester, or Madrid and Barcelona. Corkonians generally view themselves as different to the rest of Ireland, and refer to themselves as "The Rebels"; the county is known as the Rebel County. This distinctly Corkonian view has in recent years manifested itself in humorous references to the region as The People's Republic of Cork. Citizens of the Real Capital can be seen adorning themselves with t-shirts and other items which celebrate The People's Republic of Cork, printed in various languages, including English, Irish, Polish, Spanish and Italian. The Cork bicolour is flown at public and civic buildings, including the main courthouse, bus station, railway station and major department stores; it is flown along with the Irish tricolour, or alone. ^{[citation needed]}

Food

The city has many local traditions in food. Traditional Cork foods include crubeens, tripe and drisheen.

Accent and dialect

The Cork accent has a tone which sets it apart from neighbouring counties. Patterns of tone and intonation often rise and fall, with the overall tone tending to be more high-pitched than the standard Irish accent

English spoken in Cork has a large number of dialect words that are peculiar to the city and environs. Unlike standard Hiberno-English, some of these words originate from the Irish language, but others through other languages Cork's inhabitants encountered at home and abroad.

Cork Irish, a variety of Munster Irish,^{[citation needed]} is spoken in the city and its surrounding region.^[27]^{[failed verification]} Peadar Ua Laoghaire, regarded as one of the founders of modern literature in Irish,^{[by whom?]} promoted Cork Irish as what he saw as the best Irish for propagation among the Irish people.^{[citation needed]}

Media

Broadcast

The city's FM radio band features RTÉ Radio 1, RTÉ 2fm, RTÉ lyric fm, RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta, Today FM, 4FM and Newstalk. There are also local stations such as Cork's Red FM, Cork's 96FM, 103FM County Sound, CUH FM, Cork Campus Radio and Christian radio station Life FM.^[28] Cork has also been home to pirate radio stations, most notably South Coast Radio and ERI in the 1980s. Today some small inconsistent pirates prevail but because of a recent clampdown by Ireland's communications regulator, Comreg, a number of higher profile pirate stations were closed during 2005–2006. A number of neighbouring counties radio stations can be heard in parts of Cork City including Radio Kerry and WLR FM.

RTÉ Cork has television and radio studios, and production facilities at its centre in Father Matthew Street in the city centre.

Print

Cork is home to one of Ireland's main national newspapers, the Irish Examiner (formerly the Cork Examiner). The Examiner's headquarters are situated on Lapp's Quay in the city centre, and were originally located on Academy Street. It also prints the Evening Echo, which for decades has been connected to the Echo Boys, who were poor and often homeless children who sold the newspaper. Today, the shouts of the vendors selling the Echo can still be heard in various parts of the city centre. The biggest free newspaper and one of the biggest in the country is the Cork Independent which was formerly known as Inside Cork.^{[citation needed]}

Places of interest

Cork features architecturally notable buildings originating from the Medieval to Modern periods.^[29] The only notable remnant of the Medieval era is the Red Abbey.

There are two cathedrals in the city; St Mary's Cathedral and St Finbarr's Cathedral. St Mary's Cathedral, quite often referred to as the North Cathedral is the Roman Catholic cathedral of the city and was built in 1808. St Finbarr's Cathedral serves the Protestant faith and is the more famous of the two. It is built on the foundations of an earlier cathedral. Work began in 1862 and ended in 1879 under the direction of architect William Burges.

St. Patrick's Street, the main street of the city which was remodelled in the mid 2000s, is known for the architecture of the buildings along its pedestrian-friendly route and is the main shopping thoroughfare. The reason for its curved shape is that it originally was a channel of the River Lee that was built over on arches.^[30] The adjacent Grand Parade is a tree-lined avenue, home to offices, shops and financial institutions. The old financial centre is the South Mall, with several banks whose interior derive from the 19th century, such as the Allied Irish Bank's which was once an exchange.

Many of the city's buildings are in the Georgian style, although there are a number of examples of modern landmark structures, such as County Hall tower, which was, at one time the tallest building in the Republic of Ireland^[31] until being superseded by another Cork City building: The Elysian. Across the river from County Hall is Ireland's longest building; built in Victorian times, Our Lady's Psychiatric Hospital has now been renovated and converted into a residential housing complex called Atkins Hall, after its architect William Atkins.

Cork's most famous building is the church tower of Shandon, which dominates the North side of the city. It is widely regarded as the symbol of the city. The North and East sides are faced in red sandstone, and the West and South sides are clad in the predominant stone of the region, white limestone. At the top sits a weather vane in the shape of an eleven-foot salmon.^[32]

City Hall, another notable building of limestone, replaced the previous one which was destroyed by the Black and Tans during the War of Independence in an event known as the "Burning of Cork".^[17] The cost of this new building was provided by the UK Government in the 1930s as a gesture of reconciliation.^[33]

Other notable places include Elizabeth Fort, the Cork Opera House, and Fitzgerald's Park to the west of the city. Other popular tourist attractions include the grounds of University College Cork, through which the River Lee flows, and the English Market. This covered market traces its origins back to 1610, and the present building dates from 1786.^[34]

Up until April 2009, there were also two large commercial breweries in the city. The Beamish and Crawford on South Main Street closed in April 2009 and transferred production to the Murphy's brewery in Lady's Well. This brewery also produces Heineken for the Irish market. There is also the Franciscan Well brewery, serving the local market with a variety of lagers, ales and stouts. In May 2008 it was awarded as the "Best Microbrewery in Ireland" by Food and Wine Magazine.

Economy

Retail

The retail trade in Cork city is developing quickly with a mix of both modern, state of the art shopping centres and family owned local shops. Department stores cater for all budgets, with expensive boutiques for one end of the market and high street stores also available. Shopping centres can be found in many of Cork's suburbs, including Blackpool, Ballincollig, Douglas, Ballyvolane, Wilton and Mahon. Others are available in the city centre, with plans and excavation work on-going for the development of three more large malls (The Cornmarket Centre on Cornmarket Street); The Opera Lane proposal off St. Patrick's Street/Academy Street and the Grand Parade scheme planned for the site of the former Capitol Cineplex, the first multiplex outside of Dublin in Ireland), expanding the capacity of the city centre, to rival that of the suburbs. Cork's main shopping street is St. Patrick's Street and is the most expensive street in the country per sq. metre after Dublin's Grafton Street. Other shopping areas in the city centre include Oliver Plunkett St. and Grand Parade. Cork is also home to some of the country's leading department stores with the foundations of shops such as Dunnes Stores and the former Roches Stores being laid in the city. Almost 9 km outside the city centre^{[citation needed]} is Mahon Point Shopping Centre, which is the largest shopping center in Munster.^{[citation needed]}

Industry and commerce

Murphys Stout, 1919 advert for the famous Cork brewery

Cork City is at the heart of industry in the south of Ireland. Its main area of industry is pharmaceuticals, with Pfizer Inc. and Swiss company Novartis being big employers in the region. The most famous product of the Cork pharmaceutical industry is Viagra. Cork is also the European headquarters of Apple Inc. where their high end computers are manufactured and their European call centre, R&D and AppleCare is hosted.^[35] In total, they currently employ over 1,800 staff. EMC Corporation is another large IT employer with over 1,600 staff in their 52,000 sq metre (560,000 sq ft) engineering, manufacturing, and technical services facility. ^{[citation needed]}

It is also home to the Heineken Brewery which also brews Murphy's Irish Stout and the nearby Beamish and Crawford brewery (recently taken over by Heineken) which have been in the city for generations. And for many years, Cork was the home to Ford Motor Company, which manufactured cars in the docklands area before the plant was closed. Henry Ford's grandfather was from West Cork, which was one of the main reason for opening up the manufacturing facility in Cork.^[36] But technology has replaced the old manufacturing businesses of the 1970s and 1980s, with people now working in the many I.T. centres of the city.

Cork's deep harbour allows ships of any size to enter, bringing trade and easy import/export of products. Cork Airport also allows easy access to continental Europe and Kent Station in the city centre provides good rail links for domestic trade. More recently Amazon.com, the online retailer, has set up in Cork Airport Business Park. ^{[citation needed]}

In 2008, developers announced a 1bn euro plan to create an Atlantic Quarter in Cork's docklands area to rival that of the International Financial Services Centre in Dublin making it one of the biggest and most ambitious plans undertaken in the history of the state.^[37]

Utilities

The headquarters of Bord Gáis Éireann, the Irish Gas Board, are on Gasworks Road, Cork.^[38]

Twinned cities

Cork City Corporation began its first twin city programme with Coventry in 1969. Since then, Cork has developed links with several other cities in the areas of culture, education, tourism, science and economics:^[39]

Twinning with Shanghai has led to controversy, as the Green Party called on Cork's local, national and European elected representatives to withdraw the city's twinning with Shanghai due to reports of human rights violations in China.^[40] Since then, parties from both Cork and Shanghai have visited their counterparts on trade related missions. Cork later got a twinning with Kaliningrad, in Russia.^[41]

Transportation

Air

Cork Airport is one of Ireland's main airports and it is a gateway to the south of Ireland. It is situated on the south side of Cork City in an area known as Ballygarvan. eight scheduled airlines fly to over 40 destinations with over 60 flights a day.

Bus

Public bus services within the city are provided by the national bus operator Bus Éireann. City routes are numbered from 1 through to 19 and connect the city centre to the principal suburbs, colleges, shopping centres and places of interest. Two of these bus routes provide orbital services across the Northern and Southern districts of the city respectively.

Buses to the outer suburbs, such as Ballincollig, Glanmire and Carrigaline are provided from the city's bus terminal at Parnell Place in the city centre. Suburban services also include shuttles to Cork Airport, and a park and ride facility in the south suburbs.

Long distance buses depart from the bus terminal in Parnell Place to destinations throughout Ireland. Hourly services run to Killarney/Tralee, Waterford, Athlone and Shannon Airport/Limerick/Galway and there are six services daily to Dublin. There is also a daily Eurolines bus service that connects Cork to Victoria Coach Station in London via South Wales and Bristol.

Ferry

The Cross River Ferry, from Rushbrooke to Passage West, links the R624 to R610. This service is useful when trying to avoid traffic congestion in Jack Lynch tunnel and Dunkettle area. The Port of Cork is situated at Ringaskiddy, 16 km SE via the N28. There are Direct services to France and the United Kingdom. A new Water Taxi is under-development.

Road

The Cork area has seen improvements in road infrastructure in recent years, especially with regards to National Primary roads. The Cork South Link road (a dual carriageway), built in the early 1980s, linking the Kinsale road roundabout with the city centre was the first of many improvements.

Shortly afterwards, the first sections of the South Ring Road (dual carriageway) were opened. Work continued through the 1990s on extending the N25 South Ring Road with the opening of the Jack Lynch Tunnel under the River Lee being the most significant addition. The Kinsale Road flyover opened in August 2006 to remove a major bottleneck for traffic heading to the Airport or Killarney. Also in the 1990s work progressed on the Cork to Midleton dual carriageway and the M8 Glanmire bypass motorway. Other projects completed at this time include the N20 Blackpool bypass and the N20 Cork to Mallow road projects. The M8 Glanmire to Watergrasshill dual carriageway bypass was opened in 2002. The N22 Ballincollig dual carriageway bypass, which links to the Western end of the Cork Southern Ring road was opened in 2003. City Centre road improvements include the Patrick St. project which reconstructed the street with a pedestrian focus.

The M8 Rathcormac to Fermoy tolled motorway bypass (17.5 kilometres) opened in October 2006.

Rail

Railway and tramway heritage

Cork was one of the most rail oriented cities in Ireland, featuring eight stations at various times. The main route, still much the same today, is from Dublin. Originally terminating on the city's outskirts at Blackpool, the Glanmire tunnel connects it to the city centre terminus of Kent Station. Now a through station, the line through Kent connects the town of Cóbh east of the city. This also connected to the seaside town of Youghal, until the 1980s.

Other rail routes terminating or traversing Cork city were the Cork, Blackrock and Passage Railway, a line to Macroom, the Cork and Muskerry Light Railway to Blarney, Coachford and Donoughmore, as well as the Cork, Bandon and South Coast Railway connecting Bantry, Skibbereen, Clonakilty and many other West Cork towns. West Cork trains terminated at Albert Quay, across the river from Kent Station (though an on-street rail 'system' connected the two for rolling stock and cargo movement). All that remains of the once-extensive public transport system is the line to Dublin and that to Cobh.

Within the city there have been two tram networks in operation. A proposal to develop a horse-drawn tram (linking the city's railway termini) was made by American George Francis Train in the 1860s, and implemented in 1872 by the Cork Tramway Company. However, the company ceased trading in 1875 after Cork Corporation refused permission to extend the line.

In December 1898, an electric tram system began operating on the Blackpool-Douglas, Summerhill-Sunday's Well and Tivoli-Blackrock routes. The gauge of the tramway was (90.2 cm) (2 ft 11½ in), and designed to be the same as the Cork and Muskerry Light Railway. Increased usage of cars and buses in the 1920s led to a reduction in the use of trams, which discontinued operations permanently on 30 September 1931. Place names today still tell of the routes, such as Tramway Terrace in Douglas.

Current routes

National

Cork's Kent Station is the main train station in the city. From here, services run to destinations all over Ireland – often via Dublin or Limerick Junction. The main line from Cork to Dublin, Ireland's busiest rail line,^{[citation needed]} has hourly departures and a number of connecting services. InterCity services are also available to Kerry, with direct services to Killarney and Tralee, or indirectly via Mallow.

There are plans to start a service between Cork and Galway in 2010, along the western corridor.^[42]

Suburban

The Cork Suburban Rail system also departs from Kent Station and provides connections to parts of Metropolitan Cork, including Little Island, Mallow, Midleton, Fota and Cobh. In November 2005, as part of the Transport 21 initiative, the government announced the planned reopening of the Glounthaune to Midleton line, with new stations announced for Carrigtohill, Kilbarry, Monard and Blarney; it reopened on 30 July 2009.^[43] It is planned that the proposed station at Carrigtwohill West will be open by early 2010.

West Cork Rail is a planned railway line which would connect Cork City to West Cork.

Education

Cork is an important educational centre in Ireland. University College Cork (UCC), a constituent university of the National University of Ireland, offers a wide variety of courses in Arts, Commerce, Engineering, Law, Medicine and Science. The university was named "Irish University of the Year" in 2003–2004^[44] and 2005–2006 by The Sunday Times. Cork Institute of Technology (CIT) was named Irish "Institute of Technology of the Year" in 2006–2007 and offers a variety of third level courses in Mathematics, Computing and IT, Business, Humanities and Engineering (Mechanical, Electronic, Electrical, and Chemical). The National Maritime College of Ireland also located in Cork and is the only college in Ireland in which Nautical Studies and Marine Engineering can be undertaken. CIT also incorporates the Cork School of Music and Crawford College of Art and Design as constituent schools. The Cork College of Commerce is the largest post-Leaving Certificate College in Ireland and is also the biggest provider of Vocational Preparation and Training courses in the country. Other 3rd level institutions include Griffith College Cork, a private institution, which has been offering courses since 1884 and various other colleges. There is also a very large community of students from abroad, especially countries where Cork has twinned cities. The largest group of foreign students comes from China, Shanghai in particular. ^{[citation needed]}

Sport

See also: List of Cork people – Sports

Rugby, gaelic football, hurling and association football are popular sporting pastimes for Corkonians.

Gaelic games

Hurling is the most popular spectator sport in the city, and has a strong identity with city and county – with Cork winning 30 All-Ireland Championships and leading the table of Camogie Championship wins. Gaelic football is also popular, and Cork has won 6 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship titles. There are many Gaelic Athletic Association clubs in Cork City, including St. Finbarr's, Glen Rovers, Na Piarsaigh, Erins Own and Nemo Rangers. The main public venues are Páirc Uí Chaoimh and Páirc Uí Rinn (named after Christy Ring).

Association football

Cork City F.C. were the largest association football team in Cork, and have seen much success in recent years. In 2005, they won the League of Ireland and the FAI Cup in 2007, with their latest success in the Setanta Sports Cup in 2008. Association football is also played by amateur and school clubs across the city, as well as in "five-a-side" style leagues.

In 2010, the club's holding company were wound up by the courts due to issues with unpaid debts. The club were replaced in the League of Ireland by Cork City FORAS Co-op

Rugby

Rugby is played at various levels, from school to senior league level. There are two first division clubs in Cork city. Cork Constitution (three-time All Ireland League Champions) play their home games in Ballintemple and Dolphin R.F.C. play at home in Musgrave Park. Other notable rugby clubs in the city include, Highfield, Sunday's Well and UCC. At schools level, Christian Brothers College and Presentation Brothers College are two of the country's better known rugby nurseries.

Munster Rugby plays half of its home matches in the Celtic League at Musgrave Park in Turners Cross. In the past Heineken Cup matches have also been played at Musgrave Park but now, due to capacity issues these are now played at Thomond Park in Limerick. In May 2006 and again in May 2008 Munster became the Heineken Cup Champions, with many players hailing from Cork city and county.

Water sports

There are a variety of watersports in Cork, including rowing and sailing. There are five rowing clubs training on the river Lee. Naomhóga Chorcaí is a rowing club whose members row traditional naomhóga on the Lee in occasional competitions. The Ocean to City race, held in 2005 and again in 2007, saw teams and boats from many local and visiting clubs race for 24 km (15 mi) from Crosshaven to Cork city centre. The decision to move the National Rowing Center to Inniscarra has boosted numbers involved in the sport. Cork's maritime sailing heritage is maintained through its sailing clubs. The Royal Cork Yacht Club located in Crosshaven (outside the city) is the world's oldest yacht club, and Cork Week is a notable sailing event.

Other sports

There are Cork clubs active nationally in basketball (Neptune and UCC Demons) and golf, pitch and putt, hockey, tennis and athletics clubs in the Cork area. Cricket has long been played in the city. The main teams are Cork County CC, situated next to the Mardyke, and Harlequins CC, located next to Cork airport. The city is also the home of road bowling, which is played in the north-side and south-west suburbs. Boxing and Martial arts, such as Karate, Muay Thai and Taekwondo, also command a high level of practise within the city. Cork Racing races in the Irish Formula Ford Championship.

References

^ Cork City Council > Cork's Cultural Heritage
^ County Hall (Cork County Council)
^ Template:PDFlink, Government of Ireland
^ Cork County Council population report
^ RTÉ Television – The Harbour
^ Coastal & Marine Resources Centre – Cork Harbour Marine Life Research Project Report
^ Ó Riain, Pádraig (1994). Beatha Bharra (Saint Finbarr of Cork: the Complete Life). Irish Texts Society. ISBN 1870166574.
^ Moody, TW (1976). A New History of Ireland. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198217374. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ For 1653 and 1659 figures from Civil Survey Census of those years, Paper of Mr Hardinge to Royal Irish Academy March 14 1865.
^ Census for post 1821 figures.
^ http://www.histpop.org
^ http://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/census
^ Lee, JJ (1981). "On the accuracy of the Pre-famine Irish censuses". In Goldstrom, J. M.; Clarkson, L. A. (eds.). Irish Population, Economy, and Society: Essays in Honour of the Late K. H. Connell. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
^ Mokyr, Joel; O Grada, Cormac (November), "New Developments in Irish Population History, 1700–1850", The Economic History Review, Volume 37 (Issue 4): 473–488, doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1984.tb00344.x {{citation}}: |issue= has extra text (help); |volume= has extra text (help); Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
^ Cork City Council website – History – Walls of Cork
^ Cork City Council – List of charters issued to Cork city
^ ^a ^b Cork City Library – History of Cork – The Burning of Cork
^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland
^ http://www.cork.ie/citycouncil/electedmembers/
^ ^a ^b Met Éireann – Annual Report 2003
^ ^a ^b ^c Met Éireann – The Irish Weather Service – 30 Year Averages – Cork Airport
^ IMDB.com – Cillian Murphy – Other works
^ Cork Film Festival Website
^ – Information about the Jewish community in Cork
^ – Mass Times for Polish Community in Diocese of Cork and Ross
^ "Cork enters 'Lonely Planet' guide as top 10 place to visit". Irish Times. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
^ http://corkirish.com/wordpress/
^ Cork Campus Radio
^ ENFO Publication (Department of the Environment Heritage and Local Government) Medieval Cork
^ Cork City Library – History of Cork – St Patrick's Street – Historic Outline
^ Cork County Council – About the "County Hall"
^ Church of St. Anne Shandon
^ http://www.citymayors.com/cityhalls/cork-cityhall.html
^ Discover Ireland – Cork – The English Market
^ "Apple locations".
^ Nyhan, Miriam (2007). Are You Still Below?: The Ford Marina Plant, Cork, 1917–84. Collins Press. ISBN 1905172494.
^ Ralph Riegel (7 March 2008). "IFSC to get €10bn rival in Cork". The Irish Independent. Retrieved 2008-03-28.
^ Bord Gáis. "About Bord Gáis". Retrieved 2007-05-27.
^ Cork City Council – International Relations
^ Green Councillor calls for Cork's twinning with Shanghai to be scrapped – greenviews.eu
^ Ирландия и Россия обсудили возможности сотрудничества в ОЭЗ
^ IrishRail.ie – Projects – Western Rail Corridor
^ RTÉ News: Service begins on Cork-Midleton line
^ University College Cork is "University of the Year", UCC Press Release, September 14, 2003

External links

51°53′50″N 8°28′12″W / 51.897222°N 8.47°W / 51.897222; -8.47

[1] Cork City Council > Cork's Cultural Heritage

[2] County Hall (Cork County Council)

[3] Template:PDFlink, Government of Ireland

[4] Cork County Council population report

[5] RTÉ Television – The Harbour

[6] Coastal & Marine Resources Centre – Cork Harbour Marine Life Research Project Report

[7] Ó Riain, Pádraig (1994). Beatha Bharra (Saint Finbarr of Cork: the Complete Life). Irish Texts Society. ISBN 1870166574.

[8] Moody, TW (1976). A New History of Ireland. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198217374. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[9] For 1653 and 1659 figures from Civil Survey Census of those years, Paper of Mr Hardinge to Royal Irish Academy March 14 1865.

[10] Census for post 1821 figures.

[11] ttp://www.histpop.org

[12] ttp://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/census

[13] Lee, JJ (1981). "On the accuracy of the Pre-famine Irish censuses". In Goldstrom, J. M.; Clarkson, L. A. (eds.). Irish Population, Economy, and Society: Essays in Honour of the Late K. H. Connell. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.

[14] Mokyr, Joel; O Grada, Cormac (November), "New Developments in Irish Population History, 1700–1850", The Economic History Review, Volume 37 (Issue 4): 473–488, doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1984.tb00344.x {{citation}}: |issue= has extra text (help); |volume= has extra text (help); Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help)

[15] Cork City Council website – History – Walls of Cork

[16] Cork City Council – List of charters issued to Cork city

[burning-17] Cork City Library – History of Cork – The Burning of Cork

[18] ttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland

[19] ttp://www.cork.ie/citycouncil/electedmembers/

[met2003-20] Met Éireann – Annual Report 2003

[met30-21] Met Éireann – The Irish Weather Service – 30 Year Averages – Cork Airport

[22] IMDB.com – Cillian Murphy – Other works

[23] Cork Film Festival Website

[24] – Information about the Jewish community in Cork

[25] – Mass Times for Polish Community in Diocese of Cork and Ross

[26] "Cork enters 'Lonely Planet' guide as top 10 place to visit". Irish Times. Retrieved 2010-02-09.

[27] ttp://corkirish.com/wordpress/

[28] Cork Campus Radio

[29] ENFO Publication (Department of the Environment Heritage and Local Government) Medieval Cork

[30] Cork City Library – History of Cork – St Patrick's Street – Historic Outline

[31] Cork County Council – About the "County Hall"

[32] Church of St. Anne Shandon

[33] ttp://www.citymayors.com/cityhalls/cork-cityhall.html

[34] Discover Ireland – Cork – The English Market

[35] "Apple locations".

[36] Nyhan, Miriam (2007). Are You Still Below?: The Ford Marina Plant, Cork, 1917–84. Collins Press. ISBN 1905172494.

[indep-20080307-37] Ralph Riegel (7 March 2008). "IFSC to get €10bn rival in Cork". The Irish Independent. Retrieved 2008-03-28.

[38] Bord Gáis. "About Bord Gáis". Retrieved 2007-05-27.

[39] Cork City Council – International Relations

[40] Green Councillor calls for Cork's twinning with Shanghai to be scrapped – greenviews.eu

[41] Ирландия и Россия обсудили возможности сотрудничества в ОЭЗ

[42] IrishRail.ie – Projects – Western Rail Corridor

[43] RTÉ News: Service begins on Cork-Midleton line

[44] University College Cork is "University of the Year", UCC Press Release, September 14, 2003

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

@@ Line 100: / Line 100: @@
 |blank_info             = C
 }} <!-- Infobox ends -->
-'''Cork''' ({{lang-ga|Corcaigh}}, {{IPA-ga|ˈkˠorkˠɪɟ|pron}} — from ''corcach'' meaning "swamp") is the second largest city in the [[Republic of Ireland]] and the island of [[Ireland]]'s third most populous city. It is the principal city and administrative centre of [[County Cork]]<ref>[http://www.corkcoco.ie/co/web/DocViews/Coastal%20and%20Recreation?did=656268406&pageUrl=/Cork+County+Council/About+Us/County+Hall County Hall (Cork County Council)]</ref> and the largest city in the [[Provinces of Ireland|province]] of [[Munster]]. Cork has a population of 119,143, while the addition of the suburban areas contained the county brings the total to 190,384.<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://www.cso.ie/census/documents/census2006_volume_1_pop_classified_by_area.pdf Census 2006]|4.22&nbsp;[[Mebibyte|MiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 4430871 bytes -->}}, Government of Ireland</ref> [[Metropolitan Cork]] has a population of approximately 274,000, while the [[Greater Cork]] area is about 380,000.<ref>[http://www.corkcoco.ie/co/pdf/98281500.pdf Cork County Council population report]</ref>
+'''Cork''' ({{lang-ga|Corcaigh}}, {{IPA-ga|ˈkˠorkˠɪɟ|pron}}—from ''corcach'' meaning "swamp") is the second largest city in the [[Republic of Ireland]] and the island of [[Ireland]]'s third most populous city. It is the principal city and administrative centre of [[County Cork]]<ref>[http://www.corkcoco.ie/co/web/DocViews/Coastal%20and%20Recreation?did=656268406&pageUrl=/Cork+County+Council/About+Us/County+Hall County Hall (Cork County Council)]</ref> and the largest city in the [[Provinces of Ireland|province]] of [[Munster]]. Cork has a population of 119,143, while the addition of the suburban areas contained the county brings the total to 190,384.<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://www.cso.ie/census/documents/census2006_volume_1_pop_classified_by_area.pdf Census 2006]|4.22&nbsp;[[Mebibyte|MiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 4430871 bytes -->}}, Government of Ireland</ref> [[Metropolitan Cork]] has a population of approximately 274,000, while the [[Greater Cork]] area is about 380,000.<ref>[http://www.corkcoco.ie/co/pdf/98281500.pdf Cork County Council population report]</ref>
 Cork has a reputation for rebelliousness dating back to the town's support of the English Pretender [[Perkin Warbeck]] in 1491 following the [[Wars of the Roses]].  As a result, County Cork has earned the nickname of "the Rebel County", while Corkonians often refer to the city as the "real capital of Ireland", and themselves as the "Rebels".
-The city is built on the [[River Lee (Ireland)|River Lee]] which divides into two channels at the western end of the city. The city centre is located on the island created by the channels. At the eastern end of the city centre they converge; and the Lee flows around [[Mahon, Cork|Lough Mahon]] to [[Cork Harbour]], one of the world's largest natural harbours.<ref>[http://www.rte.ie/tv/theharbour/abouttheshow.html RTÉ  Television - The Harbour]</ref><ref>[http://cmrc.ucc.ie/pages/research_project_page.php?project_code=bird_atlas Coastal & Marine Resources Centre - Cork Harbour Marine Life Research Project Report]</ref> The city is a major Irish [[seaport]]; there are [[quay]]s and [[Dock (maritime)|docks]] along the banks of the Lee on the city's east side.
+The city is built on the [[River Lee (Ireland)|River Lee]] which divides into two channels at the western end of the city. The city centre is located on the island created by the channels. At the eastern end of the city centre they converge; and the Lee flows around [[Mahon, Cork|Lough Mahon]] to [[Cork Harbour]], one of the world's largest natural harbours.<ref>[http://www.rte.ie/tv/theharbour/abouttheshow.html RTÉ  Television – The Harbour]</ref><ref>[http://cmrc.ucc.ie/pages/research_project_page.php?project_code=bird_atlas Coastal & Marine Resources Centre – Cork Harbour Marine Life Research Project Report]</ref> The city is a major Irish [[seaport]]; there are [[quay]]s and [[Dock (maritime)|docks]] along the banks of the Lee on the city's east side.
 ==History==
 {{Main|History of Cork}}
-Cork was originally a monastic settlement founded by [[Saint Finbarr]] in the sixth century.<ref>{{cite book
+Cork was originally a monastic settlement founded by [[Saint Finbarr]] in the 6th century.<ref>{{cite book
   | last = Ó Riain
   | first = Pádraig
-  | title = Beatha Bharra (Saint Finbarr of Cork : the Complete Life)
+  | title = Beatha Bharra (Saint Finbarr of Cork: the Complete Life)
   | publisher = Irish Texts Society
   | year = 1994
@@ Line 171: / Line 171: @@
   | first2 = Cormac
   | author2-link =
-  | title = New Developments in Irish Population History, 1700-1850
+  | title = New Developments in Irish Population History, 1700–1850
   | journal = The Economic History Review
   | volume = Volume 37
@@ Line 183: / Line 183: @@
 }}
-The city was once fully walled, and some wall sections and gates remain today.<ref>[http://www.corkcity.ie/aboutcork/historyofcork/thewallsofcork/ Cork City Council website - History - Walls of Cork]</ref> For  much of the Middle Ages, Cork city was an outpost of [[Old English (Ireland)|Old English]] culture in the midst of a predominantly hostile [[Gaels|Gaelic]] countryside and cut off  from the English government in [[the Pale]] around [[Dublin]]. Neighbouring Gaelic and [[Hiberno-Norman]] lords extorted "Black Rent" from the citizens in order to keep them from attacking the city. The main overlords of south western Ireland were the Fitzgerald [[Earl of Desmond]] dynasty, with the lordships of the MacCarthy and Barry families abutting directly onto Cork city. The Cork municipal government was dominated by about 12-15 merchant families, whose wealth came from overseas trade with continental Europe - in particular the export of wool and hides and the import of salt, iron and wine. Of these families, only the Ronayne family were of Gaelic Irish origin.
+The city was once fully walled, and some wall sections and gates remain today.<ref>[http://www.corkcity.ie/aboutcork/historyofcork/thewallsofcork/ Cork City Council website – History – Walls of Cork]</ref> For  much of the Middle Ages, Cork city was an outpost of [[Old English (Ireland)|Old English]] culture in the midst of a predominantly hostile [[Gaels|Gaelic]] countryside and cut off  from the English government in [[the Pale]] around [[Dublin]]. Neighbouring Gaelic and [[Hiberno-Norman]] lords extorted "Black Rent" from the citizens in order to keep them from attacking the city. The main overlords of south western Ireland were the Fitzgerald [[Earl of Desmond]] dynasty, with the lordships of the MacCarthy and Barry families abutting directly onto Cork city. The Cork municipal government was dominated by about 12–15 merchant families, whose wealth came from overseas trade with continental Europe – in particular the export of wool and hides and the import of salt, iron and wine. Of these families, only the Ronayne family were of Gaelic Irish origin.
 The medieval population of Cork was about 2000 people. It suffered a severe blow in 1349 when almost half the townspeople died of [[bubonic plague]] when the [[Black Death]] arrived in the town. In 1491 Cork played a part in the English [[Wars of the Roses]] when [[Perkin Warbeck]] a pretender to the English throne, landed in the city and tried to recruit support for a plot to overthrow [[Henry VII of England]]. The mayor of Cork and several important citizens went with Warbeck to England but when the rebellion collapsed they were all captured and executed. Cork's nickname of the 'rebel city' originates in these events.
-A description of Cork written in 1577 speaks of the city as, "the fourth city of Ireland" that is, "so encumbered with evil neighbours, the Irish outlaws, that they are fayne to watch their gates hourly...they trust not the country adjoining [and only marry within the town] so that the whole city is linked to each other in affinity"
+A description of Cork written in 1577 speaks of the city as, "the fourth city of Ireland" that is, "so encumbered with evil neighbours, the Irish outlaws, that they are fayne to watch their gates hourly&nbsp;... they trust not the country adjoining [and only marry within the town] so that the whole city is linked to each other in affinity"
-[[Image:Patrick Street Cork2.jpg|left|thumb|Patrick Street c. 1890-1900]]
+[[Image:Patrick Street Cork2.jpg|left|thumb|Patrick Street c. 1890–1900]]
-The city's charter was granted by [[John of England|King John]] in 1185. The title of [[Lord Mayor of Cork|Mayor of Cork]] was established by royal charter in 1318, and the title was changed to ''Lord Mayor'' in 1900 following the Knighthood of the incumbent Mayor by Queen Victoria on her visit to the City.<ref>[http://www.corkcorp.ie/citycouncil/charters/ Cork City Council - List of charters issued to Cork city]</ref>
+The city's charter was granted by [[John of England|King John]] in 1185. The title of [[Lord Mayor of Cork|Mayor of Cork]] was established by royal charter in 1318, and the title was changed to ''Lord Mayor'' in 1900 following the Knighthood of the incumbent Mayor by Queen Victoria on her visit to the City.<ref>[http://www.corkcorp.ie/citycouncil/charters/ Cork City Council – List of charters issued to Cork city]</ref>
-In the [[Irish War of Independence|War of Independence]], the centre of Cork was gutted by fires started by the British [[Black and Tans]]<ref name="burning">[http://www.corkpastandpresent.ie/history/historyofcorkcity/early20thcentury/theburningofcork/ Cork City Library - History of Cork -  The Burning of Cork]</ref>, and the city saw fierce fighting between Irish guerrillas and UK forces. During the [[Irish Civil War]], Cork was for a time held by anti-[[Anglo-Irish Treaty|Treaty]] forces, until it was retaken by the pro-Treaty [[Irish Army|National Army]] in an attack from the sea.
+In the [[Irish War of Independence|War of Independence]], the centre of Cork was gutted by fires started by the British [[Black and Tans]],<ref name="burning">[http://www.corkpastandpresent.ie/history/historyofcorkcity/early20thcentury/theburningofcork/ Cork City Library – History of Cork –  The Burning of Cork]</ref> and the city saw fierce fighting between Irish guerrillas and UK forces. During the [[Irish Civil War]], Cork was for a time held by anti-[[Anglo-Irish Treaty|Treaty]] forces, until it was retaken by the pro-Treaty [[Irish Army|National Army]] in an attack from the sea.
-==Local Administration & Politics==
+==Local administration and politics==
 Local administration of the area within Cork's city boundary is the responsibility of [[Cork City Council]].  While local government in Ireland has limited powers in comparison with other countries<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland</ref> the council has responsibility for planning, roads, sanitation,libraries, street lighting, parks and a number of other important functions.  Cork City Council has 31 elected members representing six electoral wards.  The party make-up of the council is [[Fine Gael]] 8 members, [[Labour Party (Ireland)|the Labour Party]] 7 members, [[Fianna Fáil]] 6 members, [[Sinn Féin]] 4 members, [[Socialist Party (Ireland)|Socialist Party]] 1 member, [[Workers Party (Ireland)|Workers Party]] 1 member, [[Independent (politician)|Independents]] 4 members.<ref>http://www.cork.ie/citycouncil/electedmembers/</ref>
@@ Line 200: / Line 200: @@
 The climate of Cork, like the rest of Ireland, is mild and changeable with abundant rainfall and a lack of temperature extremes. Cork lies in Plant [[Hardiness zone]]
-. [[Met Éireann]] maintain a climatological weather station at [[Cork Airport]],<ref name="met2003">[http://www.met.ie/publications/met_ar2003.pdf Met Éireann - Annual Report 2003]</ref> a few kilometres south of the city - it should be noted that as the airport is at an altitude of 151&nbsp;m (500&nbsp;ft); temperatures can often differ by a few degrees between the airport and the city itself. There are also smaller synoptic weather stations at [[University College Cork]], Clover Hill <ref name="met2003"/> and [[Fota Island]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}
+. [[Met Éireann]] maintain a climatological weather station at [[Cork Airport]],<ref name="met2003">[http://www.met.ie/publications/met_ar2003.pdf Met Éireann – Annual Report 2003]</ref> a few kilometres south of the city – it should be noted that as the airport is at an altitude of 151&nbsp;m (500&nbsp;ft); temperatures can often differ by a few degrees between the airport and the city itself. There are also smaller synoptic weather stations at [[University College Cork]], Clover Hill <ref name="met2003"/> and [[Fota Island]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}
-[[Temperature]]s below 0 °C or above 30 °C are rare, though not unheard of. Cork Airport records an average of 1194.4mm of [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] annually, most of which is rain - [[hail]], [[Ice storm|sleet]] and snow are rare.<ref name="met30">[http://www.met.ie/climate/corkairport.asp Met Éireann - The Irish Weather Service - 30 Year Averages - Cork Airport]</ref> The airport records an average of 8 days of hail and 16 days of snow or sleet a year; though it only records lying snow for 6 days of the year. The low altitude of the city, and moderating influences of the harbour, mean that lying snow very rarely occurs in the city itself. There are 151 'rainy' days a year (over 1&nbsp;mm of rainfall), of which there are 75 days with 'heavy rain' (over 5&nbsp;mm).<ref name="met30"/>
+[[Temperature]]s below 0&nbsp;°C or above 30&nbsp;°C are rare, though not unheard of. Cork Airport records an average of 1194.4&nbsp;mm of [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] annually, most of which is rain – [[hail]], [[Ice storm|sleet]] and snow are rare.<ref name="met30">[http://www.met.ie/climate/corkairport.asp Met Éireann – The Irish Weather Service – 30 Year Averages – Cork Airport]</ref> The airport records an average of 8 days of hail and 16 days of snow or sleet a year; though it only records lying snow for 6 days of the year. The low altitude of the city, and moderating influences of the harbour, mean that lying snow very rarely occurs in the city itself. There are 151 'rainy' days a year (over 1&nbsp;mm of rainfall), of which there are 75 days with 'heavy rain' (over 5&nbsp;mm).<ref name="met30"/>
-Cork is also a generally foggy city, with an average of 100 days of fog a year - most common during mornings at times of high pressure or else during winter. Despite this, however, Cork is also one of Ireland's sunniest cities, with an average of 3.8 hours of sunshine every day and only having 69 days where there is no 'recordable sunshine', mostly during and around winter.<ref name="met30"/>
+Cork is also a generally foggy city, with an average of 100 days of fog a year – most common during mornings at times of high pressure or else during winter. Despite this, however, Cork is also one of Ireland's sunniest cities, with an average of 3.8 hours of sunshine every day and only having 69 days where there is no 'recordable sunshine', mostly during and around winter.<ref name="met30"/>
 <!--Infobox begins-->
@@ Line 210: / Line 210: @@
 |metric_first=Yes <!--Entering Yes will display metric first. Leave blank for imperial-->
 |single_line=Yes <!--Entering Yes will display metric and imperial units on same line.-->
-|location = Cork Airport 1961-1990
+|location = Cork Airport 1961–1990
-|Jan_Hi_°C = 7.6      |Jan_REC_Hi_°C = 12.6    <!--REC temps are optional; use sparely-->
+|Jan_Hi_°C = 7.6      |Jan_REC_Hi_°C = 12.6    <!--REC temps are optional; use sparely ->
 |Feb_Hi_°C = 7.5      |Feb_REC_Hi_°C = 13.5
 |Mar_Hi_°C = 9.3      |Mar_REC_Hi_°C = 15.5
@@ Line 254: / Line 254: @@
 <!--**** use mm or cm but NOT both! ****-->
-<!-- Optional: This is total Precipitation.  Rain & Snow fields can be used instead if Precip is NOT filled in -->
+<!-- Optional: This is total Precipitation.  Rain and Snow fields can be used instead if Precip is NOT filled in -->
 |Jan_Precip_cm =     |Jan_Precip_mm = 138.3
 |Feb_Precip_cm =     |Feb_Precip_mm = 115.6
@@ Line 349: / Line 349: @@
 ==Culture==
-Music, theatre, dance, film and poetry all play a prominent role in Cork city life. The [[Cork School of Music]] and the [[Crawford College of Art and Design]] provide a constant throughput of new blood, as do the active theatre components of many courses at University College Cork (UCC). Highlights include: [[Corcadorca Theatre Company]], of which [[Cillian Murphy]] was a troupe member<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0614165/otherworks IMDB.com - Cillian Murphy - Other works]</ref> prior to Hollywood fame; [[Cork Film Festival]],<ref>[http://www.corkfilmfest.org/ Cork Film Festival Website]</ref> a major supporter of the art of the short film;{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} The Institute for Choreography and Dance, a national contemporary dance resource; the Triskel Arts Centre; [[Cork Jazz Festival]]; the Cork Academy of Dramatic Art (CADA).
+Music, theatre, dance, film and poetry all play a prominent role in Cork city life. The [[Cork School of Music]] and the [[Crawford College of Art and Design]] provide a constant throughput of new blood, as do the active theatre components of many courses at University College Cork (UCC). Highlights include: [[Corcadorca Theatre Company]], of which [[Cillian Murphy]] was a troupe member<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0614165/otherworks IMDB.com – Cillian Murphy – Other works]</ref> prior to Hollywood fame; [[Cork Film Festival]],<ref>[http://www.corkfilmfest.org/ Cork Film Festival Website]</ref> a major supporter of the art of the short film;{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} The Institute for Choreography and Dance, a national contemporary dance resource; the Triskel Arts Centre; [[Cork Jazz Festival]]; the Cork Academy of Dramatic Art (CADA).
 [[Image:Glucksman gallery.jpg|thumb|The Glucksman Gallery at UCC]]
@@ Line 356: / Line 356: @@
 [[Image:The English Market, Cork.jpg|left|thumb|upright|The [[English Market]], Cork]]
-Cork has been gaining cultural diversity for many years as a result of immigration, from Western Europe (particularly France and Spain) in the mid to late nineties, and more recently from Eastern European countries such as [[Poland]], [[Lithuania]], [[Latvia]], [[Slovakia]], [[Hungary]] etc. and in small amount from various African and Asian nations. {{Citation needed|date=June 2008}} This is reflected in the recent growth of multi-cultural restaurants and shops, including specialist shops for East-European or Middle-Eastern food, Chinese and Thai restaurants, French patisseries, Indian buffets, and Middle Eastern kebab houses. Cork saw significant Jewish immigration from Lithuania and Russia in the late 19th century. Jewish citizens such as [[Gerald Goldberg]] (several times Lord Mayor), [[David Marcus]] (novelist) and [[Louis Marcus]] (documentary maker) played important roles in 20th century Cork. Today, the Jewish community is relatively small in population, although the city still has a Jewish quarter and local synagogue.<ref>[http://www.corkhebrewcongregation.com - Information about the Jewish community in Cork]</ref> Cork also features various Christian churches, as well as a [[mosque]]. Some Catholic masses around the city are said in [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Filipino language|Filipino]], [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]] and other languages,<ref>[http://www.corkandross.org/html/socialservices/immigration.jsp#polish - Mass Times for Polish Community in Diocese of Cork and Ross]</ref> in addition to the traditional Latin and local Irish{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}} and English languages.
+Cork has been gaining cultural diversity for many years as a result of immigration, from Western Europe (particularly France and Spain) in the mid to late nineties, and more recently from Eastern European countries such as [[Poland]], [[Lithuania]], [[Latvia]], [[Slovakia]], [[Hungary]] etc. and in small amount from various African and Asian nations. {{Citation needed|date=June 2008}} This is reflected in the recent growth of multi-cultural restaurants and shops, including specialist shops for East-European or Middle-Eastern food, Chinese and Thai restaurants, French patisseries, Indian buffets, and Middle Eastern kebab houses. Cork saw significant Jewish immigration from Lithuania and Russia in the late 19th century. Jewish citizens such as [[Gerald Goldberg]] (several times Lord Mayor), [[David Marcus]] (novelist) and [[Louis Marcus]] (documentary maker) played important roles in 20th century Cork. Today, the Jewish community is relatively small in population, although the city still has a Jewish quarter and local synagogue.<ref>[http://www.corkhebrewcongregation.com – Information about the Jewish community in Cork]</ref> Cork also features various Christian churches, as well as a [[mosque]]. Some Catholic masses around the city are said in [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Filipino language|Filipino]], [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]] and other languages,<ref>[http://www.corkandross.org/html/socialservices/immigration.jsp#polish – Mass Times for Polish Community in Diocese of Cork and Ross]</ref> in addition to the traditional Latin and local Irish{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}} and English languages.
-Recent additions to the arts infrastructure include modern additions to Cork Opera House and the [[Crawford Municipal Art Gallery]]. The new [[Lewis Glucksman Gallery]] opened in the Autumn of 2004 at UCC, was nominated for the prestigious [[Stirling Prize]] in the United Kingdom, and the building of a new [[euro|€]]60 million School of Music was completed in September 2007. Construction of the [[euro|€]]50 million Brookfield UCC Medical School complex was completed in 2005. {{Citation needed|date=July 2008}}
+Recent additions to the arts infrastructure include modern additions to Cork Opera House and the [[Crawford Municipal Art Gallery]]. The new [[Lewis Glucksman Gallery]] opened in the Autumn of 2004 at UCC, was nominated for the prestigious [[Stirling Prize]] in the United Kingdom, and the building of a new [[euro|€]]60&nbsp;million School of Music was completed in September 2007. Construction of the [[euro|€]]50&nbsp;million Brookfield UCC Medical School complex was completed in 2005. {{Citation needed|date=July 2008}}
 Cork was the [[European Capital of Culture]] for 2005, and in 2009 was included in the [[Lonely Planet]]'s top 10 "Best in Travel 2010". The guide described Cork as being "at the top of its game: sophisticated, vibrant and diverse".<ref>{{cite web | title = Cork enters 'Lonely Planet' guide as top 10 place to visit | publisher = Irish Times | url = http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2009/1103/1224257963102.html | accessdate = 2010-02-09}}</ref>
@@ Line 376: / Line 376: @@
 ==Media==
 ===Broadcast===
-The city's [[FM broadcasting|FM radio]] band features [[RTÉ Radio 1]], [[RTÉ 2fm]], [[RTÉ lyric fm]], [[RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta]], [[Today FM]], 4FM and [[Newstalk]].  There are also local stations such as [[Red FM (Ireland)|Cork's Red FM]], [[Cork's 96FM]], [[103FM County Sound]], CUH FM, Cork Campus Radio and [[Christian]] radio station Life FM.<ref>[http://www.ucc.ie/ccr/ Cork Campus Radio]</ref> Cork has also been home to [[pirate radio]] stations, most notably South Coast Radio and ERI in the 1980s. Today some small inconsistent pirates prevail but because of a recent clampdown by Ireland's communications regulator, [[Commission for Communications Regulation|Comreg]], a number of higher profile pirate stations were closed during 2005-2006. A number of neighbouring counties radio stations can be heard in parts of Cork City including [[Radio Kerry]] and [[WLR FM]].
+The city's [[FM broadcasting|FM radio]] band features [[RTÉ Radio 1]], [[RTÉ 2fm]], [[RTÉ lyric fm]], [[RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta]], [[Today FM]], 4FM and [[Newstalk]].  There are also local stations such as [[Red FM (Ireland)|Cork's Red FM]], [[Cork's 96FM]], [[103FM County Sound]], CUH FM, Cork Campus Radio and [[Christian]] radio station Life FM.<ref>[http://www.ucc.ie/ccr/ Cork Campus Radio]</ref> Cork has also been home to [[pirate radio]] stations, most notably South Coast Radio and ERI in the 1980s. Today some small inconsistent pirates prevail but because of a recent clampdown by Ireland's communications regulator, [[Commission for Communications Regulation|Comreg]], a number of higher profile pirate stations were closed during 2005–2006. A number of neighbouring counties radio stations can be heard in parts of Cork City including [[Radio Kerry]] and [[WLR FM]].
 [[Raidió Teilifís Éireann|RTÉ Cork]] has television and radio studios, and production facilities at its centre in Father Matthew Street in the city centre.
@@ Line 389: / Line 389: @@
 There are two cathedrals in the city; St Mary's Cathedral and St Finbarr's Cathedral. St Mary's Cathedral, quite often referred to as the North Cathedral is the Roman Catholic cathedral of the city and was built in 1808. St Finbarr's Cathedral serves the Protestant faith and is the more famous of the two. It is built on the foundations of an earlier cathedral. Work began in 1862 and ended in 1879 under the direction of architect [[William Burges]].
-[[St. Patrick's Street]], the main street of the city which was remodelled in the mid 2000s, is known for the architecture of the buildings along its pedestrian-friendly route and is the main shopping thoroughfare. The reason for its curved shape is that it originally was a channel of the [[River Lee (Ireland)|River Lee]] that was built over on arches.<ref>[http://www.corkpastandpresent.ie/places/stpatricksstreet/historicoutline/ Cork City Library - History of Cork - St Patrick's Street - Historic Outline]</ref> The adjacent Grand Parade is a tree-lined avenue, home to offices, shops and financial institutions. The old financial centre is the South Mall, with several banks whose interior derive from the 19th century, such as the [[Allied Irish Bank|Allied Irish Bank's]] which was once an exchange.
+[[St. Patrick's Street]], the main street of the city which was remodelled in the mid 2000s, is known for the architecture of the buildings along its pedestrian-friendly route and is the main shopping thoroughfare. The reason for its curved shape is that it originally was a channel of the [[River Lee (Ireland)|River Lee]] that was built over on arches.<ref>[http://www.corkpastandpresent.ie/places/stpatricksstreet/historicoutline/ Cork City Library – History of Cork – St Patrick's Street – Historic Outline]</ref> The adjacent Grand Parade is a tree-lined avenue, home to offices, shops and financial institutions. The old financial centre is the South Mall, with several banks whose interior derive from the 19th century, such as the [[Allied Irish Bank|Allied Irish Bank's]] which was once an exchange.
 [[Image:Halla na Cathrach i gCorcaigh.jpg|left|thumb|Cork City Hall reflecting off the River Lee. The Elysian Tower, Ireland's tallest building, can be seen in the background.]]
 [[Image:St finbarres cathedral1.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Saint Finbarre's Cathedral|St Finbarre's Cathedral]]]]
-Many of the city's buildings are in the [[Georgian architecture|Georgian style]], although there are a number of examples of modern landmark structures, such as [[Cork County Hall|County Hall]] tower, which was, at one time the [[List of tallest buildings and structures in Ireland#Storeyed buildings|tallest building in the Republic of Ireland]]<ref>[http://www.corkcoco.ie/co/web/Cork%20County%20Council/About%20Us/County%20Hall Cork County Council - About the "County Hall"]</ref> until being superseded by another Cork City building: [[The Elysian]]. Across the river from County Hall is Ireland's longest building; built in [[Victorian era|Victorian]] times, Our Lady's Psychiatric Hospital has now been renovated and converted into a residential housing complex called Atkins Hall, after its architect [[William Atkins (architect)|William Atkins]].
+Many of the city's buildings are in the [[Georgian architecture|Georgian style]], although there are a number of examples of modern landmark structures, such as [[Cork County Hall|County Hall]] tower, which was, at one time the [[List of tallest buildings and structures in Ireland#Storeyed buildings|tallest building in the Republic of Ireland]]<ref>[http://www.corkcoco.ie/co/web/Cork%20County%20Council/About%20Us/County%20Hall Cork County Council – About the "County Hall"]</ref> until being superseded by another Cork City building: [[The Elysian]]. Across the river from County Hall is Ireland's longest building; built in [[Victorian era|Victorian]] times, Our Lady's Psychiatric Hospital has now been renovated and converted into a residential housing complex called Atkins Hall, after its architect [[William Atkins (architect)|William Atkins]].
 Cork's most famous building is the [[Church of St Anne (Shandon)|church tower of Shandon]], which dominates the North side of the city. It is widely regarded as the symbol of the city. The North and East sides are faced in red sandstone, and the West and South sides are clad in the predominant stone of the region, white limestone. At the top sits a weather vane in the shape of an eleven-foot salmon.<ref>[http://www.shandonbells.org/ Church of St. Anne Shandon]</ref>
@@ Line 400: / Line 400: @@
 City Hall, another notable building of limestone, replaced the previous one which was destroyed by the [[Black and Tans]] during the War of Independence in an event known as the "[[The Burning of Cork|Burning of Cork]]".<ref name="burning"/> The cost of this new building was provided by the UK Government in the 1930s as a gesture of reconciliation.<ref>http://www.citymayors.com/cityhalls/cork-cityhall.html</ref>
-Other notable places include [[Elizabeth Fort]], the [[Cork Opera House]], and Fitzgerald's Park to the west of the city. Other popular tourist attractions include the grounds of [[University College Cork]], through which the River Lee flows, and the [[English Market]]. This covered market traces its origins back to 1610, and the present building dates from 1786.<ref>[http://www.discoverireland.ie/DI/resultsengine/IndividualResultTCS.aspx?touristItemID=45349&type=Activity&LocationID=6&SearchString=english+mar&FromDate=&ToDate=&SearchByDate=0&CategoryID=931&LocationName=All+towns&CountyID=6&Radius=1000&rbSelect=&SortBy=1&SubCategoryID=931 Discover Ireland - Cork - The English Market]</ref>
+Other notable places include [[Elizabeth Fort]], the [[Cork Opera House]], and Fitzgerald's Park to the west of the city. Other popular tourist attractions include the grounds of [[University College Cork]], through which the River Lee flows, and the [[English Market]]. This covered market traces its origins back to 1610, and the present building dates from 1786.<ref>[http://www.discoverireland.ie/DI/resultsengine/IndividualResultTCS.aspx?touristItemID=45349&type=Activity&LocationID=6&SearchString=english+mar&FromDate=&ToDate=&SearchByDate=0&CategoryID=931&LocationName=All+towns&CountyID=6&Radius=1000&rbSelect=&SortBy=1&SubCategoryID=931 Discover Ireland – Cork – The English Market]</ref>
 Up until April 2009, there were also two large commercial breweries in the city. The [[Beamish and Crawford]] on South Main Street closed in April 2009 and transferred production to the [[Murphy's Irish Stout|Murphy's]] brewery in Lady's Well. This brewery also produces Heineken for the Irish market. There is also the Franciscan Well brewery, serving the local market with a variety of lagers, ales and stouts. In May 2008 it was awarded as the "Best Microbrewery in Ireland" by Food and Wine Magazine.
@@ Line 406: / Line 406: @@
 ==Economy==
 ===Retail===
-The retail trade in Cork city is developing quickly with a mix of both modern, state of the art shopping centres and family owned local shops. Department stores cater for all budgets, with expensive boutiques for one end of the market and high street stores also available. Shopping centres can be found in many of Cork's suburbs, including [[Blackpool, Cork|Blackpool]], [[Ballincollig]], [[Douglas, Cork|Douglas]], Ballyvolane, Wilton and Mahon. Others are available in the city centre, with plans and excavation work on-going for the development of three more large malls (The Cornmarket Centre on Cornmarket Street); The Opera Lane proposal off St. Patrick's Street/Academy Street and the Grand Parade scheme planned for the site of the former Capitol Cineplex, the first multiplex outside of Dublin in Ireland), expanding the capacity of the city centre, to rival that of the suburbs. Cork's main shopping street is [[St. Patrick's Street]] and is the most expensive street in the country per sq. metre after Dublin's Grafton Street. Other shopping areas in the city centre include Oliver Plunkett St. and Grand Parade. Cork is also home to some of the country's leading department stores with the foundations of shops such as [[Dunnes Stores]] and the former [[Roches Stores]] being laid in the city. Almost 9km outside the city centre{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} is [[Mahon Point Shopping Centre]], which is the largest shopping center in [[Munster]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}
+The retail trade in Cork city is developing quickly with a mix of both modern, state of the art shopping centres and family owned local shops. Department stores cater for all budgets, with expensive boutiques for one end of the market and high street stores also available. Shopping centres can be found in many of Cork's suburbs, including [[Blackpool, Cork|Blackpool]], [[Ballincollig]], [[Douglas, Cork|Douglas]], Ballyvolane, Wilton and Mahon. Others are available in the city centre, with plans and excavation work on-going for the development of three more large malls (The Cornmarket Centre on Cornmarket Street); The Opera Lane proposal off St. Patrick's Street/Academy Street and the Grand Parade scheme planned for the site of the former Capitol Cineplex, the first multiplex outside of Dublin in Ireland), expanding the capacity of the city centre, to rival that of the suburbs. Cork's main shopping street is [[St. Patrick's Street]] and is the most expensive street in the country per sq. metre after Dublin's Grafton Street. Other shopping areas in the city centre include Oliver Plunkett St. and Grand Parade. Cork is also home to some of the country's leading department stores with the foundations of shops such as [[Dunnes Stores]] and the former [[Roches Stores]] being laid in the city. Almost 9&nbsp;km outside the city centre{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} is [[Mahon Point Shopping Centre]], which is the largest shopping center in [[Munster]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}
-===Industry & Commerce===
+===Industry and commerce===
 [[Image:Murphys-Stout,-1919-.jpg|upright|thumb|Murphys Stout, 1919 advert for the famous Cork brewery]]
-Cork City is at the heart of industry in the south of Ireland. Its main area of industry is pharmaceuticals, with [[Pfizer Inc.]] and Swiss company [[Novartis]] being big employers in the region. The most famous product of the Cork pharmaceutical industry is [[Viagra]]. Cork is also the European headquarters of [[Apple Inc.]] where their high end computers are manufactured and their European call centre, R&D and AppleCare is hosted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apple.com/jobs/us/pro/inside/locations.html|title=Apple locations}}</ref> In total, they currently employ over 1,800 staff. [[EMC Corporation]] is another large [[information technology|IT]] employer with over 1,600 staff in their 52,000 sq metre (560,000 sq. ft.) engineering, manufacturing, and technical services facility. {{Citation needed|date=July 2008}}
+Cork City is at the heart of industry in the south of Ireland. Its main area of industry is pharmaceuticals, with [[Pfizer Inc.]] and Swiss company [[Novartis]] being big employers in the region. The most famous product of the Cork pharmaceutical industry is [[Viagra]]. Cork is also the European headquarters of [[Apple Inc.]] where their high end computers are manufactured and their European call centre, R&D and AppleCare is hosted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apple.com/jobs/us/pro/inside/locations.html|title=Apple locations}}</ref> In total, they currently employ over 1,800 staff. [[EMC Corporation]] is another large [[information technology|IT]] employer with over 1,600 staff in their 52,000 sq metre (560,000 sq ft) engineering, manufacturing, and technical services facility. {{Citation needed|date=July 2008}}
 It is also home to the Heineken Brewery which also brews [[Murphy's Irish Stout]] and the nearby [[Beamish and Crawford]] brewery (recently taken over by Heineken) which have been in the city for generations. And for many years, Cork was the home to [[Ford Motor Company]], which manufactured cars in the docklands area before the plant was closed. [[Henry Ford]]'s grandfather was from [[West Cork]], which was one of the main reason for opening up the manufacturing facility in Cork.<ref>{{cite book
   | last = Nyhan
   | first = Miriam
-  | title = Are You Still Below?: The Ford Marina Plant, Cork, 1917-84
+  | title = Are You Still Below?: The Ford Marina Plant, Cork, 1917–84
   | publisher = Collins Press
   | year = 2007
@@ Line 442: / Line 442: @@
 ==Twinned cities==
-[[Cork City Council|Cork City Corporation]] began its first [[Town twinning|twin city]] programme with [[Coventry]] in 1969. Since then, Cork has developed links with several other cities in the areas of culture, education, tourism, science and economics:<ref>[http://www.corkcity.ie/twinninggrants/ Cork City Council - International Relations]</ref>
+[[Cork City Council|Cork City Corporation]] began its first [[Town twinning|twin city]] programme with [[Coventry]] in 1969. Since then, Cork has developed links with several other cities in the areas of culture, education, tourism, science and economics:<ref>[http://www.corkcity.ie/twinninggrants/ Cork City Council – International Relations]</ref>
 {|
 | valign="top" |
-<!-- NOTE ON FLAG ICONS : Please do not add flag icons to this section. There is a longstanding convention on this page to avoid flag icons (per MOS:FLAG and WP:CON) because it causes too many edit wars over whether national or regional flags should be used. -->
+<!-- NOTE ON FLAG ICONS: Please do not add flag icons to this section. There is a longstanding convention on this page to avoid flag icons (per MOS:FLAG and WP:CON) because it causes too many edit wars over whether national or regional flags should be used. -->
 * [[Coventry]], [[England]]
 * [[Rennes]], [[France]]
-* [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]], [[United States|USA]]
+* [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]], [[United States|US]]
 * [[Kaliningrad]], [[Russia]]
 | valign="top" |
@@ Line 456: / Line 456: @@
 |}
-Twinning with Shanghai has led to controversy, as the [[Green Party (Ireland)|Green Party]] called on Cork's local, national and European elected representatives to withdraw the city's twinning with Shanghai due to reports of human rights violations in China.<ref>[http://www.greenviews.eu/pub?run=cms&CID=148 Green Councillor calls for Cork's twinning with Shanghai to be scrapped] - greenviews.eu</ref> Since then, parties from both Cork and Shanghai have visited their counterparts on trade related missions. Cork later got a twinning with [[Kaliningrad]], in [[Russia]].<ref>[http://www.innovbusiness.ru/content/document_r_DE4E0F9C-F166-4E11-97E6-DBB53F4B1B39.html Ирландия и Россия обсудили возможности сотрудничества в ОЭЗ]</ref>
+Twinning with Shanghai has led to controversy, as the [[Green Party (Ireland)|Green Party]] called on Cork's local, national and European elected representatives to withdraw the city's twinning with Shanghai due to reports of human rights violations in China.<ref>[http://www.greenviews.eu/pub?run=cms&CID=148 Green Councillor calls for Cork's twinning with Shanghai to be scrapped] – greenviews.eu</ref> Since then, parties from both Cork and Shanghai have visited their counterparts on trade related missions. Cork later got a twinning with [[Kaliningrad]], in [[Russia]].<ref>[http://www.innovbusiness.ru/content/document_r_DE4E0F9C-F166-4E11-97E6-DBB53F4B1B39.html Ирландия и Россия обсудили возможности сотрудничества в ОЭЗ]</ref>
 ==Transportation==
 ===Air===
 {{Main|Cork Airport}}
-Cork Airport is one of Ireland's main airports and it is a gateway to the south of Ireland. It is situated on the south side of Cork City in an area known as [[Ballygarvan, County Cork|Ballygarvan]]. 8 scheduled airlines fly to over 40 destinations with over 60 flights a day.
+Cork Airport is one of Ireland's main airports and it is a gateway to the south of Ireland. It is situated on the south side of Cork City in an area known as [[Ballygarvan, County Cork|Ballygarvan]]. eight scheduled airlines fly to over 40 destinations with over 60 flights a day.
 ===Bus===
@@ Line 472: / Line 472: @@
 ===Ferry===
 {{see|Port of Cork}}
-The Cross River Ferry, from [[Rushbrooke]] to [[Passage West]], links the R624 to R610. This service is useful when trying to avoid traffic congestion in Jack Lynch tunnel and Dunkettle area. The [[Port of Cork]] is situated at [[Ringaskiddy]], 16&nbsp;km SE via the N28. There are Direct services to [[France]] & the [[United Kingdom]]. A new [[Water Taxi]] is under-development.
+The Cross River Ferry, from [[Rushbrooke]] to [[Passage West]], links the R624 to R610. This service is useful when trying to avoid traffic congestion in Jack Lynch tunnel and Dunkettle area. The [[Port of Cork]] is situated at [[Ringaskiddy]], 16&nbsp;km SE via the N28. There are Direct services to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. A new [[Water Taxi]] is under-development.
 ===Road===
@@ Line 486: / Line 486: @@
 ====Railway and tramway heritage====
 [[Image:Csr.svg|thumb|Planned Cork Suburban Railway]]
-Cork was one of the most rail oriented cities in Ireland, featuring 8 stations at various times. The main route, still much the same today, is from Dublin. Originally terminating on the city's outskirts at [[Blackpool, Cork|Blackpool]], the Glanmire tunnel connects it to the city centre [[terminal station|terminus]] of [[Kent Station (Cork)|Kent Station]]. Now a through station, the line through Kent connects the town of [[Cobh|Cóbh]] east of the city. This also connected to the seaside town of [[Youghal]], until the 1980s.
+Cork was one of the most rail oriented cities in Ireland, featuring eight stations at various times. The main route, still much the same today, is from Dublin. Originally terminating on the city's outskirts at [[Blackpool, Cork|Blackpool]], the Glanmire tunnel connects it to the city centre [[terminal station|terminus]] of [[Kent Station (Cork)|Kent Station]]. Now a through station, the line through Kent connects the town of [[Cobh|Cóbh]] east of the city. This also connected to the seaside town of [[Youghal]], until the 1980s.
 Other rail routes terminating or traversing Cork city were the ''[[Cork, Blackrock and Passage Railway]]'', a line to [[Macroom]], the [[Cork and Muskerry Light Railway]] to [[Blarney]], [[Coachford]] and [[Donoughmore]], as well as the [[Cork, Bandon and South Coast Railway]] connecting [[Bantry]], [[Skibbereen]], [[Clonakilty]] and many other [[West Cork]] towns. West Cork trains terminated at Albert Quay, across the river from Kent Station (though an on-street rail 'system' connected the two for rolling stock and cargo movement). All that remains of the once-extensive public transport system is the line to Dublin and that to [[Cobh]].
@@ Line 492: / Line 492: @@
 Within the city there have been two tram networks in operation. A proposal to develop a horse-drawn [[tram]] (linking the city's railway termini) was made by American [[George Francis Train]] in the 1860s, and implemented in 1872 by the Cork Tramway Company. However, the company ceased trading in 1875 after Cork Corporation refused permission to extend the line.
-In December 1898, an electric [[tram]] system began operating on the Blackpool-Douglas, Summerhill-Sunday's Well and Tivoli-Blackrock routes. The [[Rail gauge|gauge]] of the tramway was [[Narrow gauge railway|(90.2cm)]] (2' 11½"), and designed to be the same as the [[Cork and Muskerry Light Railway]]. Increased usage of cars and buses in the 1920s led to a reduction in the use of trams, which discontinued operations permanently on 30 September 1931. Place names today still tell of the routes, such as Tramway Terrace in [[Douglas, Cork|Douglas]].
+In December 1898, an electric [[tram]] system began operating on the Blackpool-Douglas, Summerhill-Sunday's Well and Tivoli-Blackrock routes. The [[Rail gauge|gauge]] of the tramway was [[Narrow gauge railway|(90.2&nbsp;cm)]] (2&nbsp;ft 11½&nbsp;in), and designed to be the same as the [[Cork and Muskerry Light Railway]]. Increased usage of cars and buses in the 1920s led to a reduction in the use of trams, which discontinued operations permanently on 30 September 1931. Place names today still tell of the routes, such as Tramway Terrace in [[Douglas, Cork|Douglas]].
 ====Current routes====
 ;National
-Cork's [[Kent Station (Cork)|Kent Station]] is the main train station in the city. From here, services run to destinations all over Ireland - often via Dublin or Limerick Junction. The main line from Cork to Dublin, Ireland's busiest rail line,{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} has hourly departures and a number of connecting services. InterCity services are also available to Kerry, with direct services to [[Killarney]] and [[Tralee]], or indirectly via [[Mallow, County Cork|Mallow]].
+Cork's [[Kent Station (Cork)|Kent Station]] is the main train station in the city. From here, services run to destinations all over Ireland – often via Dublin or Limerick Junction. The main line from Cork to Dublin, Ireland's busiest rail line,{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} has hourly departures and a number of connecting services. InterCity services are also available to Kerry, with direct services to [[Killarney]] and [[Tralee]], or indirectly via [[Mallow, County Cork|Mallow]].
-There are plans to start a service between Cork and Galway in 2010, along the [[Western Railway Corridor|western corridor]].<ref>[http://www.irishrail.ie/projects/pdf/western_rail_corridor.pdf IrishRail.ie - Projects - Western Rail Corridor]</ref>
+There are plans to start a service between Cork and Galway in 2010, along the [[Western Railway Corridor|western corridor]].<ref>[http://www.irishrail.ie/projects/pdf/western_rail_corridor.pdf IrishRail.ie – Projects – Western Rail Corridor]</ref>
 ;Suburban
@@ Line 511: / Line 511: @@
 [[Image:uccquadrangle.jpg|thumb|Quadrangle at UCC]]
-Cork is an important educational centre in Ireland. [[University College Cork - National University of Ireland, Cork|University College Cork]] (UCC), a constituent university of the [[National University of Ireland]], offers a wide variety of courses in Arts, Commerce, Engineering, Law, Medicine and Science. The university was named "Irish University of the Year" in 2003–2004<ref>[http://www.ucc.ie/opa/pr/PressReleaseUniversityOfYear.html  University College Cork is “University of the Year”, UCC Press Release, September 14, 2003]</ref> and 2005–2006 by ''[[The Sunday Times]]''. [[Cork Institute of Technology]] (CIT) was named Irish "Institute of Technology of the Year" in 2006–2007 and offers a variety of third level courses in Mathematics, Computing and IT, Business, Humanities and Engineering (Mechanical, Electronic, Electrical, and Chemical). The [[National Maritime College of Ireland]] also located in Cork and is the only college in Ireland in which Nautical Studies and Marine Engineering can be undertaken. CIT also incorporates the [[Cork School of Music]] and [[Crawford College of Art and Design]] as constituent schools. The [[Cork College of Commerce]] is the largest post-[[Leaving Certificate]] College in Ireland and is also the biggest provider of Vocational Preparation and Training courses in the country. Other 3rd level institutions include [[Griffith College Dublin|Griffith College Cork]], a private institution, which has been offering courses since 1884 and various other colleges. There is also a very large community of students from abroad, especially countries where Cork has twinned cities. The largest group of foreign students comes from [[China]], Shanghai in particular. {{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}
+Cork is an important educational centre in Ireland. [[University College Cork – National University of Ireland, Cork|University College Cork]] (UCC), a constituent university of the [[National University of Ireland]], offers a wide variety of courses in Arts, Commerce, Engineering, Law, Medicine and Science. The university was named "Irish University of the Year" in 2003–2004<ref>[http://www.ucc.ie/opa/pr/PressReleaseUniversityOfYear.html  University College Cork is "University of the Year", UCC Press Release, September 14, 2003]</ref> and 2005–2006 by ''[[The Sunday Times]]''. [[Cork Institute of Technology]] (CIT) was named Irish "Institute of Technology of the Year" in 2006–2007 and offers a variety of third level courses in Mathematics, Computing and IT, Business, Humanities and Engineering (Mechanical, Electronic, Electrical, and Chemical). The [[National Maritime College of Ireland]] also located in Cork and is the only college in Ireland in which Nautical Studies and Marine Engineering can be undertaken. CIT also incorporates the [[Cork School of Music]] and [[Crawford College of Art and Design]] as constituent schools. The [[Cork College of Commerce]] is the largest post-[[Leaving Certificate]] College in Ireland and is also the biggest provider of Vocational Preparation and Training courses in the country. Other 3rd level institutions include [[Griffith College Dublin|Griffith College Cork]], a private institution, which has been offering courses since 1884 and various other colleges. There is also a very large community of students from abroad, especially countries where Cork has twinned cities. The largest group of foreign students comes from [[China]], Shanghai in particular. {{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}
 ==Sport==
-:''See also: [[List of Cork people#Sports|List of Cork people - Sports]]''
+:''See also: [[List of Cork people#Sports|List of Cork people – Sports]]''
 [[Rugby Union|Rugby]], [[gaelic football]], [[hurling]] and [[Football (soccer)|association football]] are popular sporting pastimes for Corkonians.
 ===Gaelic games===
 {{Main|Cork GAA}}
-[[Hurling]] is the most popular spectator sport in the city, and has a strong identity with city and county - with Cork winning 30 [[All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship|All-Ireland Championships]] and leading the table of [[All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship|Camogie Championship]] wins. [[Gaelic football]] is also popular, and Cork has won 6 [[All-Ireland Senior Football Championship]] titles. There are many [[Gaelic Athletic Association]] clubs in Cork City, including [[St. Finbarr's GAA|St. Finbarr's]], [[Glen Rovers GAA|Glen Rovers]], [[Na Piarsaigh GAA|Na Piarsaigh]], [[Erins Own GAA|Erins Own]] and [[Nemo Rangers GAA|Nemo Rangers]]. The main public venues are [[Páirc Uí Chaoimh]] and [[Páirc Uí Rinn]] (named after [[Christy Ring]]).
+[[Hurling]] is the most popular spectator sport in the city, and has a strong identity with city and county – with Cork winning 30 [[All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship|All-Ireland Championships]] and leading the table of [[All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship|Camogie Championship]] wins. [[Gaelic football]] is also popular, and Cork has won 6 [[All-Ireland Senior Football Championship]] titles. There are many [[Gaelic Athletic Association]] clubs in Cork City, including [[St. Finbarr's GAA|St. Finbarr's]], [[Glen Rovers GAA|Glen Rovers]], [[Na Piarsaigh GAA|Na Piarsaigh]], [[Erins Own GAA|Erins Own]] and [[Nemo Rangers GAA|Nemo Rangers]]. The main public venues are [[Páirc Uí Chaoimh]] and [[Páirc Uí Rinn]] (named after [[Christy Ring]]).
 ===Association football===
@@ Line 527: / Line 527: @@
 ===Rugby===
-[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is played at various levels, from school to senior league level. There are two first division clubs in Cork city. [[Cork Constitution]] (3 time All Ireland League Champions) play their home games in [[Ballintemple]] and [[Dolphin R.F.C.]] play at home in [[Musgrave Park, Cork|Musgrave Park]]. Other notable rugby clubs in the city include, Highfield, Sunday's Well and UCC. At schools level, [[Christian Brothers College, Cork|Christian Brothers College]] and [[Presentation Brothers College, Cork|Presentation Brothers College]] are two of the country's better known rugby nurseries.
+[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is played at various levels, from school to senior league level. There are two first division clubs in Cork city. [[Cork Constitution]] (three-time All Ireland League Champions) play their home games in [[Ballintemple]] and [[Dolphin R.F.C.]] play at home in [[Musgrave Park, Cork|Musgrave Park]]. Other notable rugby clubs in the city include, Highfield, Sunday's Well and UCC. At schools level, [[Christian Brothers College, Cork|Christian Brothers College]] and [[Presentation Brothers College, Cork|Presentation Brothers College]] are two of the country's better known rugby nurseries.
 [[Munster Rugby]] plays half of its home matches in the [[Celtic League (rugby union)|Celtic League]] at [[Musgrave Park, Cork|Musgrave Park]] in Turners Cross. In the past [[Heineken Cup]] matches have also been played at Musgrave Park but now, due to capacity issues these are now played at [[Thomond Park]] in [[Limerick]]. In May 2006 and again in May 2008 Munster became the [[Heineken Cup]] Champions, with many players hailing from Cork city and county.
@@ Line 540: / Line 540: @@
 ==Further reading==
-* ''Merchants, Mystics and Philanthropists - 350 Years of Cork Quakers'' Richard S. Harrison Published by Cork Monthly Meeting, Religious Society of Friends ([[Quakers]]) 2006
+* ''Merchants, Mystics and Philanthropists – 350 Years of Cork Quakers'' Richard S. Harrison Published by Cork Monthly Meeting, Religious Society of Friends ([[Quakers]]) 2006
 ==References==
@@ Line 553: / Line 553: @@
 * [http://www.portofcork.ie/ Port of Cork]
 * [http://www.corkslang.com/ A Dictionary of Cork Slang]
-* [http://www.enfo.ie/leaflets/bs31.htm ENFO Publications - Medieval Cork]
+* [http://www.enfo.ie/leaflets/bs31.htm ENFO Publications – Medieval Cork]
 {{Coord|51.897222|-8.47|region:IE|display=title}}

v t e Counties of Ireland
The counties are listed per province
Connacht	Galway Leitrim Mayo Roscommon Sligo
Leinster	Carlow Dublin Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown Fingal South Dublin Kildare Kilkenny Laois Longford Louth Meath Offaly Westmeath Wexford Wicklow
Munster	Clare Cork Kerry Limerick Tipperary Waterford
Ulster	Antrim^† Armagh^† Cavan Donegal Down^† Fermanagh^† Londonderry^† Monaghan Tyrone^†
Italics denote non-administrative counties. Brackets denote non-traditional counties. ^†denotes non-administrative counties of Northern Ireland