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In October 2009, it was reported that Fianna Fáil had irritated its new Liberal colleagues by failing to vote for the motion on press freedom in [[Italy]] (resulting in its defeat by a majority of one in the Parliament) and by trying to scupper their party colleagues' initiative for [[LGBT rights by country or territory|gay rights]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Andrew |last=Willis|url=http://euobserver.com/9/28912|title=Irish leader feeling the heat in EU liberal group |publisher=Euobserver.com|date=29 October 2009|accessdate=22 November 2010}}</ref> In January 2010, a report by academic experts writing for the votewatch.eu site found that FF "do not seem to toe the political line" of the ALDE Group "when it comes to budget and civil liberties" issues.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.votewatch.eu/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/votewatch_report_voting_behaviour_in_the_new_european_parliament.pdf |format=PDF |title=Voting behaviour in the new European Parliament: the first six months, EP7, 1st Semester: July–December 2009 |publisher=Votewatch.eu}}</ref>
In October 2009, it was reported that Fianna Fáil had irritated its new Liberal colleagues by failing to vote for the motion on press freedom in [[Italy]] (resulting in its defeat by a majority of one in the Parliament) and by trying to scupper their party colleagues' initiative for [[LGBT rights by country or territory|gay rights]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Andrew |last=Willis|url=http://euobserver.com/9/28912|title=Irish leader feeling the heat in EU liberal group |publisher=Euobserver.com|date=29 October 2009|accessdate=22 November 2010}}</ref> In January 2010, a report by academic experts writing for the votewatch.eu site found that FF "do not seem to toe the political line" of the ALDE Group "when it comes to budget and civil liberties" issues.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.votewatch.eu/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/votewatch_report_voting_behaviour_in_the_new_european_parliament.pdf |format=PDF |title=Voting behaviour in the new European Parliament: the first six months, EP7, 1st Semester: July–December 2009 |publisher=Votewatch.eu}}</ref>


In the [[European Parliament election, 2014 (Ireland)|2014 European elections]], Fianna Fáil received 22.3% of first-preference votes returned a single [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]], a reduction in representation of two MEPs from the previous term. This was due to a combination of the party's vote further dropping in Dublin and a two candidate strategy in the Midlands North West constituency, which backfired, resulting in sitting MEP [[Pat the Cope Gallagher]] losing his seat.{{According to whom|date=June 2014}} However, on 23 June 2014, returning MEP [[Brian Crowley]] announced that he was to join the [[European Conservatives and Reformists]] (ECR) rather than the ALDE group during the upcoming 8th term of the European parliament.<ref>http://www.rte.ie/news/2014/0623/625874-fianna-fail-europe/</ref> The following day on 24 June 2014 Crowley had the Fianna Fáil party whip withdrawn.<ref>http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/24/fianna-fail-mep-brian-crowley-whip-withdrawn</ref>
In the [[European Parliament election, 2014 (Ireland)|2014 European elections]], Fianna Fáil received 22.3% of first-preference votes returned a single [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]], a reduction in representation of two MEPs from the previous term. This was due to a combination of the party's vote further dropping in Dublin and a two candidate strategy in the Midlands North West constituency, which backfired, resulting in sitting MEP [[Pat the Cope Gallagher]] losing his seat. <ref> http://www.newstalk.ie/Luke-Ming-Flanagan-will-take-the-first-seat-in-Midlands-North-West </ref> <ref> http://www.irishtimes.com/news/elections/european-elections/midlands-north-west </ref> <ref> http://www.thejournal.ie/pat-the-cope-gallagher-fianna-fail-european-elections-1357940-Mar2014 </re>
On 23 June 2014, returning MEP [[Brian Crowley]] announced that he was to join the [[European Conservatives and Reformists]] (ECR) rather than the ALDE group during the upcoming 8th term of the European parliament.<ref>http://www.rte.ie/news/2014/0623/625874-fianna-fail-europe/</ref> The following day on 24 June 2014 Crowley had the Fianna Fáil party whip withdrawn. <ref>http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/24/fianna-fail-mep-brian-crowley-whip-withdrawn</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 17:08, 30 June 2014

Fianna Fáil
LeaderMicheál Martin TD
Secretary-GeneralSeán Dorgan
FounderÉamon de Valera
Founded23 March 1926 (1926-03-23)
Split fromSinn Féin[1]
Headquarters65–66 Lower Mount Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
Youth wingÓgra Fianna Fáil
Membership (2013)18,500 [2]
IdeologyConservatism[3][4][5][6]
Populism[7]
Political positionCentre-right[8][9][10][11][12][13]
European affiliationAlliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
European Parliament groupno MEPs
International affiliationLiberal International (observer)
ColoursGreen, orange
Dáil Éireann
20 / 166
Seanad Éireann
14 / 60
European Parliament
0 / 11
Local government
266 / 949
Website
www.fiannafail.ie

Fianna Fáil /f[invalid input: 'ɨ']ˌænə ˈfɔɪl/,[14] also known as Fianna Fáil, The Republican Party,[15] is a centrist[8][9][10] to centre-right[11][12][13] and conservative[3][4][5][6][16] political party in the Republic of Ireland. Originally an Irish republican party, it was founded on 23 March 1926 after a split in Sinn Féin on the issue of abstentionism.[17] Fianna Fáil's name is traditionally translated into English as Soldiers of Destiny, although a more accurate rendition would be Warriors of Fál ("Fál" being a legendary name for Ireland).[18] Historically, Fianna Fáil has been seen as to the left of Fine Gael and to the right of Sinn Féin and the Labour Party and is generally seen as a classic "catch all" populist party - representing a broad range of people from all social classes.[19][20] Fianna Fáil has led governments including parties of the centre-left (Labour and the Green Party) and of the centre-right (the now-defunct Progressive Democrats). It has been led by Micheál Martin since January 2011.[19]

From the formation of the first Fianna Fáil government on 9 March 1932 until the election of 2011, the party was in power for 61 of 79 years. Its longest continuous period in office was 15 years and 11 months (March 1932–February 1948). Its single longest period out of office, in that time, has been 4 years and 4 months (March 1973–July 1977). Seven of the party's eight leaders have served as Taoiseach. It was the largest party in Dáil Éireann at every general election from the 1932 general election until the 2011 general election, when it suffered the worst defeat of a sitting government in the history of the Irish state, a loss described as "historic" in its proportions,[21] where it saw its electoral support base diminished by 75%, as a reaction to the intervention, and in the running of the Irish economy, of the International Monetary Fund and the European Central Bank in November 2010.[22] After the February 2011 election, it moved from being the largest party to the third-largest party in the 31st Dáil.

Fianna Fáil joined the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) party on 16 April 2009, and the party's MEPs sat in the ALDE Group during the 7th European Parliament term of 2009–2014. The party is an observer affiliate of the Liberal International.[23]

The party is also organised in Northern Ireland but has yet to contest an election there.

History

File:Fianna Fáil logo.svg
Alternative logo
Main article: History of Fianna Fáil

Organisation and structure

Fianna Fáil's success was credited by The Irish Times to its local structure. The basic unit was the cumann (branch) which were then grouped into comhairle ceantair (district branch) and a comhairle dáil ceantair (constituency branch) in every constituency. At the party's height, it boasted 3,000 cumainn, an average of 75 per constituency. The party claimed 55,000 members in 2004, a figure which Eoin O'Malley, a political scientist, considers exaggerated compared to membership figures for other parties.

However since the early 1990s the cumann structure was weakened. As every cumann was entitled to three votes to selection conventions irrespective of size, a large number of cumainn became in effect "paper cumainn" only used to ensure an aspiring or sitting candidate got enough votes. Another problem arose with the emergence of parallel organisations grouped around candidates or elected officials. Supporters and election workers for a particular candidate were loyal to a candidate and not to the party. If the candidate was to leave the party, through either resignation, retirement or defeat at election, the candidate's supporters would often depart. Although this phenomenon was nothing new, (the most famous example being Neil Blaney's "Donegal Mafia")[24] it increased significantly from the early 1990s particularly in the Dublin Region with former Taoiseach Bertie Ahern's "Drumcondra mafia" and the separate groups supporting Tom Kitt and Séamus Brennan in Dublin South largely separate from the official party structure.

Since the 2007 election, the party's structure has significantly weakened. This was in part exacerbated by significant infighting between candidates in the run up to the 2011 general election.[25] The Irish Times estimated that half of its 3,000 cumainn are effectively moribund. This fraction rises in Dublin with the exception of Dublin West, the former seat of both Brian Lenihan, Snr and Brian Lenihan, Jnr.[26]

Ideology

Fianna Fáil is seen as a typical catch-all party. R. Ken Carty wrote of Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael that they were 'heterogeneous in their bases of support, relatively undifferentiated in terms of policy or programme, and remarkably stable in their support levels'. Evidence from expert surveys, opinion polls and candidate surveys all fail to identify strong distinctions between the two largest parties, Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael.[27][28][29][30] Many point to Ireland's civil war politics and feel that the basis for the division is the disagreement about the strategy to achieve a united Ireland. Kevin Byrne and political scientist Eoin O'Malley rejected this and have argued that the differences between the two parties goes much further back in Irish history. They linked the parties to different nationalist traditions (Irish Enlightenment and Gaelic Nationalist) which in turn could be linked to migrations of Anglo-Norman and new English into Ireland and the 'native' Gaelic population.[31]

The party's name and logo incorporates the words 'The Republican Party'. According to Fianna Fáil, "Republican here stands both for the unity of the island and a commitment to the historic principles of European republican philosophy, namely liberty, equality and fraternity."[32]

Leadership and president

Main article: Leader of Fianna Fáil
Micheál Martin, Leader of Fianna Fáil since January 2011

Although the posts of leader and party president of Fianna Fáil are separate, with the former elected by the Parliamentary Party and the latter elected by the Ardfheis (thus allowing for the posts to be held by different people, in theory), in practice they have always been held by the one person. However, as the Ardfheis may have already been held in any given year by the time a new leader is elected, the selection of the new party president might not take place until the next year.

The following are the terms of office for the leader:

Leader Period Constituency
Éamon de Valera 1926-1959 Clare
Seán Lemass 1959–1966 Dublin South-Central
Jack Lynch 1966–1979 Cork City
Charles Haughey 1979–1992 Dublin North-Central
Albert Reynolds 1992–1994 Longford-Roscommon
Bertie Ahern 1994–2008 Dublin Central
Brian Cowen 2008–2011 Laois-Offaly
Micheál Martin 2011–present Cork South-Central

General election results

Election Dáil Share of votes Seats Government Total seats
1927 (Jun) 5th 26.2% 44 Cumann na nGaedhael 153
1927 (Sep) 6th 35.2% 57 Cumann na nGaedhael 153
1932 7th 44.5% 72 Fianna Fáil 153
1933 8th 49.7% 76 Fianna Fáil 153
1937 9th 45.2% 68 Fianna Fáil 138
1938 10th 51.9% 76 Fianna Fáil 138
1943 11th 41.8% 66 Fianna Fáil 138
1944 12th 48.9% 75 Fianna Fáil 138
1948 13th 41.9% 67 Fine Gael–Labour Party–Clann na Poblachta–Clann na Talmhan–National Labour 147
1951 14th 46.3% 68 Fianna Fáil 147
1954 15th 43.4% 65 Fine Gael–Labour Party–Clann na Talmhan 147
1957 16th 48.3% 78 Fianna Fáil 147
1961 17th 43.8% 70 Fianna Fáil 144
1965 18th 47.7% 72 Fianna Fáil 144
1969 19th 44.6% 74 Fianna Fáil 144
1973 20th 46.2% 68 Fine Gael–Labour Party 144
1977 21st 50.6% 84 Fianna Fáil 148
1981 22nd 45.3% 77 Fine Gael–Labour Party 166
1982 (Feb) 23rd 47.3% 81 Fianna Fáil 166
1982 (Nov) 24th 45.2% 75 Fine Gael–Labour Party 166
1987 25th 44.2% 81 Fianna Fáil 166
1989 26th 44.2% 77 Fianna Fáil–Progressive Democrats 166
1992 27th 39.1% 68 Fianna Fáil–Labour Party (1993–94)
Fine Gael–Labour Party–Democratic Left (1994–97)[A] 		166
1997 28th 39.3% 77 Fianna Fáil–Progressive Democrats 166
2002 29th 41.5% 81 Fianna Fáil–Progressive Democrats 166
2007 30th 41.6% 77 Fianna Fáil–Green Party–Progressive Democrats 166
2011 31st 17.4% 20 Fine Gael–Labour Party 166

A In December 1994, Fine Gael, the Labour Party and Democratic Left entered into government without a general election being called.

Front bench

Main article: Fianna Fáil Front Bench

Ógra Fianna Fáil

Main article: Ógra Fianna Fáil

Fianna Fáil's youth wing is called Ógra Fianna Fáil. Formed in 1975, it plays an active role in recruiting new members and supporting election campaigns. Ógra also plays an important role in the party organisation where it currently has five representatives on the Ard Chomhairle (National Executive).

Senator Thomas Byrne was the last nominated head or Cathaoirleach (Chairperson) of Ógra Fianna Fáil, before the youth wing introduced widespread oganisational reform following the heavy electoral defeat suffered by the whole party in 2011.

Entry into Northern Ireland politics

On 17 September 2007 Fianna Fáil announced that the party would, for the first time, organise in Northern Ireland.

The then Foreign Minister Dermot Ahern was asked to chair a committee on the matter: "In the period ahead Dermot Ahern will lead efforts to develop that strategy for carrying through this policy, examining timescales and structures. We will act gradually and strategically. We are under no illusions. It will not be easy. It will challenge us all. But I am confident we will succeed."[33]

The party embarked on its first ever recruitment drive north of the border in September 2007 in northern universities, and established two 'Political Societies', the William Drennan Cumann in Queens University, Belfast, and the Watty Graham Cumann in UU Magee, Derry, which subsequently became official units of Fianna Fáil's youth wing, attaining full membership and voting rights, and attained official voting delegates at the 2012 Árd Fheis.

Bertie Ahern announced on 7 December 2007 that Fianna Fáil had been registered in Northern Ireland by the UK Electoral Commission.[34] The Party's Ard Fheis in 2009 unanimously passed a motion to organise in Northern Ireland by establishing fora in each of its six counties, this has been achieved in all counties, this Ard Fheis also elected a member from Armagh, Mark Hughes to the Party's Ard Chomhairle.

There has been speculation about an eventual merger with the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP),[35] formerly the main Irish nationalist party in the Northern Ireland, but now smaller than Sinn Féin. This has been met with a negative reaction with former Deputy Leader of the SDLP, Seamus Mallon, stating he would be opposed to any such merger. The former leader of the SDLP, Margaret Ritchie, also stated publicly that she would oppose any merger. At the 2010 Irish Labour Party conference she criticised Fianna Fáil's record in government and also the National Asset Management Agency[36] On 23 February 2008, it was announced that a former UUP councillor, Colonel Harvey Bicker, had joined Fianna Fáil.[37]

Fianna Fáil has registered with the UK Electoral Commission and is now a recognised party in Northern Ireland.[38] It has not as yet officially contested any elections in Northern Ireland, but at the 2014 Ard Fheis a motion was passed without debate to stand candidates for election north of the border for the first time in 2019.[39]

In European institutions

In the European Parliament from 1999 to 2009, Fianna Fáil was a leading member of Union for Europe of the Nations (UEN), a small national-conservative and Eurosceptic group. European political commentators had often noted substantive ideological differences between the party and its colleagues, whose strongly conservative stances had at times prompted domestic criticism of Fianna Fáil. Fianna Fáil MEPs had previously been a attached to the Union for Europe, European Democratic Alliance, and European Progressive Democrats groups before the creation of UEN.

Party headquarters, over the objections of some MEPs, had made several attempts to sever the party's links to the European right, including an aborted 2004 agreement to join the European Liberal Democrat and Reform (ELDR) Party, with whom it already sat in the Council of Europe under the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) banner. On 27 February 2009, Taoiseach Brian Cowen announced that Fianna Fáil proposed to join the ELDR Party and intended to sit with them in the ALDE Group in the European Parliament after the 2009 European elections.[40] The change was made official on 17 April 2009, when FF joined the ELDR Party.

In October 2009, it was reported that Fianna Fáil had irritated its new Liberal colleagues by failing to vote for the motion on press freedom in Italy (resulting in its defeat by a majority of one in the Parliament) and by trying to scupper their party colleagues' initiative for gay rights.[41] In January 2010, a report by academic experts writing for the votewatch.eu site found that FF "do not seem to toe the political line" of the ALDE Group "when it comes to budget and civil liberties" issues.[42]

In the 2014 European elections, Fianna Fáil received 22.3% of first-preference votes returned a single MEP, a reduction in representation of two MEPs from the previous term. This was due to a combination of the party's vote further dropping in Dublin and a two candidate strategy in the Midlands North West constituency, which backfired, resulting in sitting MEP Pat the Cope Gallagher losing his seat. [43] [44] Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). The following day on 24 June 2014 Crowley had the Fianna Fáil party whip withdrawn. [45]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Fianna Fail". UCD.ie. 16 May 1926. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
  2. ^ Beesley, Arthur (24 April 2013). "Fianna Fáil faces pressure over abortion at weekend ardfheis". The Irish Times. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  3. ^ a b T. Banchoff (28 June 1999). Legitimacy and the European Union. Taylor & Francis. pp. 127–. ISBN 978-0-415-18188-4. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
  4. ^ a b George A. Kourvetaris; Andreas Moschonas (1996). The Impact of European Integration: Political, Sociological, and Economic Changes. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 208–. ISBN 978-0-275-95356-0. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
  5. ^ a b Scanlan, Margaret (30 March 2006). Culture and Customs of Ireland. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-313-33162-6. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
  6. ^ a b Ian Budge; David Robertson; Derek Hearl (9 July 1987). Ideology, Strategy and Party Change: Spatial Analyses of Post-War Election Programmes in 19 Democracies. Cambridge University Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-521-30648-5. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
  7. ^ Titley, Gavan (24 February 2011). "Beyond the yin and yang of Fine Gael and Fianna Fáil". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  8. ^ a b Burke-Kennedy, Eoin (24 January 2011). "Political turmoil grabs global headlines". The Irish Times.
  9. ^ a b "Enda Kenny hails 'democratic revolution' in Ireland". Christian Science Monitor. 27 February 2011.
  10. ^ a b Halligan, Liam (6 April 2008). "Will the credit crisis leave Ireland's economy all washed up?". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  11. ^ a b Titley, Gavan (24 February 2011). "Beyond the yin and yang of Fine Gael and Fianna Fáil". The Guardian. London.
  12. ^ a b Smyth, Jamie (14 October 2011). "McGuinness battles to escape IRA past". The Financial Times.
  13. ^ a b Haughey, Nuala (28 November 2010). "Irish protest against austerity cuts". The National.
  14. ^ "Fianna Fáil: definition of Fianna Fáil in Oxford dictionary (British & World English). Meaning, pronunciation and origin of the word". Oxford Language Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013. {{cite web}}: |article= ignored (help)
  15. ^ "Constitution of Fianna Fáil". Fianna Fáil. Retrieved 8 December 2013. The Movement [Fianna Fáil] shall be organised and known as Fianna Fáil, The Republican Party, in accordance with the Rules annexed hereto
  16. ^ Hans Slomp (2011). Europe, a Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics. ABC-CLIO. pp. 333–. ISBN 978-0-313-39181-1.
  17. ^ "History of Fianna Fáil | Fianna Fáil". Fiannafail.ie. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
  18. ^ Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977). (advisory ed. Tomás de Bhaldraithe) (ed.). Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla (in Irish). Dublin: An Gúm. pp. 512, 540. ISBN 1-85791-037-0.
  19. ^ a b "Micheal Martin elected as eighth leader of Fianna Fáil". The Irish Times. 26 January 2011.
  20. ^ Cowen, Barry (26 May 2011). "Cowen Calls on Government to resist OECD right wing agenda". Fianna Fáil. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  21. ^ "Recapturing relevance a huge challenge for FF". The Irish Times. 1 May 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  22. ^ "Angry electorate coldly voted to liquidate Fianna Fáil". The Irish Times. 28 February 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  23. ^ http://www.liberal-international.org/site/Observer_Members.html
  24. ^ Komito, Lee (1985). Politics and Clientelism in Urban Ireland: Information, reputation, and brokerage (Ph.D.). Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International. 8603660. Retrieved 24 June 2013. The only exception was Neil Blaney in Donegal. Blaney had a very strong personal following in Donegal and, perhaps most importantly, was able to claim that it was everyone who remained in Fianna Fáil that had actually departed from party ideals. In nationalist Donegal, the claim that he represented the true Fianna Fáil seemed effective.
  25. ^ White, Michael (25 February 2011). "Irish general election turns into slanging match with parties divided". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
  26. ^ "Fianna Fáil has lost the local knowledge. The grassroots are not being listened to". The Irish Times. 27 August 2011.
  27. ^ Laver, Michael; Benoit, Kenneth (April 2003). "The Evolution of Party Systems Between Elections" (PDF). American Journal of Political Science. 47 (2): 215–233. doi:10.1111/1540-5907.00015. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  28. ^ Benoit, Kenneth; Laver, Michael (June 2003). "Estimating Irish Party Positions Using Computer Wordscoring: The 2002 Elections". Irish Political Studies. 18 (1): 97–107. doi:10.1080/07907180312331293249. CiteSeerx: 10.1.1.144.6558.
  29. ^ Benoit, Kenneth; Laver, Michael (Summer–Autumn 2005). "Mapping the Irish Policy Space: Voter and Party Spaces in Preferential Elections" (PDF). The Economic and Social Review. 36 (2): 83–108. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  30. ^ Gilland Lutz, Karin (Winter 2003). "Irish party competition in the new millennium: Change, or plus ça change?". Irish Political Studies. 18 (2): 40–59. doi:10.1080/1364298042000227640.
  31. ^ Byrne, Kevin; O'Malley, Eoin (November 2012). "Politics with Hidden Bases: unearthing party system's deep roots". British Journal of Politics and International Relations. 14 (4): 613–629. doi:10.1111/j.1467-856X.2011.00478.x.
  32. ^ "Our Party". Fianna Fáil website. 28 October 2013.
  33. ^ Ahern, Bertie (17 September 2007). "Speech by Bertie Ahern at a Fianna Fáil conference, (17 September 2007)". University of Ulster Conflict Archive on the INternet (CAIN) website. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  34. ^ "FF officially recognised in Northern Ireland". RTÉ. 7 December 2007. Retrieved 8 December 2007.
  35. ^ "Fianna Fáil 'will organise in NI'". bbc.co.uk. 17 September 2007. Retrieved 8 December 2007.
  36. ^ "Ritchie reiterates SDLP key objectives at Labour Party Conference". Sdlp.ie. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
  37. ^ "Fianna Fáil confirms UUP recruit". BBC News. 23 February 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
  38. ^ "Fianna Fáil accepted as NI party". BBC News. 7 December 2007. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
  39. ^ http://www.highlandradio.com/2014/03/22/fianna-fail-ard-fheis-passes-two-significant-donegal-north-east-motions
  40. ^ "Full Text: Taoiseach Brian Cowen at the official Opening of 72nd Fianna Fáil Ard Fheis – Part 1", Fianna Fáil website, posted 27 February 2009
  41. ^ Willis, Andrew (29 October 2009). "Irish leader feeling the heat in EU liberal group". Euobserver.com. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
  42. ^ "Voting behaviour in the new European Parliament: the first six months, EP7, 1st Semester: July–December 2009" (PDF). Votewatch.eu.
  43. ^ http://www.newstalk.ie/Luke-Ming-Flanagan-will-take-the-first-seat-in-Midlands-North-West
  44. ^ http://www.irishtimes.com/news/elections/european-elections/midlands-north-west
  45. ^ http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/24/fianna-fail-mep-brian-crowley-whip-withdrawn

Further reading

  • Joe Ambrose (2006) Dan Breen and the IRA, Douglas Village, Cork : Mercier Press, 223 p., ISBN 1-85635-506-3
  • Bruce Arnold (2001) Jack Lynch: Hero in Crisis, Dublin : Merlin, 250p. ISBN 1-903582-06-7
  • Tim Pat Coogan (1993) De Valera : long fellow, long shadow, London : Hutchinson, 772 p., ISBN 0-09-175030-X
  • Joe Joyce and Peter Murtagh (1983) The Boss: Charles J. Haughey in government, Swords, Dublin : Poolbeg Press, 400 p., ISBN 0-905169-69-7
  • F.S.L. Lyons (1985) Ireland Since the Famine, 2nd rev. ed., London : FontanaPress, 800 p., ISBN 0-00-686005-2
  • Dorothy McCardle (1968) The Irish Republic. A documented chronicle of the Anglo-Irish conflict and the partitioning of Ireland, with a detailed account of the period 1916–1923, etc., 989 p., ISBN 0-552-07862-X
  • T. Ryle Dwyer (2001) Nice fellow : a biography of Jack Lynch, Cork : Mercier Press, 416 p., ISBN 1-85635-368-0
  • T. Ryle Dwyer (1999) Short fellow : a biography of Charles J. Haughey, Dublin : Marino, 477 p., ISBN 1-86023-100-4
  • T. Ryle Dwyer, (1997) Fallen Idol : Haughey's controversial career, Cork : Mercier Press, 191 p., ISBN 1-85635-202-1
  • Raymond Smith (1986) Haughey and O'Malley : The quest for power, Dublin : Aherlow, 295 p., ISBN 1-870138-00-7
  • Tim Ryan (1994) Albert Reynolds : the Longford leader : the unauthorised biography, Dublin : Blackwater Press, 226 p., ISBN 0-86121-549-4
  • Dick Walsh (1986) The Party: Inside Fianna Fáil, Dublin : Gill & Macmillan, 161 p., ISBN 0-7171-1446-5
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