Jump to content

Female ejaculation: Difference between revisions

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Line 4: Line 4:
==Reports==
==Reports==


In questionnaire surveys, 35–50% of women report that they have at some time experienced the gushing of fluid during orgasm.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Bullough B, David M, Whipple B, Dixon J, Allgeier ER, Drury KC. | title = Subjective reports of female orgasmic expulsion of fluid | journal = Nurse Pract | year= 1984 | month = March | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages= 55–9 |pmid=6546788 | doi = 10.1097/00006205-198409030-00009 }}</ref><ref name=davidson>{{cite journal | author = Davidson JK, Darling CA, Conway-Welch, C | year = 1989 | month = Summer | title = The role of the Grafenberg Spot and female gushing in the female orgasmic response: an empirical analysis | journal = J Sex Marital Ther | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 102–20 | pmid=2769772 }}</ref><ref name="darling">{{cite journal | author = Darling CA, Davidson JK Sr, Conway-Welch C. | title = Female ejaculation: perceived origins, the Grafenberg spot/area, and sexual responsiveness | journal = Arch Sex Behav | year = 1990 | month = February | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–47 |pmid=2327894 | doi = 10.1007/BF01541824}}</ref> Other studies find anywhere from 10–69%, depending on the definitions and methods used.<ref name="wimpissinger"/><ref name="zaviacic99"/> For instance Kratochvíl (1994) surveyed 200 women and found that 6% reported ejaculating, an additional 13% had some experience and about 60% reported release of fluid without actual gushing.<ref name=Kratochvil/> Reports on the volume of fluid expelled vary considerably<ref>{{cite journal |format= |author=Zaviacic M |title=Sexual asphyxiophilia (Koczwarism) in women and the biological phenomenon of female ejaculation |journal=Med. Hypotheses |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=318–22 |year=1994 |month=May |pmid=7935074 |doi= 10.1016/0306-9877(94)90006-X|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0306-9877(94)90006-X}} {{dead link|date=July 2010}}</ref> from amounts that would be imperceptible to a woman, to mean values of 1–5 ml,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zaviacic M, Zaviacicová A, Komorník J, Mikulecký M, Holomán IK |title=Circatrigintan (30 +/- 5 d) variations of the cellular component of female urethral expulsion fluid. A biometrical study |journal=Int Urol Nephrol |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=311–8 |year=1984 |pmid=6543558 |doi= 10.1007/BF02081866|url=}}</ref> although volumes as high as one pint (473 ml) have been reported. (Questionable source) <ref name="Lawless">What Is Female Ejaculation by Lisa Lawless, Ph.D.; author of THE ART OF FEMALE EJACULATION; CEO of Holistic Wisdom, Inc.; url: http://www.holisticwisdom.com/services_female-ejaculation_what-is-it.htm; 04 July 2010.</ref>
In questionnaire surveys, 35–50% of women report that they have at some time experienced the gushing of fluid during orgasm.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Bullough B, David M, Whipple B, Dixon J, Allgeier ER, Drury KC. | title = Subjective reports of female orgasmic expulsion of fluid | journal = Nurse Pract | year= 1984 | month = March | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages= 55–9 |pmid=6546788 | doi = 10.1097/00006205-198409030-00009 }}</ref><ref name=davidson>{{cite journal | author = Davidson JK, Darling CA, Conway-Welch, C | year = 1989 | month = Summer | title = The role of the Grafenberg Spot and female gushing in the female orgasmic response: an empirical analysis | journal = J Sex Marital Ther | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 102–20 | pmid=2769772 }}</ref><ref name="darling">{{cite journal | author = Darling CA, Davidson JK Sr, Conway-Welch C. | title = Female ejaculation: p[[File:pussy]]erceived origins, the Grafenberg spot/area, and sexual responsiveness | journal = Arch Sex Behav | year = 1990 | month = February | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–47 |pmid=2327894 | doi = 10.1007/BF01541824}}</ref> Other studies find anywhere from 10–69%, depending on the definitions and methods used.<ref name="wimpissinger"/><ref name="zaviacic99"/> For instance Kratochvíl (1994) surveyed 200 women and found that 6% reported ejaculating, an additional 13% had some experience and about 60% reported release of fluid without actual gushing.<ref name=Kratochvil/> Reports on the volume of fluid expelled vary considerably<ref>{{cite journal |format= |author=Zaviacic M |title=Sexual asphyxiophilia (Koczwarism) in women and the biological phenomenon of female ejaculation |journal=Med. Hypotheses |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=318–22 |year=1994 |month=May |pmid=7935074 |doi= 10.1016/0306-9877(94)90006-X|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0306-9877(94)90006-X}} {{dead link|date=July 2010}}</ref> from amounts that would be imperceptible to a woman, to mean values of 1–5 ml,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zaviacic M, Zaviacicová A, Komorník J, Mikulecký M, Holomán IK |title=Circatrigintan (30 +/- 5 d) variations of the cellular component of female urethral expulsion fluid. A biometrical study |journal=Int Urol Nephrol |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=311–8 |year=1984 |pmid=6543558 |doi= 10.1007/BF02081866|url=}}</ref> although volumes as high as one pint (473 ml) have been reported. (Questionable source) <ref name="Lawless">What Is Female Ejaculation by Lisa Lawless, Ph.D.; author of THE ART OF FEMALE EJACULATION; CEO of Holistic Wisdom, Inc.; url: http://www.holisticwisdom.com/services_female-ejaculation_what-is-it.htm; 04 July 2010.</ref>


The suggestion that women can expel fluid from their genital area as part of [[sexual arousal]] has been described as "one of the most hotly debated questions in modern sexology." {{Dubious|date=January 2010}}<ref name="chalker"/> Female ejaculation has been discussed in anatomical, medical, and biological literature throughout recorded history. The interest devoted to female ejaculation compared to the basic acceptance of its male counterpart has been questioned by feminist writers.<ref name="bell">{{cite book | url = http://books.google.com/?id=ph-2F94pR_0C | author = Bell S. | chapter = Feminist ejaculations | editor = Alison Jaggar (ed.) | title = Living With Contradictions: Controversies in feminist social ethics | publisher = Westview | location = Boulder | year = 1994 | pages= 529–36 | isbn = 9780813317762}}</ref>
The suggestion that women can expel fluid from their genital area as part of [[sexual arousal]] has been described as "one of the most hotly debated questions in modern sexology." {{Dubious|date=January 2010}}<ref name="chalker"/> Female ejaculation has been discussed in anatomical, medical, and biological literature throughout recorded history. The interest devoted to female ejaculation compared to the basic acceptance of its male counterpart has been questioned by feminist writers.<ref name="bell">{{cite book | url = http://books.google.com/?id=ph-2F94pR_0C | author = Bell S. | chapter = Feminist ejaculations | editor = Alison Jaggar (ed.) | title = Living With Contradictions: Controversies in feminist social ethics | publisher = Westview | location = Boulder | year = 1994 | pages= 529–36 | isbn = 9780813317762}}</ref>

Revision as of 06:32, 25 January 2011

Female ejaculation (commonly known as gushing, cumming or squirting[1]) refers to the expulsion of noticeable amounts of clear fluid by human females from the paraurethral ducts through and around the urethra during or before an orgasm. The exact source and nature of the fluid continues to be a topic of debate among medical professionals and is related to doubts over the existence of the G-Spot.

Reports

In questionnaire surveys, 35–50% of women report that they have at some time experienced the gushing of fluid during orgasm.[2][3][4] Other studies find anywhere from 10–69%, depending on the definitions and methods used.[5][6] For instance Kratochvíl (1994) surveyed 200 women and found that 6% reported ejaculating, an additional 13% had some experience and about 60% reported release of fluid without actual gushing.[7] Reports on the volume of fluid expelled vary considerably[8] from amounts that would be imperceptible to a woman, to mean values of 1–5 ml,[9] although volumes as high as one pint (473 ml) have been reported. (Questionable source) [10]

The suggestion that women can expel fluid from their genital area as part of sexual arousal has been described as "one of the most hotly debated questions in modern sexology." [dubious – discuss][11] Female ejaculation has been discussed in anatomical, medical, and biological literature throughout recorded history. The interest devoted to female ejaculation compared to the basic acceptance of its male counterpart has been questioned by feminist writers.[12]

Western literature

16th to 18th century

In the 16th century, the English physician Laevinius Lemnius, referred to how a woman "draws forth the man's seed and casts her own with it."[13] In the 17th century, François Mauriceau described glands at the urethral meatus that "pour out great quantities of saline liquor during coition, which increases the heat and enjoyment of women."[14] This century saw an increasing understanding of female sexual anatomy and function,[15] in particular the work of the Bartholin family in Denmark.

De Graaf

In the 17th century the Dutch anatomist Regnier de Graaf, wrote an influential treatise on the reproductive organs Concerning the Generative Organs of Women which is much cited in the literature on this topic. De Graaf discussed the original controversy but supported the Aristotelian view.[16] [17] He identified the source as the glandular structures and ducts surrounding the urethra.

[VI:66-7]The urethra is lined by a thin membrane. In the lower part, near the outlet of the urinary passage, this membrane is pierced by large ducts, or lacunae, through which pituito-serous matter occasionally discharges in considerable quantities.

Between this very thin membrane and the fleshy fibres we have just described there is, along the whole duct of the urethra, a whitish membranous substance about one finger-breadth thick which completely surrounds the urethral canal... The substance could be called quite aptly the female 'prostatae' or 'corpus glandulosum', 'glandulous body'...The function of the 'prostatae' is to generate a pituito-serous juice which makes women more libidinous with its pungency and saltiness and lubricates their sexual parts in agreeable fashion during coitus.

[VII:81] The discharge from the female 'prostatae' causes as much pleasure as does that from the male 'prostatae'

He identified [XIII:212] the various controversies regarding the ejaculate and its origin, but stated he believed that this fluid "which rushes out with such impetus during venereal combat or libidinous imagining" was derived from a number of sources, including the vagina, urinary tract, cervix and uterus. He appears to identify Skene's ducts, when he writes [XIII: 213] "those [ducts] which are visible around the orifice of the neck of the vagina and the outlet of the urinary passage receive their fluid from the female 'parastatae', or rather the thick membranous body around the urinary passage." However he appears not to distinguish between the lubrication of the perineum during arousal and an orgasmic ejaculate when he refers to liquid "which in libidinous women often rushes out at the mere sight of a handsome man." Further on [XIII:214] he refers to "liquid as usually comes from the pudenda in one gush." However, his prime purpose was to distinguish between generative fluid and pleasurable fluid, in his stand on the Aristotelian semen controversy.

19th century

Krafft-Ebing's study of sexual perversion, Psychopathia Sexualis (1886), describes female ejaculation under the heading "Congenital Sexual Inversion in Women" as a perversion related to neurasthenia and homosexuality.[18]

the intersexual gratification among ...women seems to be reduced to kissing and embraces, which seems to satisfy those of weak sexual instinct, but produces in sexually neurasthenic females ejaculation

It is also described by Freud in pathological terms in his study of Dora (1905), where he relates it to hysteria.[19]

The pride taken by women in the appearance of their genitals is quite a special feature of their vanity; and disorders of genitals which they think calculated to inspire feelings of repugnance or even disgust have an incredible power of humiliating them, of lowering their self-esteem, and of making them irritable, sensitive, and distrustful. An abnormal secretion of the mucous membrane of the vagina is looked upon as source of disgust.

However, women's writing of that time portrayed this in more positive terms. Thus we find Almeda Sperry writing to Emma Goldman in 1918, about the "rhythmic spurt of your love juices".[12][20] Anatomical knowledge was also advanced by Alexander Skene's description of para-urethral or periurethral glands (glands around the urethra) in 1880, which have been variously claimed to be one source of the fluids in the ejaculate, and now commonly referred to as the Skene's glands.[21]

20th century

Early 20th century understanding

Female ejaculation is mentioned as normal in early 20th century 'marriage manuals', such as TH Van de Velde's Ideal Marriage: Its Physiology and Technique (1926). Certainly van de Velde was well aware of the varied experiences of women. [22]

It appears that the majority of laymen believe that something is forcibly squirted (or propelled or extruded), or expelled from the woman's body in orgasm, and should so happen normally, as in the man's case. Finally it is just as certain that such an 'ejaculation' does not take place in many women of sexually normal functions, as that it does take place in others.

Yet the subject was largely ignored for most of the early part of the century. In 1948, Huffman, an American gynaecologist, published his studies of the prostatic tissue in women together with an historical account and detailed drawings. These clearly showed the difference between the original glands identified by Skene at the urinary meatus, and the more proximal collections of glandular tissue emptying directly into the urethra. [23]

The urethra might well be compared to a tree about which and growing outward from its base are numerous stunted branches, the paraurethral ducts and glands

To date most of the interest had focussed on the substance and structure rather than function of the glands. A more definitive contemporary account of ejaculation appeared shortly after, in 1950, with the publication of an essay by Gräfenberg based on his observations of women during orgasm.[24]

An erotic zone always could be demonstrated on the anterior wall of the vagina along the course of the urethra...analogous to the male urethra, the female urethra also seems to be surrounded by erectile tissues...In the course of sexual stimulation, the female urethra begins to enlarge and can be felt easily. It swells out greatly at the end of orgasm...Occasionally the production of fluids is ...profuse... If there is the opportunity to observe the orgasm of such women, one can see that large quantities of a clear transparent fluid are expelled not from the vulva, but out of the urethra in gushes. At first I thought that the bladder sphincter had become defective by the intensity of the orgasm. Involuntary expulsion of urine is reported in sex literature. In the cases observed by us, the fluid was examined and it had no urinary character. I am inclined to believe that "urine" reported to be expelled during female orgasm is not urine, but only secretions of the intraurethral glands correlated with the erotogenic zone along the urethra in the anterior vaginal wall. Moreover the profuse secretions coming out with the orgasm have no lubricating significance, otherwise they would be produced at the beginning of intercourse and not at the peak of orgasm.

However this paper made little impact, and was dismissed in the major sexological writings of that time, such as Kinsey (1953)[25] and Masters and Johnson (1966),[26] equating this "erroneous belief" with urinary stress incontinence. Although clearly Kinsey was familiar with the phenomenon, commenting that (p. 612);

Muscular contractions of the vagina following orgasm may squeeze out some of the genital secretions, and in a few cases eject them with some force

as were Masters and Johnson ten years later, who observed (pp 79–80):

Most women do not ejaculate during orgasm...we have observed several cases of women who expelled a type of fluid that was not urine

(emphasis in original) yet dismissed it (p. 135) – "female ejaculation is an erroneous but widespread concept", and even twenty years later in 1982,[27] they repeated the statement that it was erroneous (p. 69–70) and the result of "urinary stress incontinence".

Late 20th century awareness

The topic did not receive serious attention again until a review by Josephine Lowndes Sevely and JW Bennett appeared in 1978.[28] This latter paper, which traces the history of the controversies to that point, and a series of three papers in 1981 by Beverly Whipple and colleagues in the Journal of Sex Research,[29][30][31] became the focal point of the current debate. Whipple became aware of the phenomenon when studying urinary incontinence, with which it is often confused.[32] As Sevely and Bennett point out, this is "not new knowledge, but a rediscovery of lost awareness that should contribute towards reshaping our view of female sexuality". Nevertheless, the theory advanced by these authors was immediately dismissed by many other authors, such as physiologist Joseph Bohlen,[33] for not being based on rigorous scientific procedures, and psychiatrist Helen Singer Kaplan (1983) stated;[34]

Female ejaculation (as distinct from female urination during orgasm) has never been scientifically substantiated and is highly questionable, to say the least.

Even some radical feminist writers, such as Sheila Jeffreys (1985) were dismissive, claiming it as a figment of male fantasy;[35]

There are examples in the sexological literature of men's sexual fantasies about lesbian sexuality. Krafft-Ebing invented a form of ejaculation for women

It required the detailed anatomical work of Helen O'Connell[36] from 1998 onwards to more properly elucidate the relationships between the different anatomical structures involved. As she observes, the perineal urethra is embedded in the anterior vaginal wall and is surrounded by erectile tissue in all directions except posteriorly where it relates to the vaginal wall. "The distal vagina, clitoris, and urethra form an integrated entity covered superficially by the vulval skin and its epithelial features. These parts have a shared vasculature and nerve supply and during sexual stimulation respond as a unit".[37][38][39]

Anthropological accounts

Female ejaculation appears in 20th century anthropological works, such as Malinowski's Melanesian study, The Sexual Life of Savages (1929), and Gladwin and Sarason's "Truk: Man in Paradise" (1956). Malinowski states that in the language of the Trobriand Island people, a single word is used to describe ejaculation in both male and female.[40]

Both the male and female discharge are called by the same name (momona or momola), and they ascribe to both the same origin in the kidneys, and the same function, which has nothing to do with generation, but is concerned with lubricating the membrane and increasing pleasure

In describing sexual relations amongst the Trukese Micronesians, Gladwin and Sarason state that "Female orgasm is commonly signalled by urination".[41] Catherine Blackledge[15] (p. 205) provides a number of examples from other cultures, including the Ugandan Batoro, Mohave Indians, Mangaians, and Ponapese. Amongst the Batoro, older women teach the younger women "kachapati" (spraying the wall) at puberty. (See also Chalker 2002 pp. 531–2, Ladas et al. 1983 pp. 74–5)

Controversy, debate and feminist criticism

The debate in the current literature focuses on three threads: the existence of female ejaculation, its source(s) and composition, and its relationship to theories of female sexuality.[12] This debate has been influenced by popular culture, pornography, and physio-chemical and behavioral studies. There is some resistance from feminists to what has been perceived as a male lens in interpreting the data and construct. Often the debate is also tied to the existence of the G-spot;[42][43] stimulation of the anterior vaginal wall involves simultaneous stimulation of the para-urethral tissue, the site of the Skene's glands and ducts and presumed source of the ejaculated fluid, and therefore it has been variously stated that stimulation of this spot results in ejaculation. These tissues, surrounding the distal urethra, and anterior to the vagina, have a common embryological origin to the prostatic tissue in the male.[44][45]

Shannon Bell argues[12] that the debate is confused by the discussion of two separate phenomena. In an extensive survey, Darling and colleagues claim support for the existence of ejaculation,[4] while in a sharply critical response, Alzate[46][47] states that direct experimentation fails to provide any evidence.[48] Alzate states:

the ignorance and/or confusion still prevalent among women about the anatomy and physiology of their sexual organs may make them mistake either vaginal lubrication or stress urinary incontinence for an "ejaculation"

Bell comments that Alzate simply dismisses women's subjective experiences in favour of rigorous scientific proof, and is typical of male sexologists withholding the validity of experience from women. Bell's critique lies at the heart of feminist concerns about this debate, namely a tendency to "disregard, reinterpret, and overwrite women's subjective descriptions." For some, she states, it is more a matter of belief than of physiology.

The discussion entered popular culture in 1982 with the publication of the bestselling The G Spot and Other Recent Discoveries About Human Sexuality, by Ladas, Whipple, and Perry.[49] The book discussed female ejaculation and brought the issue back into discussions of women's sexuality both in the medical community and among the general public.[11][50][51] This was a popular account of three papers by the authors, the previous year, at the suggestion of Alice Khan Ladas.[29][30][31] Rebecca Chalker notes that this book was largely met with scorn, skepticism and disbelief.[11] The chapter on 'Female Ejaculation' is largely based on anecdotal testimony, and illustrates another issue in the debate, the weight placed on anecdotes and small numbers of observations rather than biomedical investigation or clinical trials. Importantly, a number of the women stated that they had been diagnosed with urinary incontinence. The book advances another feminist theory: that because women's pleasure in their sexuality has been historically excluded, the pleasure of ejaculation has been either discounted or appropriated by health professionals as a physiological phenomenon.[52] Whipple continued to publicise her discoveries, including a 9 min video made in 1981 Orgasmic Expulsions of Fluid in the Sexually Stimulated Female. The Journal of Sex Research described the debate as 'heated' in 1984.[53] Josephine Sevely then followed up her 1978 study by publishing "Eve's Secrets: A new theory of female sexuality" in 1987, emphasising an integrated rather than fragmented approach to understanding female sexuality, with the clitoris, vagina and urethra depicted as a single sexual organ.[54][55] This not only challenged the traditional fragmentation of female sexuality into clitoral vs. vaginal sensation, but also sexualised the urethra.[12]

Bell further questions why feminists have not been more outspoken in defense of women's control over female ejaculation, pointing out that the literature frames the discussion in only five separate ways; procreation, sexual pleasure, deviance, pathology, and a scientific mystery.[12] The continuing debate is further illustrated in the angry exchange of letters between the author and researchers in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in 2002 following the publication of 'The G-spot: A modern gynecological myth' by Terrence Hines.[51] As of 2007,[5][56] and 2008[55] the existence of a female prostate and of ejaculation are a matter of debate, and articles and book chapters continue to appear with subtitles such as "Fact or Fantasy".[11]

Research

Much of the problem in arriving at a consensus relates to a failure to adopt generally agreed-on definitions[57] or research methodology. Research has used highly selected individuals, case studies, or very small numbers of subjects, making generalization difficult. For instance, much of the research into the nature of the fluid focuses on determining whether it is or contains urine. There are also problems involved in the collection of specimens and issues of contamination. Since the area of interest is para-urethral glands, it is impossible to completely separate the secretions from urine, especially considering that there may be retrograde ejaculation into the urethra towards the bladder. The best current data comes from studies where women have abstained from coitus, and where their own urine is used as a control both pre and post-orgasm. Research has attempted to use chemicals that are excreted in the urine so that any urinary contamination can be detected. Further methodological issues include the fact that the composition of the fluid appears to vary with the menstrual cycle,[58] and that the biochemical profile of the para-urethral tissues varies with age.[59] Other issues relate to the sensitivity and specificity of the markers chosen. The key questions are the source of the fluid produced, and its composition.[33] Some relevant findings have been presented in conferences but never published in peer review journals, and many others are in difficult to access resources.

Relation to urinary incontinence

Towards the later part of the twentieth century, there was significant confusion between female ejaculation and urinary incontinence. In 1982, Bohlen explained the accepted wisdom;[33]

The previously accepted notion that all fluid expelled during a woman's orgasm is urine is now being challenged...sexologists must take care not to assume now that any fluid produced at orgasm is "female ejaculate".

Scientific studies from the 1980s and later have demonstrated that the substance produced is distinct from urine, though it does show similarities such as alkalinity with urine.[7] A recent study of women who report ejaculation found no evidence of any urological problems, suggesting these two conditions (ejaculation and coital incontinence) are quite distinct physiologically, although perhaps not always distinguishable in a particular individual's mind.[citation needed] Davidson's study of 1,289 women found that the sensation of ejaculation was very similar to that of urination.[3] The best evidence indicates that most fluid expelled during female orgasm is urine. One study used urethral catheterization in order to separate urine from orgasmic expulsions from elsewhere in the body. Seven women claiming to have ejaculations expelled large volumes of urine through the catheter at orgasm, and little to no other fluid.[60] No catheterization study has shown large volumes of fluid expelled at orgasm from any source other than the bladder.

It may be important for physicians to establish whether there is in fact any incontinence in women who report ejaculation, to avoid unnecessary interventions.[32][61] It is also important for physicians to distinguish orgasmic ejaculation from vaginal discharges which may require further investigation and treatment. In individual cases, the exact source of any reported discharge may not be obvious without further investigation.

Nature of fluid

Critics have maintained that ejaculation is either stress incontinence or vaginal lubrication. Research in this area has concentrated almost exclusively on attempts to prove that the ejaculate is not urine,[43][62] measuring substances such as urea, creatinine, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), prostate specific antigen (PSA),[6] glucose and fructose [63] levels. Early work was contradictory; the initial study on one woman by Addiego and colleagues reported in 1981,[30] could not be confirmed in a subsequent study on 11 women in 1983, [64] but was confirmed in another 7 women in 1984.[65] In 1985 a different group studied 27 women, and found only urine,[46] suggesting that results depend critically on the methods used.

A 2007 study on two women involved ultrasound, endoscopy, and biochemical analysis of fluid. The ejaculate was compared to pre-orgasmic urine from the same woman, and also to published data on male ejaculate. In both women, higher levels of PSA, PAP, and glucose but lower levels of creatinine were found in the ejaculate than the urine. PSA levels were comparable to those in males.[5]

Source of fluid

One very practical objection relates to the reported volumes ejaculated since this fluid must be stored somewhere in the pelvis, of which the urinary bladder is the largest source. The actual volume of the para-urethral tissue is quite small. By comparison, male ejaculate varies from 0.2–6.6 mL (0.04–1.3 tsp) (95% confidence interval), with a maximum of 13 mL (2.6 tsp).[66] Therefore claims of larger amounts of ejaculate are likely to contain at least some amount of urine. The eleven specimens analyzed by Goldberg in 1983,[64] ranged from 3–15 mL (0.6–3.0 tsp).[65] One source states that Skene's glands are capable of excreting 30–50 mL (6–10 tsp) in 30–50 seconds,[53] but it is unclear how this was measured and has not been confirmed. One approach is to use a chemical like methylene blue so that any urinary component can be detected.[65] Belzer showed that in one woman he studied, the dye was found in her urine, but not her orgasmic expulsion.[29]

PAP and PSA have been identified in the para-urethral tissues, using biochemical and immunohistochemical methods, suggesting that the ejaculate likely arises from the ducts in these tissues, in a manner homologous to that in the male.[67][68][69][70][71] Another marker common to the prostate/para-urethral tissue in both sexes is Human Protein 1.[72]

PSA occurs in urine, and is elevated in post-orgasmic samples compared to pre-orgasmic. Simultaneous collection of ejaculate also showed PSA in both urine and ejaculate in all cases, but in higher concentration in the ejaculate than in the urine.[50]

Social significance

Sexual functions, and orgasm in particular, remain poorly understood scientifically, as opposed to politically and philosophically.[55][73][74] Regardless of the actual facts relating to the details of female ejaculation, the social significance of the popular accounts through the feminist health care movement has been considerable.[11]

Many women, before learning about ejaculation, experienced shame or avoided sexual intimacy under the belief that they had wet the bed.[53] Others suppressed sexual climax, and sought medical advice for this "problem," and even underwent surgery.[11]

There are, however, concerns. The terminology (such as female prostate and female ejaculation) invoke images of the female as merely an imitation of the male, mapping the female body onto the male, as if, like the Galenic view, it was incomplete.[75] Furthermore, overemphasis of ejaculation may induce performance anxiety.[11] For the reason that 'sameness' has been construed as a male perspective, some feminists reject the term ejaculation. Others argue it should be retained as a distinctive feminine characteristic distinguishable from the male, and imbued with different properties and purpose. A third concern is that of the increasing 'medicalisation' of women's sexuality, as expressed by Leonore Tiefer which finds its most extreme manifestation in the concept of female sexual dysfunction.[76] Tiefer has expressed concern that overemphasising ejaculation will drive women who might feel inadequate to seek medical attention,[11] as has the Boston Women's Health Collective.[77] Other criticism comes from Barbara Ehrenreich [78] and colleagues who see this new sexuality as one that privileges the male in control, penile retention and body position, but this is denied by others.[12]

Contemporary women's health literature summarises what is considered factual as being that the amount of fluid varies greatly and may be unnoticeable, occurs with or without vaginal stimulation, and may accompany orgasm or merely intense sexual pleasure, and orgasm may occur without ejaculation. Whether it can be learned or not, women report that they can induce it by enhancing their sexual response.[11] Regardless, countless workshops now exist to teach women that learning how to ejaculate is an important form of feminine sexual expression. Sundahl describes it as a birthright and essential part of female creativity.[42]

The presence of chemical markers such as PSA or PAP in the female genital tract has been considered evidence in rape trials,[79] but Sensabaugh and Kahane demonstrated in four specimens that PAP was an order of magnitude greater in a woman's ejaculate than in her urine. Recently, knowledge that these markers can be of female origin has led to acquittal based on forensic evidence.[45][80]

Censorship

In the United Kingdom, the British Board of Film Classification has banned films alleged to show female ejaculation, claiming that the expert medical advice they received informed them that there is no such thing as female ejaculation, and therefore it was deemed to show urine.[81][82] Urination during sex (or "piss play", as they refer to it) is considered to be obscenity under English Law.[83] They later stated instead that they do not take any view on whether female ejaculation exists, only claiming that all examples they have seen thus far during classification have been urination during sex.[84]

Easy on the Eye Productions released a press announcement on October 6, 2010 stating that the BBFC passed the DVD "Women Love Porn" (containing a scene including female ejaculation in the scene "Top Milf") on advice of legal counsel when the director, Anna Span, pushed for a hearing with the Video Appeals Committee. The BBFC maintains that they do not accept the existence of female ejaculation and their "position remains fundamentally unchanged for future releases". Easy On the Eye Productions considers it a "historic victory".[85] According to the Carnal Nation site, the issue was first raised by the group Feminists Against Censorship (FAC) in 2001.[83]

In Australia, a similar view has been taken with regard to Internet Censorship proposals, which ban pornographic websites featuring female ejaculation.[86]

See also

References

  1. ^ Block, Susan (26/27 February 2005). "All About Female Ejaculation". Counterpunch. Retrieved 4 February 2010. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ^ Bullough B, David M, Whipple B, Dixon J, Allgeier ER, Drury KC. (1984). "Subjective reports of female orgasmic expulsion of fluid". Nurse Pract. 9 (3): 55–9. doi:10.1097/00006205-198409030-00009. PMID 6546788. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ a b Davidson JK, Darling CA, Conway-Welch, C (1989). "The role of the Grafenberg Spot and female gushing in the female orgasmic response: an empirical analysis". J Sex Marital Ther. 15 (2): 102–20. PMID 2769772. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ a b Darling CA, Davidson JK Sr, Conway-Welch C. (1990). "Female ejaculation: pFile:Pussyerceived origins, the Grafenberg spot/area, and sexual responsiveness". Arch Sex Behav. 19 (1): 29–47. doi:10.1007/BF01541824. PMID 2327894. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b c Wimpissinger F, Stifter K, Grin W, Stackl W (2007). "The female prostate revisited: perineal ultrasound and biochemical studies of female ejaculate". J Sex Med. 4 (5): 1388–93, discussion 1393. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00542.x. PMID 17634056. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ a b Zaviacic M. The human female prostate: From Vestigial Skene's Paraurethral Glands and Ducts to Woman's Functional Prostate. Slovak Academic Press, Bratislava 1999
  7. ^ a b Kratochvíl Stanislav (1994). "Orgasmic expulsions in women". Českoslovenaká psychiatrie. 90 (2): 71–7. PMID 8004685. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ^ Zaviacic M (1994). "Sexual asphyxiophilia (Koczwarism) in women and the biological phenomenon of female ejaculation". Med. Hypotheses. 42 (5): 318–22. doi:10.1016/0306-9877(94)90006-X. PMID 7935074. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) [dead link]
  9. ^ Zaviacic M, Zaviacicová A, Komorník J, Mikulecký M, Holomán IK (1984). "Circatrigintan (30 +/- 5 d) variations of the cellular component of female urethral expulsion fluid. A biometrical study". Int Urol Nephrol. 16 (4): 311–8. doi:10.1007/BF02081866. PMID 6543558.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ What Is Female Ejaculation by Lisa Lawless, Ph.D.; author of THE ART OF FEMALE EJACULATION; CEO of Holistic Wisdom, Inc.; url: http://www.holisticwisdom.com/services_female-ejaculation_what-is-it.htm; 04 July 2010.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i Chalker, Rebecca (2002). The Clitoral Truth: The secret world at your fingertips. New York: Seven Stories. ISBN 1583224734.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Bell S. (1994). "Feminist ejaculations". In Alison Jaggar (ed.) (ed.). Living With Contradictions: Controversies in feminist social ethics. Boulder: Westview. pp. 529–36. ISBN 9780813317762. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help)
  13. ^ Lemnius, L. De occultis naturae miraculis 1557, Reprinted as The Secret Miracles of Nature. London 1658, p.19 cited in Laqueur T. Making Sex: The body and gender from the Greeks to Freud. Harvard, Cambridge 1990 vii
  14. ^ Cited in Laqueur 1990 pp. 92–3
  15. ^ a b Blackledge C. The Story of V: A Natural History of Female Sexuality. Rutgers, 2004 ISBN 0-8135-3455-0, 9780813534558
  16. ^ Regnier De Graaf; Setchell, BP (1972). "New Treatise Concerning the Generative Organs of Women. Reprinted as: Jocelyn HD, Setchell BP: Regnier de Graaf on the human reproductive organs. An annotated translation of Tractatus de Virorum Organis Generationi Inservientibus (1668) and De Mulierum Organis Generationi Inserventibus Tractatus Novus (1962)". J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 17: 1–222. PMID 4567037. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  17. ^ Cited in Chalker 2000, p.121
  18. ^ von Krafft-Ebing R. Psychopathia Sexualis, Klaf FS (trans.) Stein and Day, NY 1965, at 265
  19. ^ Freud S. Fragments of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria. 1905, in Strachey J (trans.) The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works by Sigmund Freud, vol VII: 84
  20. ^ Falk C. Love, Anarchy and Emma Goldman. Holt Rinehart, NY 1984, at 175. Cited in Nestle J. A Restricted Country. Cleis 2003, at 163
  21. ^ Skene AJC (1880). "The anatomy and pathology of two important glands of the female urethra". Amer J Obstetr Diss Women Child. 13: 265–70.
  22. ^ van de Velde, TH. Ideal Marriage: Its physiology and technique. Random, NY 1957, pp 195–6
  23. ^ Huffman, J. W. The detailed anatomy of the paraurethral ducts in the adult human female. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 55: 86–101, 1948.
  24. ^ Grafenberg E. (1950). "The role of the urethra in female orgasm". Int J Sexol. 3: 145–8.
  25. ^ Kinsey, A.C., Pomeroy, W.B., Martin, C.E., Gebhard, P.H. (1953). Sexual Behavior in the Human Female. Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders Company
  26. ^ Masters WH, Johnson VE. Human Sexual Response. Little Brown, Boston 1966
  27. ^ Masters WH, Johnson VE, Kolodny RC. Masters and Johnson on Sex and Human Learning. Little Brown, Boston 1982
  28. ^ Sevely JL, Bennett JW (1978). "Concerning female ejaculation and the female prostate". J Sex Res. 14: 1–20. doi:10.1080/00224497809550988.
  29. ^ a b c Belzer, EG. (1981). "Orgasmic expulsions of women: a review and heuristic inquiry". Journal of Sex Research. 17 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1080/00224498109551093.
  30. ^ a b c Addiego, F; Belzer, EG; Comolli, J; Moger, W; Perry, JD; Whipple, B. (1981). "Female ejaculation: a case study". Journal of Sex Research. 17 (1): 13–21. doi:10.1080/00224498109551094.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ a b Perry, JD; Whipple, B. (1981). "Pelvic muscle strength of female ejaculators: evidence in support of a new theory of orgasm". Journal of Sex Research. 17 (1): 22–39. doi:10.1080/00224498109551095.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  32. ^ a b Personal communication, cited by Chalker 2000 p.125
  33. ^ a b c Bohlen JG (1982). ""Female Ejaculation" and urinary stress incontinence". J Sex Res. 18 360-8 (4): 360–8.
  34. ^ Kaplan HS. The Evaluation of Sexual Disorders: Psychological and Medical Aspects. Routledge 1983
  35. ^ Jeffreys S. The Spinster and Her Enemies: feminism and sexuality 1880–1930. Pandora Press, London 1985, at 110
  36. ^ Williamson S, Nowak R. The truth about women. New Scientist August 1, 1998 pp. 1–5
  37. ^ O'Connell HE, Hutson JM, Anderson CR, Plenter RJ (1998). "Anatomical relationship between urethra and clitoris". J. Urol. 159 (6): 1892–7. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)63188-4. PMID 9598482. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  38. ^ O'Connell HE, Sanjeevan KV, Hutson JM (2005). "Anatomy of the clitoris". J. Urol. 174 (4 Pt 1): 1189–95. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000173639.38898.cd. PMID 16145367. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  39. ^ O'Connell HE, Eizenberg N, Rahman M, Cleeve J (2008). "The anatomy of the distal vagina: towards unity". J Sex Med. 5 (8): 1883–91. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00875.x. PMID 18564153. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  40. ^ Malinowski B. The Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia. Harcourt Brace, NY 1928, p. 167
  41. ^ Gladwin T, Sarason SB. Truk: Man in paradise. Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, NY 1956
  42. ^ a b Sundahl, D. (2003). Female Ejaculation and the G-Spot: Not your mother's orgasm book!. Hunter House Publishers. ISBN 0-89793-380-X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  43. ^ a b Chalker R (2002). "The G-spot: some missing pieces of the puzzle". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 187 (2): 518–9, author reply 520. doi:10.1067/mob.2002.125884. PMID 12193956. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  44. ^ Longo VJ (1982). "The female prostate". Urology. 20 (1): 108–9. doi:10.1016/0090-4295(82)90556-8. PMID 7202277. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  45. ^ a b Zaviacic M, Whipple B (1993). "Update on the female prostate and the phenomenon of female ejaculation". J Sex Res. 30 (2): 148–51. doi:10.1080/00224499309551695.
  46. ^ a b Alzate H (1985). "Vaginal eroticism: a replication study". Arch Sex Behav. 14 (6): 529–37. doi:10.1007/BF01541753. PMID 4084052. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  47. ^ Alzate H. Hoch Z. The "G-Spot" and "Female Ejaculation": A current appraisal. J Sex Marital Therapy 12: 217, 1986
  48. ^ Alzate H (1990). "Vaginal erogeneity, "female ejaculation," and the "Grafenberg spot"". Archives of sexual behavior. 19 (6): 607–11. PMID 2082864. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  49. ^ Ladas, AK; Whipple, B; Perry, JD (1982). The G spot: And other discoveries about human sexuality. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  50. ^ a b Cabello Santamaria, F (1997). "Female ejaculation: Myths and reality". In J.J. Baras-Vass & M.Perez-Conchillo (Eds) (ed.). Sexuality and Human Rights: Proceedings of the XIII World Congress of Sexology August 29. Valencia, Spain: Nau Libres E.C.V.S.A. pp. 325–33.
  51. ^ a b Hines, T (2001). "The G-Spot: A modern gynecologic myth". Am J Obstet Gynecol. 185 (2): 359–62. doi:10.1067/mob.2001.115995. PMID 11518892. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  52. ^ Whipple B, Perry JD (2002). "The G-spot: a modern gynecologic myth". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 187 (2): 519, author reply 520. doi:10.1067/mob.2002.125883. PMID 12193957. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  53. ^ a b c Heath D (1984). "An investigation into the origins of a copious vaginal discharge during intercourse: "Enough to wet the bed" – that "is not urine"". J Sex Res. 20 (2): 194–215. doi:10.1080/00224498409551217.
  54. ^ Ingelman-Sundberg A (1997). "The anterior vaginal wall as an organ for the transmission of active forces to the urethra and the clitoris". Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 8 (1): 50–1. doi:10.1007/BF01920294. PMID 9260097.
  55. ^ a b c Gravina GL, Brandetti F, Martini P; et al. (2008). "Measurement of the thickness of the urethrovaginal space in women with or without vaginal orgasm". J Sex Med. 5 (3): 610–8. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00739.x. PMID 18221286. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  56. ^ Rabinerson D, Horowitz E (2007). "[G-spot and female ejaculation: fiction or reality?]". Harefuah (in Hebrew). 146 (2): 145–7, 163. PMID 17352286. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  57. ^ Schubach G (2002). "The G-spot is the female prostate". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 186 (4): 850, author reply 850. PMID 11967519. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  58. ^ Zaviacic M, Jakubovský J, Polák S; et al. (1984). "The fluid of female urethral expulsions analysed by histochemical electron-microscopic and other methods". Histochem. J. 16 (4): 445–7. doi:10.1007/BF01002874. PMID 6538874. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  59. ^ Zaviacic M, Porubský J, Vierik J, Holomán IK (1989). "[Enzymes of the female prostate during the fertile age and after menopause. Comparative histochemical study]". Cesk Gynekol (in Slovak). 54 (10): 755–60. PMID 2630042. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  60. ^ Gary Schubach (2001). "Urethral Expulsions During Sensual Arousal and Bladder Catheterization in Seven Human Females". Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality. 4. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  61. ^ Cartwright R, Elvy S, Cardozo L (2007). "Do women with female ejaculation have detrusor overactivity?". J Sex Med. 4 (6): 1655–8. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00541.x. PMID 17634057. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  62. ^ Belzer EG (1984). "A review of female ejaculation and the Grafenberg spot". Women Health. 9 (1): 5–16. doi:10.1300/J013v09n01_02. PMID 6367229.
  63. ^ Zaviačič M, Doležalová S, Holomáň IK, Zaviačičová A, Mikulecký M, Valer Brázdil V (1988). "Concentrations of Fructose in Female Ejaculate and Urine: A Comparative Biochemical Study". J Sex Res. 24: 319–25. doi:10.1080/00224498809551431.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  64. ^ a b Goldberg, DC; Whipple, B; Fishkin, RE; Waxman H; Fink PJ; Wiesberg M (1983). "The Grafenberg Spot and female ejaculation: a review of initial hypotheses". J Sex Marital Ther. 9 (1): 27–37. PMID 6686614.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  65. ^ a b c Belzer EG, Whipple W, Moger W. (1984). "On female ejaculation". J Sex Res. 20 (4): 403–6. doi:10.1080/00224498409551236.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  66. ^ MacLeod J (1951). "Semen quality in 1000 men of known fertility and in 800 cases of infertile marriage". Fertil. Steril. 2 (2): 115–39. PMID 14823049.
  67. ^ Pollen, JJ; Dreilinger, A (1984). "Immunohistochemical identification of prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate specific antigen in female periurethral glands". Urology. 23 (3): 303–4. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(84)90053-0. PMID 6199882. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  68. ^ Tepper, SL; Jagirdar, J; Heath, D; Geller, SA (1984). "Homology between the female paraurethral (Skene's) glands and the prostate. Immunohistochemical demonstration". Arch Pathol Lab Med. 108 (5): 423–5. PMID 6546868. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  69. ^ Zaviacic, Z; Ruzicková, M; Jakubovský, J; Danihel, L; Babál, P; Blazeková, J (1994). "The significance of prostate markers in the orthology of the female prostate". Bratisl Lek Listy. 95 (11): 491–7. PMID 7533639. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  70. ^ Wernert, N; Albrech, M; Sesterhenn, I; Goebbels, R; Bonkhoff, H; Seitz, G; Inniger, R; Remberger, K (1992). "The 'female prostate': location, morphology, immunohistochemical characteristics and significance". Eur Urol. 22 (1): 64–9. PMID 1385145.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  71. ^ Zaviacic, Z; Ablin, RJ (2000). "The female prostate and prostate-specific antigen. Immunohistochemical localization, implications of this prostate marker in women and reasons for using the term "prostate" in the human female". Histol Histopathol. 15 (1): 131–42. PMID 10668204. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  72. ^ Zaviacic, M; Danihel, L; Ruzicková, M; Blazeková, J; Itoh, Y; Okutani, R; Kawai, T (1997). "Immunohistochemical localization of human protein 1 in the female prostate (Skene's gland) and the male prostate". Histochem J. 29 (3): 219–27. doi:10.1023/A:1026401909678. PMID 9472384. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  73. ^ Singer J, Singer I. Types of female orgasm. J Sex Res 8: 255–67, 1972
  74. ^ Segraves R, Balon R, Clayton A (2007). "Proposal for changes in diagnostic criteria for sexual dysfunctions". J Sex Med. 4 (3): 567–80. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00455.x. PMID 17433086. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  75. ^ Connell SM. Aristotle and Galen on sex difference and reproduction: a new approach to an ancient rivalry. Studies In History and Philosophy of Science Part A 31(3): 405–27, September 2000.
  76. ^ Moynihan R (2005). "The marketing of a disease: female sexual dysfunction". BMJ. 330 (7484): 192–4. doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7484.192. PMC 545000. PMID 15661785. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  77. ^ Boston Women's Health Collective. Our Bodies, Our Selves. Simon and Schuster NY 1984, page 171
  78. ^ Ehrenreich B, Hess E, Jacobs G. Re-making love, the feminization of sex. Anchor Press NY 1986, page 185
  79. ^ Sensabaugh GF, Kahane D. Biochemical studies on "female ejaculates". California Association of Criminalists, Newport Beach, California May 1982
  80. ^ Zaviacic M, Ablin RJ (1998). "The female prostate". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 90 (9): 713–4. doi:10.1093/jnci/90.9.713. PMID 9586671. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) [dead link]
  81. ^ Female Ejaculation: Research Contrary to BBFC Ruling
  82. ^ http://www.melonfarmers.co.uk/arbw01.htm#More on Squirting
  83. ^ a b [1], Female Ejaculation and Censorship in the UK
  84. ^ "BBFC Guidelines". Melonfarmers.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
  85. ^ [2]
  86. ^ Depictions of Female Orgasm Being Banned by Classification Board
Look up female ejaculation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Female_ejaculation&oldid=409920861"