Zenit (rocket family): Difference between revisions

Zenit
	Zenit-2 rocket (Baikonur, 10 December 2001)
Function	Medium expendable Carrier rocket
Manufacturer	Yuzhnoye Design Bureau
Country of origin	Zenit-2: Soviet Union/ Ukraine; Zenit-3SL: Ukraine
Size
Height	57-59.6 m (187-195 ft)
Diameter	3.9 m (12.7 ft)
Mass	444,900 -462,200 kg (1,011,700 - 1,038,000 lb lb)
Stages	2 or 3
Capacity
Payload to LEO	Zenit 2 - 13,740 kg (30,290lb)
Payload to; SSO	Zenit 2 - 5,000 kg (11,000 lb)
Payload to; GTO	Zenit 3SL - 5,250 kg (11,570 lb)
Launch history
Status	Active
Launch sites	LC-45, Baikonur Cosmodrome; Ocean Odyssey
Total launches	68; 37 Zenit 2; 28 Zenit 3SL; 1 Zenit 2M; 2 Zenit 3SLB
Success(es)	58; 31 Zenit 2; 25 Zenit 3SL; 1 Zenit 2M; 1 Zenit 3SLB
Failure(s)	8; 6 Zenit 2; 2 Zenit 3SL
Partial failure(s)	2; 1 Zenit 3SL; 1 Zenit 3SLB
First flight	Zenit 2: 13 April 1985; Zenit 3SL: 28 March 1999; Zenit 2M: 29 June 2007; Zenit 3SLB: 28 April 2008
First stage
Powered by	1 RD-171
Maximum thrust	8,180 kilonewtons (1,840,000 lbf)
Specific impulse	337 sec
Burn time	150 seconds
Propellant	RP-1/LOX
Second stage
Powered by	1 RD-120; 1 RD-8
Maximum thrust	912 kilonewtons (205,000 lbf); 79.5 kilonewtons (17,900 lbf)
Specific impulse	349 sec
Burn time	315 seconds
Propellant	RP-1/LOX
Third stage (Zenit-3SL/3SLB) – Block DM-SL
Powered by	1 RD-58M
Maximum thrust	84.9 kilonewtons (19,100 lbf)
Specific impulse	352 sec
Burn time	650 seconds
Propellant	RP-1/LOX
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Template:Launching/Zenit

Zenit (Ukrainian: Зеніт, Russian: Зени́т; meaning Zenith) is a family of space launch vehicles designed by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau of Ukraine. Zenit was built in the 1980s for two purposes: as a liquid rocket booster for the Energia rocket and, equipped with a second stage, as a stand-alone rocket. Moreover Zenit was planned to take over manned spaceship launches from Soyuz, but these plans were abandoned after the fall of the Soviet Union.

Zenit-3SL is launched by the Sea Launch consortium's floating launch platform in the Pacific Ocean and Zenit-2 is launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. The engines of the Zenit's first and second stages as well as the upper stage of the Zenit-3SL rocket are supplied by Russia. There are plans to use an improved Zenit-3SLB rocket for commercial launches from Baikonur Cosmodrome beginning in April 2008. This service is marketed as "Land Launch."

Zenit-3SL has launched 29 times with 26 successes, one partial success, and two failures. The first failure, of a Hughes-built communications satellite owned by ICO Global Communications, occurred during the second commercial launch on March 12, 2000 and was blamed on a software error that failed to close a valve in the second stage of the rocket. The second failure occurred on January 30, 2007 when the rocket exploded on the Ocean Odyssey launch platform, seconds after engine ignition. The NSS-8 communication satellite on board was destroyed.

In a study of 16 launchers, the Zenit-2 was, as of March 18, 2001, the lowest cost vehicle for achieving LEO in terms of payload weight per launch ($1167-1667 per pound), and one of the lowest in terms of total costs per launch ($35-$50 million).^[3]

Specifications

Overview

	Zenit-2	Zenit-3SL
Stages	2	3
Total length	57 m	59.6 m
Total empty mass	37,600 kg	40,320 kg
Total gross mass	444,900 kg	462,200 kg
Payload	13.74 tonne to LEO	≈6 tonne to GTO
Launch site	Baikonur Cosmodrome	Sea Launch ocean platform
Launches	21 (6 failed) as of 2004-06-10	29 (2 failed, 1 partial success) as of 2009-01-30
Success ratio	71.4%	93.1%
Price per launch	~$45 million	~$90 million

Payload capacities

Two stage version (Zenit-2)

Payload to LEO		13,740 kg
Payload to PEO		5,000 kg
Payload to GEO		Not designed for GEO

Three stage version (Zenit-3SL)

Payload to LEO		6,100 kg, 3^rd stage structural limitation
Payload to MEO		3,965 kg (10,000 km, 45°)
Payload to GEO		1,840 kg
Payload to GTO		5,250 kg (upgraded to 6,000+ kg)

Production

The first and the second stages of the Zenit were designed by Yuzhnoye and are manufactured by Yuzhmash.^[4]

Variants

Zenit-2

The Zenit-2 was the first Zenit to be designed for use as an orbital carrier rocket. It consists of two stages. The first uses an RD-171 engine, and an RD-120 engine powers the second stage. It first flew on 13 April 1985, two years before the Energia, due to delays relating to the Energia's development.

Energia booster

The Zenit first stage was used as a strap-on booster rocket for the Energia carrier rocket. Four Zenit first stages were attached to the core vehicle to produce extra thrust at lift-off, in the same way that Solid Rocket Boosters are used on the US Space Shuttle. Energia made two flights before the programme was abandoned.

Zenit-3SL

Zenit-3SL is a three stage carrier rocket developed for and used by the Sea Launch consortium.

It combines:^[5]

two-stage Zenit-2S built by Ukraine's SDO Yuzhnoye/PO Yuzhmash
Block DM-SL upper stage, provided by Russia's Energia
nose-cone enclosure for protection of payload during launch, provided by Boeing.

Rockets used by Sea Launch are assembled in Long Beach, California. Launches occur from the Ocean Odyssey offshore launch platform, situated at the equator. Ocean Odyssey is also used to transport rockets to the launch site. The 25th launch of a Zenit-3SL occurred on January 15, 2008.^[4]

Zenit 2M and 2SLB

Zenit 2M is a new version of the Zenit 2 with an upgraded control system and modernized engines.^[6] The first Zenit 2M was launched on June 29, 2007, carrying a classified Russian military Cosmos satellite. The Zenit-2SLB designation applies to commercial launches through the Land Launch subsidiary of Sea Launch, which began satellite launches from Baikonur Cosmodrome in 2008.

Zenit-2M/Fregat

The Zenit-2M/Fregat is a 3-stage derivative of the Zenit-2M, using a Fregat upper stage, as already used on the Soyuz, to propel spacecraft to higher orbits. It is scheduled to make its maiden flight in late 2008, with the Elektro-L-1 spacecraft for the Russian government.

A Zenit-2SB with a Fregat-2CB upper stage will be used for the launch of RadioAstron, a 5,000-kilogram (11,000 lb) space telescope with a planned perigee of 10,000 kilometres (6,200 mi) and an apogee of 390,000 kilometres (240,000 mi).^[7]

Zenit 3M and 3SLB

The Zenit-3M is a Zenit-2M with the Block-DM upper stage used on the Zenit-3SL. It is launched from Baikonur. The maiden flight was launched on 28 April 2008. Land Launch commercially market the Zenit-3M under the designation Zenit 3SLB.

References

^ http://www.nkau.gov.ua/nsau/catalogNEW.nsf/systemE/EFB7A4C2121BE0F6C2256E8B0044EBA8?OpenDocument&Lang=E
^ "Израиль корит Роскосмос за невыполненные обязательства" (in Russian). Izvestia. 2008-05-06. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
^ Watts, Barry D. "The Military Use of Space: A Diagnostic Assessment". Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, Appendix 4; quoted in Sietzen, Jr., Frank (2001-03-18). "Spacelift Washington: International Space Transportation Association Faltering; The myth of $10,000 per pound". spaceref.com. Aerospace FYI. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
^ ^a ^b "Sea Launch: the Twenty-Fifth Launch of Zenit-3SL". Yuzhnoye. 2008-01-21.
^ "Sea Launch Receives Zenit-3SL Hardware for Next Launches". Sea Launch.
^ "Ukrainian Zenit rocket makes its return to flight". Spaceflight Now.
^ "Spacecraft Design". Astro Space Center of Lebedev Physical Institute.

External links

[1] ttp://www.nkau.gov.ua/nsau/catalogNEW.nsf/systemE/EFB7A4C2121BE0F6C2256E8B0044EBA8?OpenDocument&Lang=E

[2] "Израиль корит Роскосмос за невыполненные обязательства" (in Russian). Izvestia. 2008-05-06. Retrieved 2008-05-09.

[3] Watts, Barry D. "The Military Use of Space: A Diagnostic Assessment". Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, Appendix 4; quoted in Sietzen, Jr., Frank (2001-03-18). "Spacelift Washington: International Space Transportation Association Faltering; The myth of $10,000 per pound". spaceref.com. Aerospace FYI. Retrieved 2008-08-19.

[sl25-4] "Sea Launch: the Twenty-Fifth Launch of Zenit-3SL". Yuzhnoye. 2008-01-21.

[5] "Sea Launch Receives Zenit-3SL Hardware for Next Launches". Sea Launch.

[6] "Ukrainian Zenit rocket makes its return to flight". Spaceflight Now.

[7] "Spacecraft Design". Astro Space Center of Lebedev Physical Institute.

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@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 |manufacturer = [[Yuzhnoye Design Bureau]]
 |country-origin = '''Zenit-2:''' {{USSR}}/{{UKR}}<br/>
+'''Zenit-3SL:''' {{UKR}}<ref>http://www.nkau.gov.ua/nsau/catalogNEW.nsf/systemE/EFB7A4C2121BE0F6C2256E8B0044EBA8?OpenDocument&Lang=E</ref>
-'''Zenit-3SL:''' {{UKR}}
 |height = 57-59.6 [[metre|m]]
 |alt-height = 187-195 [[foot (length)|ft]]

v t e Soviet and Russian launch vehicles
Active	Angara 1.2 A5 Soyuz-2 2.1a 2.1b 2-1v UR Proton-M
In development	Amur Irtysh Yenisei
Retired	Dnepr Energia Kosmos 1 2I 3 3M N1 R-7 Luna Molniya M L Polyot Soyuz original L M U U2 FG Soyuz/Vostok Sputnik Voskhod Vostok L K 2 2M R-29 Shtil' Volna Start-1 Tsyklon original 2 3 UR UR-500 Proton-K Rokot Strela Zenit 2 2M 3SL 3SLB 3F
Cancelled (no launch attempts)	Tsyklon-4 Proton Light Medium

v t e Orbital launch systems
List of orbital launch systems Comparison of orbital launch systems
Current	Angara 1.2 A5 Ariane 6 Atlas V Ceres 1 1S Chollima-1 Electron Falcon 9 Block 5 Falcon Heavy Firefly Alpha Gravity-1 GSLV H-IIA H3 Hyperbola-1 Jielong 1 3 KAIROS^† Kaituozhe 2 Kinetica 1 Kuaizhou 1 1A 11 Long March 2C 2D 2F 3A 3B/E 3C 4B 4C 5 5B 6 6A 7 7A 8 11 11H LVM3 Minotaur I IV V C Nuri OS-M1^† Pegasus XL Proton-M PSLV Qaem 100 Qased RS1^† Shavit 2 Simorgh SLS Block 1 Soyuz-2 2.1a / STA 2.1b / STB 2-1v SSLV Starship Tianlong-2 Unha Vega original C Vulcan Centaur Zhuque 2
In development	Antares 330 Bloostar Cyclone-4M Epsilon S Eris Gravity-2 Hyperbola-2 Irtysh Kuaizhou 21 31 Long March 9 10 12 Miura 5 MLV Neutron New Glenn New Line 1 NGLV Nova OS-M 2 4 Orbex Prime Pallas-1 Red Dwarf SLS Block 1B Block 2 Soyuz-7 Terran R Tianlong-3 VLM Vega E Zero Zhuque 3 Zuljanah
Retired	Antares 110 120 130^† 230 230+ Ariane 1 2 3 4 5 ASLV Athena I II Atlas B D E/F G H I II III LV-3B SLV-3 Able^† Agena Centaur Black Arrow Conestoga^† Delta A B C D E G J L M N 0100 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 II III IV IV Heavy Diamant Dnepr Energia Epsilon Europa I^† II^† Falcon 1 Falcon 9 v1.0 v1.1 v1.2 "Full Thrust" Feng Bao 1 GSLV Mk I H-I H-II H-IIB Juno I Juno II Kaituozhe-1 Kosmos original 1 2/2I 3 3M Lambda 4S LauncherOne Long March 1 1D^† 2A 2E 3 3B 4A Mu 4S 3C 3H 3S 3SII V N1^† N-I N-II Naro-1 Paektusan^† Pilot-2^† R-7 Luna Molniya M L Polyot Soyuz original FG L M U U2 Soyuz/Vostok Sputnik Voskhod Vostok L K 2 2M R-29 Shtil' Volna^† Rocket 3 Safir 1 1A 1B Saturn I IB V Scout X-1 Blue Scout II^† X-2^† X-2M X-3 X-3M X-4 X-2B^† B A B-1 D-1 A-1 E-1 F-1 G-1 Shavit original 1 SLV Space Shuttle SPARK^† Sparta SS-520 Start-1 Terran 1^† Thor Able Ablestar 1 2 Agena A B D Burner 1 2 Delta DSV-2U Thorad-Agena SLV-2G SLV-2H Titan II GLV IIIA IIIB IIIC IIID IIIE 34D 23G CT-3 IV Tsyklon R-36-O original 2 3 Universal Rocket UR-500 Proton Proton-K Rokot Strela Vanguard VLS-1^† Zenit 2 2M 2FG 3SL 3SLB 3F Zhuque 1^†
Classes	Sounding rocket Small-lift launch vehicle Medium-lift launch vehicle Heavy-lift launch vehicle Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
This Template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future Symbol ^† indicates past or current rockets that attempted orbital launches but never succeeded (never did or has yet to perform a successful orbital launch)

v t e RD-170 rocket engine family
Derivatives	RD-171 RD-180 RD-191 RD-151
Technologies	Bipropellant LOX RP-1 Staged combustion cycle
Historic rockets	Atlas III (RD-180) Energia (RD-170) Naro-1 (RD-151)
Current rockets	Angara (RD-191) Antares (200-series) (RD-181) Atlas V (RD-180) Zenit (RD-171)
Cancelled proposals	GX (RD-180) Rus-M (RD-180)