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Undid revision 1133121297 by Jssyedmadar (talk) stop doing this, and discuss on the article talk page.
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Undid revision 1133188045 by Pepperbeast (talk) This would be ongoing until you respond to the valid objections being brought with references and citations. Note that the entry of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is retained in the original page, but this claim is not accepted by more than 90% of Muslims.
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[[File:تخطيط كلمة ابن تيمية.png|thumb|[[Ibn Taymiyyah]] (1263–1328), mujaddid of the 7th century, is known for his theological, political and military activities.]]
[[File:تخطيط كلمة ابن تيمية.png|thumb|[[Ibn Taymiyyah]] (1263–1328), mujaddid of the 7th century, is known for his theological, political and military activities.]]


While there is no formal mechanism for designating a ''mujaddid'' in [[Sunni Islam]], there is often a popular consensus. The [[Shia]] and [[Ahmadiyya]]<ref name="Ghulam">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-RfYBgAAQBAJ|title=Religion in Southeast Asia: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures|date=10 March 2015|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO|ABC-CLIO, LLC]]|isbn=9781610692502}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=September 2018}}<ref name=" Jesudas M. Athyal 2015 p 1">Jesudas M. Athyal, Religion in Southeast Asia: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures, (ABC-CLIO, LLC 2015), p 1. {{ISBN|9781610692496}}.</ref> have their own list of mujaddids.<ref name="MICE"/>
While there is no formal mechanism for designating a ''mujaddid'' in [[Sunni Islam]], there is often a popular consensus. The [[Shia]] and [[Ahmadiyya]]<ref name="Ghulam">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-RfYBgAAQBAJ|title=Religion in Southeast Asia: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures|date=10 March 2015|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO|ABC-CLIO, LLC]]|isbn=9781610692502}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=September 2018}}<ref name="Jesudas M. Athyal 2015 p 1">Jesudas M. Athyal, Religion in Southeast Asia: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures, (ABC-CLIO, LLC 2015), p 1. {{ISBN|9781610692496}}.</ref> have their own list of mujaddids.<ref name="MICE"/>


===First century (after the prophetic period) (August 3, 718)===
===First century (after the prophetic period) (August 3, 718)===
Line 107: Line 107:
===Fourteenth century (November 21, 1979)===
===Fourteenth century (November 21, 1979)===
* [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] (1863–1943)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mian|first=Ali Altaf|date=2015|title=Surviving Modernity: Ashraf 'Ali Thanvi (1863–1943) and the Making of Muslim Orthodoxy in Colonial India|url=https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/handle/10161/9815|journal=Duke University|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] (1863–1943)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mian|first=Ali Altaf|date=2015|title=Surviving Modernity: Ashraf 'Ali Thanvi (1863–1943) and the Making of Muslim Orthodoxy in Colonial India|url=https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/handle/10161/9815|journal=Duke University|language=en}}</ref>
⚫
*[[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]] (1835–1908)<ref>Adil Hussain Khan, [https://books.google.com/books?id=C2DxBwAAQBAJ ''From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim Minority Movement in South Asia''], Indiana University Press, 6 April 2015, p. 42.</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background | author=Friedmann, Yohanan | year=2003 | publisher=Oxford University Press | page=107 | isbn=965-264-014-X}}</ref>{{refn|Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is the founder of the [[Ahmadiyya]] sect. The [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]-Shia mainstream and the majority of Muslims reject the Ahmadiyya sect as it believes in non-law bearing prophethood after Muhammad.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e85|title=Ahmadis - Oxford Islamic Studies Online|website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com|language=en|access-date=2018-09-03|quote=Controversial messianic movement founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in Qadian, Punjab (British-controlled India), in 1889. Founder claimed to be a “nonlegislating” prophet (thus not in opposition to the mainstream belief in the finality of Muhammad's “legislative” prophecy) with a divine mandate for the revival and renewal of Islam.}}</ref>
* [[Said Nursî]] (1878–1960)<ref name="Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices">{{cite book |last=Rippin|first=Andrew|title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|year= |publisher= |page=282|isbn= }}</ref>
* [[Said Nursî]] (1878–1960)<ref name="Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices">{{cite book |last=Rippin|first=Andrew|title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|year= |publisher= |page=282|isbn= }}</ref>
* [[Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di]] (1889-1957)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=Van Mitchell|date=September 1974|title=History of West Africa, Vol. 2|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1974.9946605|journal=History: Reviews of New Books|volume=2|issue=10|pages=251|doi=10.1080/03612759.1974.9946605|issn=0361-2759}}</ref>
* [[Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di]] (1889-1957)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=Van Mitchell|date=September 1974|title=History of West Africa, Vol. 2|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1974.9946605|journal=History: Reviews of New Books|volume=2|issue=10|pages=251|doi=10.1080/03612759.1974.9946605|issn=0361-2759}}</ref>
Line 113: Line 112:
* [[Murabit al-Hajj]] (1913 - 2018) <ref name="Sufism in West Africa">{{cite journal|author=Rüdiger Seesemann|title=Sufism in West Africa|journal=Religion Compass |url=https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-8171.2010.00241.x|year=2010|volume=4 |issue=10 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|pages= 606–614|doi=10.1111/j.1749-8171.2010.00241.x }}</ref>
* [[Murabit al-Hajj]] (1913 - 2018) <ref name="Sufism in West Africa">{{cite journal|author=Rüdiger Seesemann|title=Sufism in West Africa|journal=Religion Compass |url=https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-8171.2010.00241.x|year=2010|volume=4 |issue=10 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|pages= 606–614|doi=10.1111/j.1749-8171.2010.00241.x }}</ref>
* [[Muhammad 'Alawi al-Maliki]] (1944-2004) <ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-03-02|title=next mujaddid- Syekh Muhammad Alawi al-Maliki, Benteng Sunni Abad ke-21|url=https://republika.co.id/berita/koran/news-update/15/03/02/nkkosb53-next-mujaddid-syekh-muhammad-alawi-almaliki-benteng-sunni-abad-ke21|access-date=2020-06-08|work=[[Republika (Indonesian newspaper)]] |language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jalali|title=Correct Understanding of the Mawlid – 1 {{!}} TAQWA.sg {{!}} Tariqatu-l Arusiyyatu-l Qadiriyyah Worldwide Association (Singapore) - Shari'a, Tariqa, Ma'rifa, and Haqiqa|url=http://taqwa.sg/v/articles/correct-understanding-of-the-mawlid-1/|access-date=2020-06-08|language=en-GB}}</ref>
* [[Muhammad 'Alawi al-Maliki]] (1944-2004) <ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-03-02|title=next mujaddid- Syekh Muhammad Alawi al-Maliki, Benteng Sunni Abad ke-21|url=https://republika.co.id/berita/koran/news-update/15/03/02/nkkosb53-next-mujaddid-syekh-muhammad-alawi-almaliki-benteng-sunni-abad-ke21|access-date=2020-06-08|work=[[Republika (Indonesian newspaper)]] |language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jalali|title=Correct Understanding of the Mawlid – 1 {{!}} TAQWA.sg {{!}} Tariqatu-l Arusiyyatu-l Qadiriyyah Worldwide Association (Singapore) - Shari'a, Tariqa, Ma'rifa, and Haqiqa|url=http://taqwa.sg/v/articles/correct-understanding-of-the-mawlid-1/|access-date=2020-06-08|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Claimants in other traditions==
⚫
*[[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]] (1835–1908)<ref>Adil Hussain Khan, [https://books.google.com/books?id=C2DxBwAAQBAJ ''From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim Minority Movement in South Asia''], Indiana University Press, 6 April 2015, p. 42.</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background | author=Friedmann, Yohanan | year=2003 | publisher=Oxford University Press | page=107 | isbn=965-264-014-X}}</ref>{{refn|Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is the founder of the [[Ahmadiyya]] sect. The [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]-Shia mainstream and the majority of Muslims reject the Ahmadiyya sect as it believes in non-law bearing prophethood after Muhammad.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e85|title=Ahmadis - Oxford Islamic Studies Online|website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com|language=en|access-date=2018-09-03|quote=Controversial messianic movement founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in Qadian, Punjab (British-controlled India), in 1889. Founder claimed to be a “nonlegislating” prophet (thus not in opposition to the mainstream belief in the finality of Muhammad's “legislative” prophecy) with a divine mandate for the revival and renewal of Islam.}}</ref>

===Criticism===
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad and his followers Ahmadis have been viewed as infidels<ref>{{Cite web|last=Imam|first=Zainab|date=2016-06-01|title=The day I declared my best friend kafir just so I could get a passport|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1261622|access-date=2021-08-14|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Sayeed|first=Saad|date=2017-11-16|title=Pakistan's long-persecuted Ahmadi minority fear becoming election scapegoat|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-election-ahmadis-idUSKBN1DG04H|access-date=2021-08-14}}</ref> and heretics<ref>{{Cite web|last=Paracha|first=Nadeem F.|date=2013-11-21|title=The 1974 ouster of the 'heretics': What really happened?|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1057427|access-date=2021-08-14|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref> and the movement has faced at times violent opposition.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8711026.stm |title=Who are the Ahmadi? |date=28 May 2010 |work=[[BBC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530013220/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8711026.stm |archive-date=30 May 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=When Muslims are not Muslims: The Ahmadiyya community and the discourse on heresy in Indonesia |last=Burhani |first=Ahmad Najib |publisher=[[University of California]] |year=2013 |isbn=9781303424861 |location=Santa Barbara, California |url=https://alexandria.ucsb.edu/lib/ark:/48907/f3707zhx}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/heretical-ahmadiyya-sect-raises-muslim-hackles/article1-752846.aspx |title='Heretical' Ahmadiyya sect raises Muslim hackles |last=Haq |first=Zia |date=2 October 2011 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419082837/http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/heretical-ahmadiyya-sect-raises-muslim-hackles/article1-752846.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 April 2015 |place=New Delhi}}</ref> In 1973, the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] officially declared that the Ahmadiyya was not linked to Islam.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Harrigan|first1=Jane|title=Faith-Based Welfare and Jordan's Muslim Brotherhood Movement|date=2009|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137001580_4|work=Economic Liberalisation, Social Capital and Islamic Welfare Provision|pages=56–77|place=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-349-30033-4|access-date=2021-08-14|last2=El-Said|first2=Hamed|doi=10.1057/9781137001580_4}}</ref> In Pakistan, Ahmadis have been officially declared as non-Muslims by the [[Government of Pakistan]]<ref name="2ndamend">{{cite web|title=Constitution (Second Amendment) Act, 1974|url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/amendments/2amendment.html|access-date=21 January 2020|website=The Constitution of Pakistan|publisher=pakistani.org}}</ref> and the term [[Qadiani|''Qādiānī'']] is often used pejoratively to refer to them and is also used in Pakistani documents.<ref name="Gualtieri 1989 14">{{cite book |first=Antonio R. |last=Gualtieri |title=Conscience and Coercion: Ahmadis and Orthodoxy in Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iCwHaOabz7YC&pg=PA14 |year=1989 |publisher=Guernica Editions |isbn=978-0-920717-41-7 |page=14}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 09:48, 13 January 2023

Not to be confused with Mujahid.

Part of a series on Islam
Usul al-Fiqh
Fiqh
Ahkam
Legal vocations and titles
Imam Al-Shafi‘i and Ahmad ibn Hanbal are the only two Madhhab founders regarded as Mujaddids.[1][2]

A mujaddid (Arabic: مجدد), is an Islamic term for one who brings "renewal" (تجديد, tajdid) to the religion.[3][4] According to the popular Muslim tradition, it refers to a person who appears at the turn of every century of the Islamic calendar to revive Islam, cleansing it of extraneous elements and restoring it to its pristine purity. In contemporary times, a mujaddid is looked upon as the greatest Muslim of a century.[5]

The concept is based on a hadith (a saying of Islamic prophet Muhammad),[6] recorded by Abu Dawood, narrated by Abu Hurairah who mentioned that Muhammad said:

Allah will raise for this community at the end of every 100 years the one who will renovate its religion for it.

— Sunan Abu Dawood, Book 37: Kitab al-Malahim [Battles], Hadith Number 4278[7]

Ikhtilaf (disagreements) exist among different hadith viewers. Scholars such as Al-Dhahabi and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani have interpreted that the term mujaddid can also be understood as plural, thus referring to a group of people.[8][9]

Mujaddids can include prominent scholars, pious rulers and military commanders.[4]

List of claimants and potential mujaddids

Rulers and conquerors such as Saladin, Tamerlane, Shah Rukh, Mehmet II, Selim I, Suleiman, Aurangzeb and Tipu Sultan were often popularly heralded as mujaddids for their roles in Political Islam (Saladin, Ottoman's Selim I and Suleiman I held the title of Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques).[10][11][12][13][14]
Ibn Taymiyyah (1263–1328), mujaddid of the 7th century, is known for his theological, political and military activities.

While there is no formal mechanism for designating a mujaddid in Sunni Islam, there is often a popular consensus. The Shia and Ahmadiyya[15][page needed][16] have their own list of mujaddids.[4]

First century (after the prophetic period) (August 3, 718)

Second century (August 10, 815)

Third century (August 17, 912)

Fourth Century (August 24, 1009)

Fifth century (September 1, 1106)

Sixth century (September 9, 1203)

Seventh century (September 5, 1300)

Eighth century (September 23, 1397)

Ninth century (October 1, 1494)

Tenth century (October 19, 1591)

Eleventh century (October 26, 1688)

Twelfth century (November 4, 1785)

Thirteenth century (November 14, 1882)

Fourteenth century (November 21, 1979)

Claimants in other traditions

Criticism

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad and his followers Ahmadis have been viewed as infidels[69][70] and heretics[71] and the movement has faced at times violent opposition.[72][73][74] In 1973, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation officially declared that the Ahmadiyya was not linked to Islam.[75] In Pakistan, Ahmadis have been officially declared as non-Muslims by the Government of Pakistan[76] and the term Qādiānī is often used pejoratively to refer to them and is also used in Pakistani documents.[77]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Waliullah, Shah. Izalatul Khafa'an Khilafatul Khulafa. p. 77, part 7.
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  3. ^ Faruqi, Burhan Ahmad (16 August 2010). The Mujaddid's Conception of Tawhid. p. 7. ISBN 9781446164020. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
  4. ^ a b c Meri, Josef W., ed. (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Psychology Press. p. 678. ISBN 9780415966900.
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  6. ^ Neal Robinson (2013), Islam: A Concise Introduction, Routledge, ISBN 978-0878402243, Chapter 7, pp. 85–89
  7. ^ Sunan Abu Dawood, 37:4278
  8. ^ Fath al-Baari (13/295)
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Further reading

  • Alvi, Sajida S. "The Mujaddid and Tajdīd Traditions in the Indian Subcontinent: An Historical Overview" ("Hindistan’da Mucaddid ve Tacdîd geleneği: Tarihî bir bakış"). Journal of Turkish Studies 18 (1994): 1–15.
  • Friedmann, Yohanan. Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi: An Outline of His Thought and a Study of His Image in the Eyes of Posterity. Oxford India Paperbacks

External links

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