Jinan: Difference between revisions
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[[Jinan]] has been inhabited since more than 4000 years ago. The Chengziya (城子崖) in the eastern [[Zhangqiu]] City is where the [[Longshan Culture]] first discovered in 1928. One of the unique features of [[Longshan Culture]] is the skill of pottery making demonstrated in recovered black pottery relics - some of which are as thin as egg shells. |
[[Jinan]] has been inhabited since more than 4000 years ago. The Chengziya (城子崖) in the eastern [[Zhangqiu]] City is where the [[Longshan Culture]] first discovered in 1928. One of the unique features of [[Longshan Culture]] is the skill of pottery making demonstrated in recovered black pottery relics - some of which are as thin as egg shells. |
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During the [[Spring and Autumn Period]] (722 B.C. - 481 B.C.) and [[Warring States Period]] (475 B.C - 221 B.C.), Jinan was splitted between two states - the [[state of Lu]] in the west and the [[state of Qi]] in the east. Since 685 B.C., the [[state of Qi]] started to build the Great Wall of Qi (齐长城) across the Changqing county and the wall still remains today and is open to tourists. [[Bian Que]] (扁鹊) from nowaday Changqing County was the earliest Chinese doctor appeared in historical documents and the most famous one at the time. |
During the [[Spring and Autumn Period]] (722 B.C. - 481 B.C.) and [[Warring States Period]] (475 B.C - 221 B.C.), Jinan was splitted between two states - the [[state of Lu]] in the west and the [[state of Qi]] in the east. Since 685 B.C., the [[state of Qi]] started to build the Great Wall of Qi (齐长城) across the Changqing county and the wall still remains today and is open to tourists. [[Bian Que]] (扁鹊) from nowaday Changqing County was the earliest Chinese doctor appeared in historical documents and the most famous one at the time. [[Zou Yan]] (邹衍, 305 B.C - 240 B.C) developed the concepts of [[Yin-Yang]] and [[Five Elements]] (阴阳五行说). |
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In the [[Han Dynasty]] (206 B.C. - 220 A.D.), [[Jinan]] was the captial of Kingdom of Jibei (济北国) and started to become the cultural and economic hub of the region. In 1995 and 1996, archaeologists from [[Shandong University]] excavated the tomb of [[Han Dynasty]] in Shuangru Moutain (双乳山汉墓) where the last king of Jibei [[Liu Kuan]] (刘宽) was buried. More than 2000 relics such as jade swords, jade masks, jade pillows have been recovered within the 1,500 square meter excavation site, showing off the wealth of the city during the period. [[Cao cao]] (曹操, 155 A.D - 220 A.D) was an official of Jinan before he became the de facto ruler of [[Han Dynasty]]. His son overthrew the last emperor of [[Han]] and founded the [[Wei Kingdom]](220 A.D - 265 A.D) of the [[Three Kingdom Period]]. |
In the [[Han Dynasty]] (206 B.C. - 220 A.D.), [[Jinan]] was the captial of Kingdom of Jibei (济北国) and started to become the cultural and economic hub of the region. In 1995 and 1996, archaeologists from [[Shandong University]] excavated the tomb of [[Han Dynasty]] in Shuangru Moutain (双乳山汉墓) where the last king of Jibei [[Liu Kuan]] (刘宽) was buried. More than 2000 relics such as jade swords, jade masks, jade pillows have been recovered within the 1,500 square meter excavation site, showing off the wealth of the city during the period. [[Cao cao]] (曹操, 155 A.D - 220 A.D) was an official of Jinan before he became the de facto ruler of [[Han Dynasty]]. His son overthrew the last emperor of [[Han]] and founded the [[Wei Kingdom]](220 A.D - 265 A.D) of the [[Three Kingdom Period]]. |
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Revision as of 03:07, 12 June 2007
36°40′N 116°59′E / 36.667°N 116.983°E
| Abbreviation: 济 (Pinyin: Jǐ) | |
| Quancheng Square in downtown | |
| |
| Administration Type | Sub-provincial city |
| Area | 8,177 km² |
| Population | 5.90 million (2004) |
| GDP - Total - Per Capita |
¥ 218.51 billion (2006) ¥ 37,035 (2006) |
| Mayor | Zhang Jianguo (张建国) |
| Area code | 0531 |
| City Flower | Lotus Nelumbo Adans. |
| City Tree | Chinese Willow Salix matsudana Koidz. |
Jinan (simplified Chinese: 济南; traditional Chinese: 濟南; pinyin: Jǐnán; in some literatures the pinyin without tones is given as Ji'nan, to disambiguate from a possible misreading as Jin an) is a sub-provincial city and the capital of Shandong province, People's Republic of China. Located in western Shandong, it borders Liaocheng to the southwest, Dezhou to the northwest, Binzhou to the northeast, Zibo to the east, Laiwu to the southeast and Tai'an to the south.
Administration
The sub-provincial city of Jinan administers 10 county-level divisions, including 6 districts, 1 county-level city and 3 counties.
- Licheng District (历城区)
- Lixia District (历下区)
- Shizhong District (市中区)
- Huaiying District (槐荫区)
- Tianqiao District (天桥区)
- Changqing District (长清区)
- Zhangqiu City (章丘市)
- Pingyin County (平阴县)
- Jiyang County (济阳县)
- Shanghe County (商河县)
These are further divided into 146 township-level divisions, including 65 towns, 27 townships and 54 subdistricts.
Geography and climate
Jinan is located in the north-western part of Shandong province at 36° 40′ northern latitude and 116° 57′ east of Greenwich. Because its location falls within the warm temperate continental monsoon climate zone, Jinan has four distinct seasons. The city is dry and rainless in spring, hot and rainy in summer, crisp in autumn and dry and cold in winter. The average annual temperature is 14.2°C, and the annual rainfall is around 675 mm. January is the coldest and driest month, the monthly averages are -5.4°C for the daily minimum temperature, 3.6°C for the daily maximum temperature, and 6.6 mm for the rainfall. July is the warmest and wettest month, the corresponding numbers are 23.5°C, 32.6°C, and 190.9 mm (Source: The Global Historical Climatology Network, version 2 beta, covering 874 months between 1916 and 1990).
History
Jinan has been inhabited since more than 4000 years ago. The Chengziya (城子崖) in the eastern Zhangqiu City is where the Longshan Culture first discovered in 1928. One of the unique features of Longshan Culture is the skill of pottery making demonstrated in recovered black pottery relics - some of which are as thin as egg shells.
During the Spring and Autumn Period (722 B.C. - 481 B.C.) and Warring States Period (475 B.C - 221 B.C.), Jinan was splitted between two states - the state of Lu in the west and the state of Qi in the east. Since 685 B.C., the state of Qi started to build the Great Wall of Qi (齐长城) across the Changqing county and the wall still remains today and is open to tourists. Bian Que (扁鹊) from nowaday Changqing County was the earliest Chinese doctor appeared in historical documents and the most famous one at the time. Zou Yan (邹衍, 305 B.C - 240 B.C) developed the concepts of Yin-Yang and Five Elements (阴阳五行说).
In the Han Dynasty (206 B.C. - 220 A.D.), Jinan was the captial of Kingdom of Jibei (济北国) and started to become the cultural and economic hub of the region. In 1995 and 1996, archaeologists from Shandong University excavated the tomb of Han Dynasty in Shuangru Moutain (双乳山汉墓) where the last king of Jibei Liu Kuan (刘宽) was buried. More than 2000 relics such as jade swords, jade masks, jade pillows have been recovered within the 1,500 square meter excavation site, showing off the wealth of the city during the period. Cao cao (曹操, 155 A.D - 220 A.D) was an official of Jinan before he became the de facto ruler of Han Dynasty. His son overthrew the last emperor of Han and founded the Wei Kingdom(220 A.D - 265 A.D) of the Three Kingdom Period.
Since the 5th century, Buddhism has flourished in Jinan. The Langgong Temple (朗公寺) in the southern county of Licheng was one of the most important temples in northern China at that time. The same period witnessed extensive building of Buddhist architectures in southern counties of Licheng and Changqing such as Lingyan Temple (灵岩寺), Thousand-buddha Cliff (千佛崖), etc.
Jinan remained to be the cultural center of the region during the Song Dynasty (960 A.D - 1279 A.D), two most important poets of Southern Song were both born in Jinan: Xin Qiji (辛弃疾, 1140 A.D - 1207 A.D ), the famous patriotic poet who led the peasant rebellion against the Jurchen invasion in 1161 A.D. and Li Qingzhao (李清照, 1084 A.D - 1151 A.D), the most famous female poet in Chinese history. Both of the poets lived in the same period when the Song Dynasty suffered major military setbacks against Jurchen invasion and lost almost half of the territories. Although well-known for their patriotism, the poets failed to persuade the government of Song Dynasty to stand up to the northern Jurchen Kingdom and recover the lost territories including Jinan. After retreating to southern China and realizing the incapabilities of their government, the poets started to write extensively and passionately about their hope of a stronger nation and recovery of lost lands. Many of their poems appeared in Chinese textbooks of later dynasties as well as the textbooks used today.
During the Jurchen and Mongolian occupation, culture in Jinan continued to thrive. The most famous artist of Yuan Dynasty, Zhao Mengfu (赵孟頫, 1254 A.D - 1322 A.D) was appointed as the governor of Jinan in 1293 A.D and spent three years in the city. Among the extraodinary art works he finished during his stay in Jinan, the best painting is "Autumn Colors on the Qiao and Hua Mountains" (鹊华秋色). Geographer Yu Qin (于钦, 1284 A.D - 1333 A.D) was also an official of Jinan and finished the famous geography book Qi Cheng (齐乘) in Jinan.
Economy
The economic development of Jinan only came to speed since Deng Xiaoping's 1978 reforms, opened up China to the outside world. The focus was on improving medium and large sized enterprises, thus improving the level of industrial competition. Technological developments were improved greatly. Jinan is known for various famous brands that come from the city. Jinan is moving towards specializing in industries such as social insurance, telecommunications, information, and tourism.
Agriculture and the rural economy also got a huge boost since 1978. The old way of operating agriculture is being replaced by a newer, more modern method. More and more enterprises are going to rural areas to do more business. The forest and fishing industries also thrive in the region. It is one of the top producers in China of cotton, peanuts, and fruit.
Economic growth has been fast, at a pace of nearly 12% a year in the growth of GDP since 1990. The GDP per capita was ¥25192 (US$3042) in 2003, ranked no. 38 among 659 Chinese cities.
Transportation
Railways
The two major railways going through Jinan are the North-South Jinghu Railway from Beijing to Shanghai and the West-East Jiaoji Railway from Jinan to Qingdao. By the Jinghu Railway, cities that can be reached within the province include Dezhou, Tai'an, Jining and Zaozhuang; by the Jiaoji Railway, cities that can be reached within the province include Zibo, Qingdao and Weifang.
Expressways
Major expressways include China National Highway 104, China National Highway 220 and China National Highway 309. The Jinan Coach terminus has the largest passenger flow in China.
Airport
From Jinan Airport, one can fly to every captial of Chinese provinces (except for Lhasa) as well as cities of other countries like Seoul and Singapore.
Attractions
Jinan is famous for its springs and lakes across the China. The majority of springs concentrate in the urban area where in history there were "72 Famous Springs"(七十二名泉). Jinan also used to be the center of Buddhist culture of the whole province and left behind invaluable historic sites in its southern counties.
Spring and Lake Parks
Jinan is known as the "Spring City" because of the large number of springs in the city. The must see therefore naturally include the Baotu Spring Park, where the Baotu Spring and many other smaller springs nearby have been a major attraction for tourists for many years.
"Baotu" means "jumping and leaping" in Chinese. The water in the spring pool can be seen foaming and gushing, looking like a pot of boiling water. The spring was visited by the famous Chinese Emperor Qian Long (1711-1799) of the Qing Dynasty and the Emperor complimented the spring as "No.1 under the Heaven"(天下第一泉). A tablet with the Emperor's handwriting "Baotu Spring" has since been erected beside the spring pool and the fame of Baotu Spring has spread across the country.
Not far away to the northeast of Baotu Spring Park is the Daming Lake, which, together with Baotu Spring and Thousand-Buddha Mountain has been considered as the "Three Greatest Attractions in Jinan" before other historic sites outside of the city started to be developed for tourism. However, since new historic sites and parks started to be developed in counties outside of the city, the old attractions within the city has been losing lure for tourists.
Other parks include the Lake of Five Dragons (五龙潭) near the Baotu Spring Park, the Black Tiger Springs (黑虎泉) beside the moat, the Baimai Spring (百脉泉) of eastern Zhangqiu City, etc.
Buddhist Sites
The Licheng County to the south east of the city of Jinan boasts the richness in historic Buddhist sites envied by the rest of Shandong Province. The Four-door Pagoda (四门塔) was built in 661 A.D. and is the oldest existing one-story stone tower in China. Inside the tower sit four buddhist statues of the 6th century and the Cypress (九顶松) beside the tower dates back to more than 1000 years ago. Below the hill where the tower is built are the remanents of the Shentong Temple (神通寺) founded in the 4th century but destroyed in the wars of later dynasties. The tomb towers of monks in the temple from different historic periods display extroadinary artistic features and the statues in the nearby Thousand-Buddha Cliff (千佛崖) has one of the best collections of Tang Dynasty Buddhist statues in the region.
The Lingyan Temple in the southern county of Changqing was one of the four most famous temples (四大名刹) of Tang Dynasty. The temple was founded in Jin Dynasty and it reached its heyday in Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty. During the Tang Dynasty, the famous monk Xuan Zang stayed in the temple and translated Buddhist manuscripts he had brought to China from India. Many emperors in Chinese history had visited the temple before they went to Mount Tai for ceremonies.
The clay sculptures of Buddhas made in Song Dynasty are considered as "The Best of China" (海内第一名塑) by Liang Qichao. Buddhist architectures within the temple such as towers and tomb towers are among the earliest and best protected in the region.
Museums and Libraries
The Shandong Provincial Museum located at the foothill of Thousand-Buddha Mountain is the largest museum of the province. The museum has a large collection of natural as well as historical treasures from the whole province. The museum was established in 1982 and right now it has 8 exhibition halls - "Treasures of Shandong Province", "Stone Sculptures", "Warship of Ming Dynasty", "Ancient Coins", "Art Treasures", "Fossil Collections", "Dinasours" and "Specimens". The museum has more than 210,000 relics and specimens, making up 1/3 of the collections in museums of whole province. The number of relics is No.7 in museums across China.
The Jinan Municipal Museum is to the west of Thousand-Buddha Mountain. Even though dwarfed by the provincial museum, the Jinan Museum still has a collection of more than 20,000 relics. Most relics on display in the city museum is recovered in the city.
The Shandong Provincial Library in the eastern High-tech Park is the finest in the province and among the Top 10 Chinese Libraries. By 2004, the library has more than 5.18 million documents, many of which date back to many centuries ago and are important sources for research on Chinese history. The library also has a large collection of western jounals/books. Originally, the library was built beside the famous Daming Lake in 1909 by the then governor of Shandong. In the late 1990's, the library started to move to the eatern part of the city. It reopened in 2002 with 35 reading rooms and more than 2000 seats.
The Jinan Municipal Library is much smaller and located in the north of the city.
Shopping Centers
Most shopping malls in Jinan concentrate in downtown area centered around the Quancheng Square and Quancheng Road. The Quancheng Square was built by the municipal government in the early 21-century and the statue "Spring" has become a symbol of Jinan. The square is beside the moat of the city. It has a music fountain, a 46,000 square meter underground shopping center and a hall where statues of famous people from Shandong are placed. Quancheng Square is almost always chosen as the open-air stage for large-scale public entertainment.
Walmart can be found near the western entrance to Quancheng Road. The largest bookstore of the city - the Quancheng Bookstore can also be found beside this road. The road was rebuilt at the same time when the Quancheng Square was built. The government wanted to create a modern business district and yet preserve the traditional Chinese culture. Therefore both modern western skyscrapers and newly-built shopping malls with traditional Chinese styles are located beside the road.
Education
Universities and Colleges
- Jinan University (济南大学)
- Shandong Normal University (山东师范大学)
- Shangdon Institute of Architecture and Engineering (山东建筑工程学院)
- Shandong Jiaotong University (山东交通学院)
- Shandong Economic University (山东经济学院)
- Shandong Finance Institute (山东财政学院)
- Shandong University of Chinese Traditional Medicine (山东中医药大学)
- Shandong College of Arts (山东艺术学院)
- Shandong College of Arts and Design (山东工艺美术学院)
- Shandong Physical Education Institute (山东体育学院)
- Shandong University (山东大学)
High Schools
- Shandong Experimental High School (山东省实验中学)
Sports
- Chinese Super League of football (soccer)
- Shandong Luneng, Based in Jinan
- Chinese Basketball League
- Shandong Jinsidun Lions, Based in Jinan
Sister Cities
Jinan has eleven sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI):
Wakayama, Japan (since January 14, 1983)
Coventry, UK (October 3, 1983)- Yamaguchi, Japan (September 20, 1985)
Rennes, France (1985)
Kfar Saba, Israel (2007)
Sacramento, California, USA (May 29, 1985)
Regina, Canada (August 10, 1987)
Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea (September 28, 1988)
Suwon, South Korea (October 27, 1993)
Nizhny Novgorod, Russia (September 25, 1994)
Vantaa, Finland (August 27, 2001)
Joondalup, Australia (September 4, 2004)
Augsburg, Germany (October 10, 2004)
See also
External links
- Government website of Jinan (in Simplified Chinese)
- Template:Wikitravel
- English language guide to Jinan