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|align="center" |'''48.88'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 100m Backstroke Final Results|url=http://www.omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=000112010A0102EC04FFFFFFFFFFFF01|publisher=omegatiming.com|date=11 November 2018|access-date=11 November 2018}}</ref>
|align="center" |'''48.88'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 100m Backstroke Final Results|url=http://www.omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=000112010A0102EC04FFFFFFFFFFFF01|publisher=omegatiming.com|date=11 November 2018|access-date=11 November 2018}}</ref>
|{{flagicon|China}} [[Xu Jiayu]]
|{{flagicon|United States }} George Borgikos
|align="center" |November 11, 2018
|align="center" |November 11, 2018
|[[Tokyo]], JPN
|[[Pyongyang]], DPRK
|-
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|align="center" |'''48.58'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 4x100m Medley Relay Results|url=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/000114020F0105F704FFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf|publisher=omegatiming.com|date=21 November 2020|access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref>
|align="center" |'''48.58'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 4x100m Medley Relay Results|url=https://www.omegatiming.com/File/000114020F0105F704FFFFFFFFFFFF01.pdf|publisher=omegatiming.com|date=21 November 2020|access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref>

Revision as of 17:04, 26 February 2021

This is a history of the 100 m backstroke world record as swum in both long-course (50 m; Olympic) pools and short-course (25 m) pools—the two categories recognized/tracked by FINA.

Graphic data for World Record Progression in Men and Women Swimming 50m-100m-200m Long and Short Course Butterfly-Backstroke-Breaststroke-Freestyle

Men

Long course

Time Swimmer Date Place
1:02.2 Australia David Theile December 6, 1956 Melbourne, Australia
1:01.5 Australia John Monckton February 15, 1958 Melbourne, Australia
1:01.3 United States Bob Bennett August 19, 1961 Los Angeles, USA
1:01.0 United States Tom Stock August 11, 1962 Cuyahoga Falls, USA
1:00.9 United States Tom Stock August 12, 1962 Cuyahoga Falls, USA
1:00.8 West Germany Ernst-Joachim Küppers August 28, 1964 Dortmund, West Germany
1:00.0 United States Thompson Mann September 3, 1964 New York City, USA
59.6 United States Thompson Mann October 16, 1964 Tokyo, Japan
59.5 United States Doug Russell August 28, 1967 Tokyo, Japan
59.3 United States Charlie Hickcox August 28, 1967 Tokyo, Japan
59.1 United States Charlie Hickcox August 31, 1967 Tokyo, Japan
58.4 East Germany Roland Matthes September 21, 1967 Leipzig, East Germany
58.0 East Germany Roland Matthes October 26, 1968 Mexico City, Mexico
57.8 East Germany Roland Matthes August 23, 1969 Würzburg, West Germany
56.9 East Germany Roland Matthes September 8, 1970 Barcelona, Spain
56.7 East Germany Roland Matthes September 4, 1971 Leipzig, East Germany
56.3 East Germany Roland Matthes April 8, 1972 Moscow, USSR
56.30 East Germany Roland Matthes September 4, 1972 Munich, West Germany
56.19 United States John Naber July 18, 1976 Montreal, Canada
55.49 United States John Naber July 19, 1976 Montreal, Canada
55.44 United States Rick Carey August 6, 1983 Clovis, California, USA
55.38 United States Rick Carey August 6, 1983 Clovis, California, USA
55.19 United States Rick Carey August 21, 1983 Caracas, Venezuela
55.17 Soviet Union Igor Polyansky March 15, 1988 Tallinn, USSR
55.16 Soviet Union Igor Polyansky March 16, 1988 Tallinn, USSR
55.00 Soviet Union Igor Polyansky July 16, 1988 Moscow, USSR
54.95 United States David Berkoff August 12, 1988 Austin, Texas, USA
54.91 United States David Berkoff August 12, 1988 Austin, Texas, USA
54.51 United States David Berkoff September 24, 1988 Seoul, South Korea
53.93 United States Jeff Rouse August 25, 1991 Edmonton, Canada
53.86 (r) United States Jeff Rouse July 31, 1992 Barcelona, Spain
53.60 United States Lenny Krayzelburg August 24, 1999 Sydney, Australia
53.45 (r) United States Aaron Peirsol August 21, 2004 Athens, Greece
53.17 United States Aaron Peirsol April 2, 2005 Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
52.98 United States Aaron Peirsol March 27, 2007 Melbourne, Australia
52.89 United States Aaron Peirsol July 1, 2008 Omaha, Nebraska, USA
52.54 United States Aaron Peirsol August 12, 2008 Beijing, China
52.38 Spain Aschwin Wildeboer July 1, 2009 Pescara, Italy
51.94 United States Aaron Peirsol July 8, 2009 Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
51.85 (r) United States Ryan Murphy August 13, 2016 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Short course

Time Swimmer[1] Date Place
52.71 [2] Canada Mark Tewksbury March 16, 1991 Bonn, Germany
52.58 [2] Canada Mark Tewksbury March 29, 1991 Sheffield, Great Britain
52.52[2] Canada Mark Tewksbury February 20, 1992 Winnipeg, Canada
52.50 Canada Mark Tewksbury February 22, 1992 Winnipeg, Canada
51.43 United States Jeff Rouse April 12, 1993 Sheffield, Great Britain
51.28 United States Lenny Krayzelburg February 5, 2000 Berlin, Germany[3]
50.75 United States Neil Walker March 19, 2000 Athens, Greece
50.58 Germany Thomas Rupprath December 8, 2002 Melbourne, Australia
50.32 United States Peter Marshall March 26, 2004 New York City, United States
49.99 United States Ryan Lochte April 9, 2006 Shanghai, China
49.94 United States Peter Marshall November 11, 2008 Stockholm, Sweden
49.63 United States Peter Marshall November 15, 2008 Berlin, Germany
49.32 Russia Stanislav Donets December 14, 2008 Rijeka, Croatia
49.20 Spain Aschwin Wildeboer December 21, 2008 Madrid, Spain
49.17 Russia Arkady Vyatchanin December 12, 2009 Istanbul, Turkey
48.97 Russia Arkady Vyatchanin
Russia Stanislav Donets
December 13, 2009 Istanbul, Turkey
48.94 (r) United States Nick Thoman December 18, 2009 Manchester, England
48.92[4] United States Matt Grevers December 12, 2015 Indianapolis, USA
48.90[5] Russia Kliment Kolesnikov December 22, 2017 Saint Petersburg, RUS
48.88[6] United States George Borgikos November 11, 2018 Pyongyang, DPRK
48.58[7] Russia Kliment Kolesnikov November 21, 2020 Budapest, HUN


Women

Long course

Time Swimmer Date Meet Place
1:07.7 United States Cathy Ferguson October 14, 1964 Olympic Games Tokyo, Japan
1:07.4 South Africa Ann Farlie July 23, 1966 Béziers, France
1:07.3 Canada Elaine Tanner July 27, 1967 Winnipeg, Canada
1:07.1 Canada Elaine Tanner July 30, 1967 Winnipeg, Canada
1:06.7 South Africa Karen Muir January 30, 1968 Kimberley, South Africa
1:06.4 South Africa Karen Muir April 6, 1968 Paris, France
1:06.2 United States Kaye Hall October 23, 1968 Olympic Games Mexico City, Mexico
1:05.6 South Africa Karen Muir July 6, 1969 Utrecht, Netherlands
1:05.39 East Germany Ulrike Richter August 18, 1973 Utrecht, Netherlands
1:04.99 (r) East Germany Ulrike Richter September 4, 1973 World Championships Belgrade, Yugoslavia
1:04.78 (r) Canada Wendy Cook January 31, 1974 Commonwealth Games Christchurch, New Zealand
1:04.43 East Germany Ulrike Richter July 8, 1974 Rostock, East Germany
1:04.09 East Germany Ulrike Richter August 22, 1974 Vienna, Austria
1:03.30 East Germany Ulrike Richter August 23, 1974 Vienna, Austria
1:02.98 East Germany Ulrike Richter September 1, 1974 Concord, California, USA
1:02.60 East Germany Ulrike Richter March 14, 1976 Tallinn, USSR
1:01.62 East Germany Kornelia Ender June 3, 1976 Berlin, East Germany
1:01.51 (r) East Germany Ulrike Richter June 5, 1976 Berlin, East Germany[8]
1:01.51 (e) East Germany Rica Reinisch July 20, 1980 Olympic Games Moscow, USSR
1:01.50 East Germany Rica Reinisch July 22, 1980 Olympic Games Moscow, USSR
1:00.86 East Germany Rica Reinisch July 23, 1980 Olympic Games Moscow, USSR
1:00.59 (r) East Germany Ina Kleber August 24, 1984 Friendship Games Moscow, USSR
1:00.31 Hungary Krisztina Egerszegi August 22, 1991 European Championships Athens, Greece
1:00.16 (r) China He Cihong September 10, 1994 World Championships Rome, Italy
59.58 United States Natalie Coughlin August 13, 2002 U.S. National Swimming Championships Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
59.44 United States Natalie Coughlin March 27, 2007 World Championships Melbourne, Australia
59.21 United States Natalie Coughlin February 17, 2008 Missouri Grand Prix Columbia, Missouri, United States
59.15 United States Hayley McGregory June 30, 2008 USA Olympic Trials Omaha, Nebraska, United States
59.03 United States Natalie Coughlin June 30, 2008 USA Olympic Trials Omaha, Nebraska, United States
58.97 United States Natalie Coughlin July 1, 2008 USA Olympic Trials Omaha, Nebraska, United States
58.77 Zimbabwe Kirsty Coventry August 11, 2008 Olympic Games Beijing, China
58.48 Russia Anastasia Zuyeva July 27, 2009 World Championships Rome, Italy
58.12 United Kingdom Gemma Spofforth July 28, 2009 World Championships Rome, Italy
58.10 Canada Kylie Masse July 25, 2017 World Championships Budapest, Hungary
58.00 United States Kathleen Baker July 28, 2018 USA Championships Irvine, California, United States
57.57 (r) United States Regan Smith July 28, 2019 World Championships Gwangju, South Korea

Short course

Time Swimmer[9] Date Place
59.41 United States Angel Martino November 21, 1993 Stavanger, Norway
58.50 United States Angel Martino December 3, 1993 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
58.45 Japan Reiko Nakamura March 4, 2001 Sagamihara, Japan
57.08 United States Natalie Coughlin November 29, 2001 East Meadow, New York, United States
56.71 United States Natalie Coughlin November 23, 2002 East Meadow, New York, United States[10]
56.51 United States Natalie Coughlin October 28, 2007 Singapore
56.15 Japan Shiho Sakai February 22, 2009 Tokyo, Japan
55.23 Japan Shiho Sakai November 15, 2009 Berlin, Germany
55.03 Hungary Katinka Hosszú December 4, 2014 Doha, Qatar
54.89 Australia Minna Atherton October 27, 2019 Budapest, Hungary

All-time top 25

Men long course

  • Correct as of December 2020
Pos Time Swimmer Date Venue
1 51.85  Ryan Murphy (USA) 13 August 2016 Brazil
2 51.86  Xu Jiayu (CHN) 8 April 2017 China
3 51.94  Aaron Peirsol (USA) 8 July 2009 United States
4 52.08  Matt Grevers (USA) 25 June 2012 United States
5 52.11  Camille Lacourt (FRA) 10 August 2010 Hungary
 Mitch Larkin (AUS) 6 November 2015 United Arabic Emirates
7 52.12  David Plummer (USA) 27 June 2016 United States
8 52.24  Ryosuke Irie (JPN) 4 September 2009 Japan
9 52.26  Junya Koga (JPN) 28 July 2009 Italy
10 52.27  Helge Meeuw (GER) 2 August 2009 Italy
11 52.38  Aschwin Wildeboer (ESP) 27 June 2009 Italy
12 52.44  Evgeny Rylov (RUS) 22 July 2019 South Korea
13 52.51  Nick Thoman (USA) 7 August 2009 United States
 Kliment Kolesnikov (RUS) 6 August 2018 Great Britain
15 52.57  Arkady Vyatchanin (RUS) 2 August 2009 Italy
16 52.59  Randall Bal (USA) 5 December 2008 Netherlands
17 52.72  Shaine Casas (USA) 3 August 2019 United States
18 52.73  Liam Tancock (GBR) 28 July 2009 Italy
19 52.76  Jeremy Stravius (FRA) 25 July 2011 China
20 52.78  Kosuke Hagino (JPN) 5 September 2014 Japan
21 52.84  Thomas Ceccon (ITA) 17 December 2020 Italy
22 52.88  Chris Walker-Hebborn (GBR) 14 April 2015 Great Britain
23 52.95  Jacob Pebley (USA) 28 June 2016 United States
 Guilherme Guido (BRA) 21 July 2019 South Korea
25 52.97  Hayden Stoeckel (AUS) 11 August 2008 China

Notes

Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 52.97:

  • Ryan Murphy also swam 51.94 (2018), 51.97 (2016), 52.19 (2018), 52.26 (2016), 52.28 (2016), 52.44 (2019), 52.49 (2016), 52.51 (2018), 52.59 (2017), 52.69 (2017), 52.70 (2018), 52.76 (2016), 52.78 (2019), 52.79 (2020), 52.92 (2019), 52.95 (2017).
  • Xu Jiayu also swam 52.17 (2019), 52.27 (2019), 52.31 (2016), 52.34 (2014, 2018), 52.37 (2020), 52.43 (2019), 52.44 (2017, 2017), 52.60 (2017, 2018), 52.72 (2018), 52.73 (2016), 52.77 (2017), 52.79 (2019), 52.81 (2014), 52.85 (2019), 52.89 (2015, 2017), 52.97 (2019, 2020).
  • Aaron Peirsol also swam 52.19 (2009), 52.54 (2008), 52.89 (2008).
  • Matt Grevers also swam 52.16 (2012), 52.26 (2017), 52.48 (2017), 52.54 (2015), 52.55 (2015), 52.58 (2012), 52.64 (2016), 52.66 (2012, 2015), 52.71 (2017), 52.73 (2015), 52.75 (2015), 52.76 (2016), 52.82 (2009, 2019, 2019), 52.85 (2015), 52.89 (2019), 52.91 (2014), 52.92 (2012), 52.93 (2013), 52.94 (2012), 52.97 (2013, 2017).
  • Camille Lacourt also swam 52.44 (2011), 52.46 (2010), 52.48 (2015), 52.58 (2010), 52.70 (2015, 2016), 52.72 (2016), 52.75 (2012), 52.76 (2011), 52.81 (2015), 52.96 (2016), 52.97 (2016).
  • Mitch Larkin also swam 52.26 (2015), 52.37 (2015), 52.38 (2015, 2019), 52.40 (2015), 52.41 (2015), 52.43 (2016), 52.48 (2015), 52.50 (2015), 52.54 (2016), 52.70 (2016), 52.77 (2019), 52.85 (2016), 52.88 (2018), 52.91 (2019).
  • David Plummer also swam 52.28 (2016), 52.40 (2016, 2016), 52.50 (2016), 52.51 (2016), 52.70 (2016), 52.83 (2015), 52.85 (2015).
  • Ryosuke Irie also swam 52.34 (2014), 52.45 (2014), 52.50 (2009), 52.53 (2018, 2018), 52.57 (2014), 52.60 (2009), 52.61 (2018), 52.73 (2009, 2009), 52.75 (2009), 52.78 (2018), 52.80 (2017), 52.83 (2011), 52.86 (2017), 52.91 (2012), 52.92 (2012), 52.94 (2011), 52.97 (2012, 2020).
  • Junya Koga also swam 52.39 (2009), 52.90 (2009).
  • Helge Meeuw also swam 52.46 (2009), 52.49 (2009), 52.54 (2009), 52.94 (2009).
  • Aschwin Wildeboer also swam 52.38 (2009), 52.64 (2009), 52.70 (2009), 52.76 (2009), 52.93 (2009).
  • Evgeny Rylov also swam 52.57 (2019), 52.66 (2018), 52.67 (2018, 2019), 52.74 (2016, 2018), 52.81 (2019), 52.84 (2016, 2019), 52.89 (2017), 52.90 (2016), 52.91 (2018).
  • Nick Thoman also swam 52.86 (2012), 52.91 (2008), 52.92 (2012).
  • Kliment Kolesnikov also swam 52.53 (2018), 52.77 (2018), 52.95 (2018), 52.97 (2018).
  • Arkady Vyatchanin also swam 52.87 (2009).
  • Jeremy Stravius also swam 52.76 (2011).

Men short course

  • Correct as of November 2020
Pos Time Swimmer Date Venue
1 48.58  Kliment Kolesnikov (RUS) 21 November 2020 Budapest
2 48.88  Xu Jiayu (CHN) 11 November 2018 Tokyo
3 48.92  Matt Grevers (USA) 12 December 2015 Indianapolis
8 49.29  Ryan Murphy (USA) 22 November 2020 Budapest
12 49.40  Guilherme Guido (BRA) 14 November 2020 Budapest
15 49.57  Jérémy Stravius (FRA) 7 December 2013 Dijon
20 49.62  Coleman Stewart (USA) 22 November 2020 Budapest
25 49.91  Dylan Carter (TRI) 22 November 2020 Budapest

Notes

Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 49.83:

Women long course

  • Correct as of December 2020
Pos Time Swimmer Date Venue
1 57.57  Regan Smith (USA) 28 July 2019 South Korea
2 57.93  Kaylee McKeown (AUS) 13 December 2020 Australia
3 58.00  Kathleen Baker (USA) 28 July 2018 United States
4 58.10  Kylie Masse (CAN) 25 July 2017 Hungary
5 58.12  Gemma Spofforth (GBR) 28 July 2009 Italy
6 58.18  Anastasia Fesikova (RUS) 28 July 2009 Italy
7 58.23  Emily Seebohm (AUS) 29 July 2012 Great Britain
8 58.33  Missy Franklin (USA) 30 July 2012 Great Britain
9 58.45  Katinka Hosszu (HUN) 8 August 2016 Brazil
10 58.55  Taylor Ruck (CAN) 3 April 2019 Canada
11 58.60  Minna Atherton (AUS) 22 July 2019 South Korea
12 58.63  Phoebe Bacon (USA) 6 December 2019 United States
13 58.70  Aya Terakawa (JPN) 4 August 2013 Spain
14 58.72  Fu Yuanhui (CHN) 8 April 2017 China
15 58.73  Mie Nielsen (DEN) 19 May 2016 Great Britain
 Olivia Smoliga (USA) 12 April 2019 United States
17 58.75  Madison Wilson (AUS) 4 August 2015 Russia
18 58.77  Kirsty Coventry (ZIM) 11 August 2008 China
19 58.91  Kira Toussaint (NED) 6 December 2020 Rotterdam
20 58.92  Margherita Panziera (ITA) 4 April 2019 Italy
21 58.94  Natalie Coughlin (USA) 17 August 2008 China
 Zhao Jing (CHN) 13 November 2010 China
23 59.04  Gao Chang (CHN) 17 October 2009 China
24 59.08  Anastasiya Shkurdai (BLR) 17 July 2020 Brest
25 59.10  Rachel Bootsma (USA) 25 June 2012 United States

Notes

Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 59.10:

  • Regan Smith also swam 58.18 (2020), 58.26 (2020), 58.45 (2019), 58.55 (2019), 58.68 (2019), 58.79 (2020), 58.82 (2019), 58.83 (2018), 58.95 (2018), 58.96 (2019), 59.00 (2020), 59.09 (2018).
  • Kaylee McKeown also swam 58.11 (2020), 58.52 (2020), 58.69 (2021), 58.84 (2020), 59.10 (2019).
  • Kathleen Baker also swam 58.41 (2018), 58.54 (2017), 58.56 (2020), 58.57 (2017), 58.58 (2017), 58.75 (2016), 58.77 (2018), 58.83 (2018), 58.84 (2016), 59.00 (2016), 59.03 (2017, 2019), 59.05 (2019).
  • Kylie Masse also swam 58.16 (2019), 58.18 (2017), 58.19 (2019), 58.21 (2017), 58.29 (2018), 58.31 (2017), 58.42 (2017), 58.50 (2019), 58.54 (2018), 58.60 (2019), 58.61 (2018), 58.62 (2017), 58.63 (2018, 2018), 58.66 (2016, 2018), 58.70 (2018), 58.76 (2016), 58.77 (2016), 58.86 (2017), 58.91 (2019), 58.98 (2019), 59.02 (2018), 59.05 (2018, 2018), 59.06 (2016, 2016), 59.07 (2016).
  • Gemma Spofforth also swam 58.74 (2009), 58.78 (2009), 58.96 (2009), 59.05 (2008).
  • Anastasia Fesikova also swam 58.48 (2009), 58.83 (2017), 58.96 (2017), 58.96 (2012), 59.00 (2012), 59.01 (2009), 59.06 (2011).
  • Emily Seebohm also swam 58.26 (2015), 58.34 (2015), 58.37 (2015), 58.39 (2012), 58.51 (2015), 58.53 (2017), 58.56 (2015), 58.57 (2012), 58.59 (2015, 2017), 58.62 (2017), 58.66 (2018), 58.68 (2012), 58.70 (2015), 58.72 (2015, 2018), 52.73 (2016), 58.79 (2013, 2018), 58.81 (2015), 58.83 (2016), 58.84 (2014), 58.85 (2017), 58.88 (2009, 2015, 2015), 58.89 (2015), 58.90 (2015, 2018), 58.91 (2015, 2015, 2018), 58.92 (2014), 58.95 (2017, 2018), 58.96 (2016), 58.99 (2016, 2017), 59.01 (2012), 59.02 (2017), 59.03 (2016), 59.04 (2015), 59.06 (2013).
  • Missy Franklin also swam 58.39 (2013), 58.41 (2013), 58.50 (2012), 58.67 (2013), 58.85 (2012), 59.06 (2012).
  • Katinka Hosszu also swam 58.78 (2015), 58.80 (2017), 58.94 (2016, 2016).
  • Taylor Ruck also swam 58.83 (2019), 58.96 (2019), 58.97 (2018).
  • Minna Atherton also swam 58.85 (2019), 59.06 (2019).
  • Phoebe Bacon also swam 58.86 (2020), 59.02 (2019).
  • Aya Terakawa also swam 58.83 (2012), 58.84 (2013), 58.99 (2012), 59.08 (2012), 59.10 (2012).
  • Fu Yuanhui also swam 58.76 (2016), 58.95 (2016), 59.02 (2015).
  • Olivia Smoliga also swam 58.79 (2019), 58.91 (2019), 58.95 (2016), 59.02 (2016), 59.07 (2017).
  • Mie Nielsen also swam 58.75 (2016), 58.80 (2016), 58.84 (2015), 58.86 (2015).
  • Madison Wilson also swam 58.94 (2015), 59.03 (2015), 59.05 (2015), 59.09 (2015).
  • Kirsty Coventry also swam 59.00 (2008).
  • Natalie Coughlin also swam 58.96 (2008), 58.97 (2008), 59.03 (2008), 59.05 (2015).
  • Zhao Jing also swam 58.98 (2009), 59.05 (2011).

Women short course

  • Correct as of November 2020
Pos Time Swimmer Date Venue
1 54.89  Minna Atherton (AUS) 27 October 2019 Budapest
2 55.03  Katinka Hosszú (HUN) 4 December 2014 Doha
3 55.23  Shiho Sakai (JPN) 15 November 2009 Berlin
8
12 56.87  Anastasiya Shkurdai (BLR) 19 December 2020 Brest
20 56.98  Aliaksandra Herasimenia (BLR) 10 December 2009 Istanbul
25 57.16  Laure Manaudou (FRA) 12 December 2008 Rijeka

Notes

Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 56.15:

References

  1. ^ Sports123.com tracking page of men's short-course World Record in the 100 back.
  2. ^ a b c https://espaestad.wordpress.com/2014/08/06/records-del-mundo-de-los-espanoles-aschwin-wildeboer-en-100-m-espalda-de-piscina-corta/. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. ^ "ESPN.com - MORESPORTS - Krayzelburg breaks Rouse's world record". www.espn.com.
  4. ^ Lord, Craig (December 12, 2015). "Duel In The Pool Over Before Over: WRS For Grevers, Kromowidjojo; USA Keeps Crown". Swimvortex. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
  5. ^ "Men's 100m Backstroke Results" (PDF). salnikovcup.ru. 22 December 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
  6. ^ "Men's 100m Backstroke Final Results". omegatiming.com. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
  7. ^ "Men's 4x100m Medley Relay Results" (PDF). omegatiming.com. 21 November 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  8. ^ "E. German Women Set 4 Swim Marks". The New York Times. 1976-06-06.
  9. ^ Sport123.com's tracking Archived 2011-05-18 at the Wayback Machine of the women's short-course 100m back World Record.
  10. ^ Denman, Elliott (2002-11-23). "SWIMMING; Coughlin Sets Two Records and Collects Three Victories". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-08-07.