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|accessdate=2013-07-19
|accessdate=2013-07-19
}}</ref> Nishadi Inscription of 400 AD of Chandragiri hill ([[Shravanabelagola]]), [[Halmidi inscription]] of 450 AD and [[Aihole inscriptions]] are very important in the history of Kannada and Karnataka. [[Extinct Kannada literature#Some early writings and forms|5th century Tamatekallu inscription of Chitradurga]] and [[Linguistic history of the Indian subcontinent#Stone inscriptions|500 CE Chikkamagaluru inscription]].
}}</ref> Nishadi Inscription of 400 AD of Chandragiri hill ([[Shravanabelagola]]), [[Halmidi inscription]] of 450 AD and [[Aihole inscriptions]] are very important in the history of Kannada and Karnataka. [[Extinct Kannada literature#Some early writings and forms|5th century Tamatekallu inscription of Chitradurga]] and [[Linguistic history of the Indian subcontinent#Stone inscriptions|500 CE Chikkamagaluru inscription]].

;Gunabhushitana Nishadi inscription

''M. G. Manjunath'' an epigraphist Mysore based scholar discovered 400 AD ''Gunabhushitana Nishadi inscription''
of Jainism one of the 271 inscriptions on Chandragiri hill of Shravanabelagola found near Parshwanatha Basadi,
which is 50 years older than Halmidi inscription. It is mentioned in the [[Epigraphia Carnatica|Epigraphia Karnataka]]. There are Prakrit, Sanskrit and Purvada Halegannada ([[Old Kannada]] words. The four lined inscription has six words. The inscription is in ''Shatavahana Brahmi and Aadi Ganga script''.
[[M. Chidananda Murthy]] also agree that ''Gunabhushitana Nishadi Shasana'' was a Kannada inscription (in Purvada Halegannada script)<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/20/stories/2008092054690500.htm
|title=Mysore scholar deciphers Chandragiri inscription
|publisher=
|accessdate=2013-08-02
}}</ref>.


;Halmidi inscription
;Halmidi inscription

Revision as of 16:42, 2 August 2013

578 CE Mangalesa Kannada inscription in Cave temple # 3 at Badami
634CE Aihole inscription of Ravi Kirti
Main articles: Indian inscriptions, Indian copper plate inscriptions, Early Indian epigraphy, Epigraphia Carnatica, History of Karnataka, Timeline of Karnataka, Etymology of Karnataka, and Old Kannada § Origin

About 25000 inscriptions found in Karnataka[1] belongs to kannada rulers like Kadambas, Western Ganga Dynasty , Rashtrakuta, Chalukya, Hoysala and Vijayanagara Empire. Many inscriptions related to Budhism and Jainism are unearthed. The inscriptions generally found are on stone (Shilashasana) or copper plates (Tamarashasana). The kannada inscriptions (Old Kannada, Kadamba script) found on historical Hero Stone, coin and temple wall, piller, tablet and rock edict. The inscriptions found are in Proto Kannada, Pre Old Kannada, Old Kannada, Middle Kannada and New Kannada.

Earliest Kannada inscriptions

9th century AD Old Kannada inscription on Hero Stone in Kalleshvara Temple at Aralaguppe

The first written record in Kannada traced to 200 AD Ashoka Brahmagiri edict, Tagarthi inscription dates back to 350 AD,[2] Nishadi Inscription of 400 AD of Chandragiri hill (Shravanabelagola), Halmidi inscription of 450 AD and Aihole inscriptions are very important in the history of Kannada and Karnataka. 5th century Tamatekallu inscription of Chitradurga and 500 CE Chikkamagaluru inscription.

Gunabhushitana Nishadi inscription

M. G. Manjunath an epigraphist Mysore based scholar discovered 400 AD Gunabhushitana Nishadi inscription of Jainism one of the 271 inscriptions on Chandragiri hill of Shravanabelagola found near Parshwanatha Basadi, which is 50 years older than Halmidi inscription. It is mentioned in the Epigraphia Karnataka. There are Prakrit, Sanskrit and Purvada Halegannada (Old Kannada words. The four lined inscription has six words. The inscription is in Shatavahana Brahmi and Aadi Ganga script. M. Chidananda Murthy also agree that Gunabhushitana Nishadi Shasana was a Kannada inscription (in Purvada Halegannada script)[3].

Halmidi inscription

The 450 AD Halmidi inscription 16-line earliest Kannada inscription found at Halmidi in Belur taluk of Hassan district on rectangular sandstone ( 2.5 ft height and 1 ft width) has a Vishnu Chakra on its top. The language of the inscription is in Poorvada Halegannada ( Proto-Kannada). Archaeologist M. H. Krishna found the Brahmi script in the inscription. Shifted the inscription to Archaeological Museum, Mysore and later to Government Museum in Bangalore. Epigraphia Karnataka has dedicated a chapter to study of the inscription. The linguists and writers Govinda Pai, M. Chidananda Murthy, T.V. Venkatachala Shastry, Ram Sri Mugali, R.S. Panchamukhi, D.L. Narasimhachar, and M. M. Kalburgi studied the inscription and published papers. Writers including G. S. Gai, T. A. Gopinatha Rao, T. N. Srikantaiah, Shivarama Aithala, S. Nagaraju, S. Srikantashastry, M. Mariyappa Bhatta, M. B. Neginahal, K. V. Ramesh, Devarakondareddy and K. M. Hanumantha Rao have discussed the important issues raised by Halmidi inscription in their books[4].

Karnataka inscriptions of Kannada dynasties

Main articles: Kannada literature, Chalukya dynasty § Literature, Western Chalukya literature in Kannada, Rashtrakuta literature, Hoysala literature, Medieval Kannada literature, Vijayanagara literature in Kannada, and Mysore literature in Kannada
Old Kannada inscription of 983 CE on Tyagada Brahmadeva Pillar at Shravanabelagola

The Karnataka inscriptions are maily categoried as mentioned below

Kadambas inscriptions
Western Ganga Dynasty inscriptions
Old Kannada inscription at Vindyagiri Shravanabelagola
Chalukya inscriptions
Rashtrakuta inscriptions
  • Kavirajamarga
  • Ninth century Kannada stone inscription of Rashtrakuta period unearthed near Tumbi Kere (tank) at Halekumur village in Byadgi takuk. The inscription is about Rashtrakuta rulers donating 200 acres to Siddarevar Singh to construct a tank.[5]
  • Navalinga Temple inscriptions Kuknur.
  • Northernmost Kannada inscription of the Rashtrakutas of 964 AD is the Jura record found near Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh.
Hoysala inscriptions
Vijayanagara Empire inscriptions
Seuna inscriptions
Kalachuri Inscriptions

Kannada copper plates and manuscripts

Main articles: Indian copper plate inscriptions and Palm leaf manuscripts

Coins bearing Kannada inscription

Kadamba Coin of Shanthivarma, 5th century Kannada legend Sri Manarashi

Kannada inscriptions found out side Karnataka

10th century AD Copper plates inscription in Telugu-Kannada script
Main articles: The great Karnataka Expansion, Eastern Chalukyas, Shilahara, and Kalachuris

Many Kannada inscriptions found out side Karnataka mainly Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.

Maharashtra
Andhra Pradesh[10]
Other parts of the world
  • The stone scripture found in Doleshwor of Nepal written in Kannada.
  • Pyu sites of Myanmar yielded variety of Indian scripts including Kannada inscription.
  • The Deopara inscription describes the Senas as Karnata Kshatriyas and Brahma-Kshatriyas.

Kannada inscriptions found in Tamil Nadu

  • The Kannada inscription of Rashtrakuta king Krishna III period (of Tenth century CE) found at Melpadi village in Vellore district of Tamil Nadu. It is metioned as the endowment was made in the presence of Krishna III's feudatories (Rattas and Bitti Raja of Melpadi). Krishna III was praised as Akalavarsha Deva, Prithvi Vallabha, Maha Rajathiraja, Parameshvara, Parama Bhattaraka and Chaleka Nallathan and it indicats that he was about to accomplish his conquests of Kancheepuram and Thanjavur.[12]
  • The Kannada inscriptions found at Kanchipuram, Dharmapuri region, Vazhaithottam in Nilgiri District, Jain Palli at Alathur in Avinasi taluk, Coimbatore District and Karamadai copper plate inscription[13]. Avinashi Temple inscription in Coimbatore, Kanchi inscription of Vikramaditya, Sittannavasal inscription, Melpadi inscripton of Rastrakuta Krishna III, Madras Kannada Herostone inscription, Kodumbalur inscription of Irukkuvelir Chiefs and Hero-stone inscriptions in Kondaharahalli are the inscriptions in Kannada.

Research institute of Kannada manuscripts

People associated with Kannada inscriptions and manuscripts

References

  1. ^ "'Take up study on unearthed inscriptions'". Retrieved 2013-07-19.
  2. ^ "Historians study pushes earliest record of Kannada writing back by a century". Retrieved 2013-07-19.
  3. ^ "Mysore scholar deciphers Chandragiri inscription". Retrieved 2013-08-02.
  4. ^ "Halmidi village finally on the road to recognition". Retrieved 2013-08-02.
  5. ^ "Rashtrakuta stone inscription found". Retrieved 2013-07-22.
  6. ^ "5th Century copper coin found at Banavasi". Retrieved 2013-07-22.
  7. ^ "Tamil, Kannada inscriptions found in Vellore village". Retrieved 2013-07-22.
  8. ^ "A NOTE ON INSCRIPTIONS IN BOMBAY". Retrieved 2013-07-22.
  9. ^ "Mahalaxmi Temple Kolhapur". Retrieved 2013-07-22.
  10. ^ "Jainism in Andhra Pradesh - Rashtrakuta and Chalukya inscriptions". Retrieved 2013-08-01.
  11. ^ "Vijayanagara empire rock inscription found". Retrieved 2013-08-01.
  12. ^ "Tamil, Kannada inscriptions found in Vellore village". Retrieved 2013-07-22.
  13. ^ "Kannada script (10600)". Retrieved 2013-07-31.


Media related to Kannada inscriptions in Karnataka at Wikimedia Commons

Media related to Kannada inscriptions at Wikimedia Commons

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