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A number of mainly Soviet or post-Soviet linguists, including [[Sergei Starostin]],<ref name= "starostin">{{Cite book |last=Starostin | first=Sergei | author1-link=Sergei Starostin | last2= Orel | first2= Vladimir | year= 1989 | contribution=Etruscan and North Caucasian| title=Explorations in Language Macrofamilies | editor-last = Shevoroshkin | editor-first= Vitaliy | series= Bochum Publications in Evolutionary Cultural Semiotics | issue= 23 | publisher= Bochum}}</ref> suggested a link between the Tyrrhenian languages and the [[Northeast Caucasian languages]], based on claimed sound correspondences between Etruscan, Hurrian and Northeast Caucasian languages, numerals, grammatical structures and phonologies. This claim was renewed by Ed Robertson (2006).<ref name= "robertson">{{Citation | first = Ed | last = Robertson | title = Etruscan’s genealogical linguistic relationship with Nakh–Daghestanian: a preliminary evaluation | year = 2006 | publisher = Nostratic | format = [[Portable document format|PDF]] | url = http://www.nostratic.net/books/%28329%29EGRWND.pdf}}.{{dead link|date=January 2015}}</ref>
A number of mainly Soviet or post-Soviet linguists, including [[Sergei Starostin]],<ref name= "starostin">{{Cite book |last=Starostin | first=Sergei | author1-link=Sergei Starostin | last2= Orel | first2= Vladimir | year= 1989 | contribution=Etruscan and North Caucasian| title=Explorations in Language Macrofamilies | editor-last = Shevoroshkin | editor-first= Vitaliy | series= Bochum Publications in Evolutionary Cultural Semiotics | issue= 23 | publisher= Bochum}}</ref> suggested a link between the Tyrrhenian languages and the [[Northeast Caucasian languages]], based on claimed sound correspondences between Etruscan, Hurrian and Northeast Caucasian languages, numerals, grammatical structures and phonologies. This claim was renewed by Ed Robertson (2006).<ref name= "robertson">{{Citation | first = Ed | last = Robertson | title = Etruscan’s genealogical linguistic relationship with Nakh–Daghestanian: a preliminary evaluation | year = 2006 | publisher = Nostratic | format = [[Portable document format|PDF]] | url = http://www.nostratic.net/books/%28329%29EGRWND.pdf}}.{{dead link|date=January 2015}}</ref>


==Fringe theories==
===Uralic Family===
===Uralic Family===
Mario Alinei considers Etruscan to be very Old Hungarian.<ref name= "alinei">Mario Alinei, Etruscan: An Archaic Form of Hungarian, Bologna, il Mulino, 2003 | url = www.continuitas.org/texts/alinei_etruscan.pdf </ref><ref name= "alinei 2">Mario Alinei, An answer to Dr. Szilágyi's criticism of my book on Etruscan (2005) | url = www.continuitas.org/texts/alinei_szilagyi.pdf</ref> Xaverio Ballester concurs in most word identifications, but thinks that as Etruscan traits not surviving in Hungarian may have persisted among speakers of an Uralic language where they survived 'alongside' a Hungarian no longer having them, Etruscan is rather a closely related language to Hungarian.<ref name= "ballester">Xaverio Ballester, Etrusco ¿una lengua úgrica?, "Faventia" 27 (1), 2005, pp. 9-21. | url = www.continuitas.org/texts/ballester_etrusco.pdf</ref> If he is right, this obviously is the case for Lemnian and Rhaetic as well.
Mario Alinei considers Etruscan to be very Old Hungarian.<ref name= "alinei">Mario Alinei, Etruscan: An Archaic Form of Hungarian, Bologna, il Mulino, 2003 | url = www.continuitas.org/texts/alinei_etruscan.pdf </ref><ref name= "alinei 2">Mario Alinei, An answer to Dr. Szilágyi's criticism of my book on Etruscan (2005) | url = www.continuitas.org/texts/alinei_szilagyi.pdf</ref> Xaverio Ballester concurs in most word identifications, but thinks that as Etruscan traits not surviving in Hungarian may have persisted among speakers of an Uralic language where they survived 'alongside' a Hungarian no longer having them, Etruscan is rather a closely related language to Hungarian.<ref name= "ballester">Xaverio Ballester, Etrusco ¿una lengua úgrica?, "Faventia" 27 (1), 2005, pp. 9-21. | url = www.continuitas.org/texts/ballester_etrusco.pdf</ref> If he is right, this obviously is the case for Lemnian and Rhaetic as well.

Revision as of 13:50, 5 November 2015

Tyrsenian
Tyrrhenian
Geographic
distribution		Southern Europe
Linguistic classificationOne of the world's primary language families
Subdivisions
Glottologetru1243
Approximate area of Tyrsenian languages

Tyrsenian (also Tyrrhenian), named after the Tyrrhenians (Ancient Greek (Ionic): Τυρσηνοί Tursēnoi), is a hypothetical extinct family of closely related ancient languages proposed by Helmut Rix (1998), that consists of the Etruscan language of central Italy, the Raetic language of the Alps, and the Lemnian language of the Aegean Sea. Camunic in northern Lombardy, in between Etruscan and Raetic, may belong here too, but the material is very scanty.[1]

Evidence

Rix assumes a date for Proto-Tyrsenian of roughly 1000 BC.

Cognates common to Raetic and Etruscan are:

  • Etr. zal, Raet. zal, "two";
  • Etr. -(a)cvil, Raet. akvil, "gift";
  • Etr. zinace, Raet. t'inaχe, "he made".
  • a genitive suffix -s in all three languages;
  • a second genitive suffix -a in Raetic, -(i)a in Etruscan;
  • the past active participle -ce in Etruscan, -ku in Raetic.

Cognates common to Lemnian and Etruscan are:

  • dative-case suffixes *-si, and *-ale, attested on the Lemnos Stele (Hulaie-ši "for Hulaie", Φukiasi-ale "for the Phocaean") and in Etruscan inscriptions (e.g. aule-si "To Aule" on the Cippus Perusinus).
  • a past tense suffix *-a-i (Etruscan -⟨e⟩ as in ame "was" ( ← *amai); Lemnian -⟨ai⟩ as in šivai "lived").

Strabo's (Geography V, 2), citation from Anticlides attributes to Pelasgians of Lemnos and Imbros a share in the foundation of Etruria.[2][3] The Pelasgians are also referred to by Herodotus as settlers in Lemnos, after they were expelled from Attica by the Athenians.[4] Tyrrhenians anciently in Lemnos are instanced by Apollonius of Rhodes in his Argonautica (IV.1760), written in the 3rd century BC, in an elaborate invented aition of Kalliste/Thera (modern Santorini): in passing he attributes to "Tyrrhenian warriors" in the island of Lemnos the flight of "Sintian" Lemnians to the island Kalliste.

Suggested relationships to other families

Aegean language family

A larger Aegean family including Eteocretan, Minoan and Eteocypriot has been proposed by G.M. Facchetti, and is supported by S. Yatsemirsky in Russia, referring to some alleged similarities between on the one hand Etruscan and Lemnian (a language attested in the Aegean, widely thought to be related to Etruscan), and on the other hand some languages such as Minoan and Eteocretan. If these languages could be shown to be related to Etruscan and Rhaetic, they would constitute a pre-Indo-European family stretching from (at the very least) the Aegean islands and Crete across mainland Greece and the Italian peninsula to the Alps. Facchetti proposes a hypothetical language family derived from Minoan in two branches. From Minoan he proposes a Proto-Tyrrhenian from which would have come the Etruscan, Lemnian and Rhaetic languages. James Mellaart has proposed that this language family is related to the pre-Indo-European Anatolian languages, based upon place name analysis.[5] From another Minoan branch would have come the Eteocretan language.[6][7] T. B. Jones proposed in 1950 reading of Eteocypriot texts in Etruscan, which was refuted by most scholars but gained popularity in the former Soviet Union.

Anatolian languages

A relation with the Anatolian languages within Indo-European has been proposed,[a][9] but is not generally accepted (although Leonard R. Palmer did show that some Linear A inscriptions were sensible as a variant of Luwian). If these languages are an early Indo-European stratum rather than pre-Indo-European, they would be associated with Krahe's Old European hydronymy and would date back to a Kurganization during the early Bronze Age.

Northeast Caucasian languages

A number of mainly Soviet or post-Soviet linguists, including Sergei Starostin,[10] suggested a link between the Tyrrhenian languages and the Northeast Caucasian languages, based on claimed sound correspondences between Etruscan, Hurrian and Northeast Caucasian languages, numerals, grammatical structures and phonologies. This claim was renewed by Ed Robertson (2006).[11]

Fringe theories

Uralic Family

Mario Alinei considers Etruscan to be very Old Hungarian.[12][13] Xaverio Ballester concurs in most word identifications, but thinks that as Etruscan traits not surviving in Hungarian may have persisted among speakers of an Uralic language where they survived 'alongside' a Hungarian no longer having them, Etruscan is rather a closely related language to Hungarian.[14] If he is right, this obviously is the case for Lemnian and Rhaetic as well.

Extinction

The language group would have died out around the 3rd century BC in the Aegean (by assimilation of the speakers to Greek), and as regards Etruscan around the 1st century AD in Italy (by assimilation to Latin). Finally, Raetic died out in the 3rd century AD, by assimilation to Vulgar Latin in the south and to Germanic in the north.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Steinbauer tries to relate both Etruscan and Rhaetic to Anatolian.[8]

References

  1. ^ Blackwell reference.
  2. ^ Myres, JL (1907), "A history of the Pelasgian theory", Journal of Hellenic Studies: 169–225, s. 16 (Pelasgians and Tyrrhenians).
  3. ^ Strabo, Lacus Curtius (public domain translation), Jones, HL transl., U Chicago, And again, Anticleides says that they (the Pelasgians) were the first to settle the regions round about Lemnos and Imbros, and indeed that some of these sailed away to Italy with Tyrrhenus the son of Atys.
  4. ^ Herodotus, The Histories, Perseus, Tufts, 6, 137.
  5. ^ Mellaart, James (1975), "The Neolithic of the Near East" (Thames and Hudson)
  6. ^ Facchetti 2001.
  7. ^ Facchetti 2002, p. 136.
  8. ^ Steinbauer 1999.
  9. ^ Palmer 1965.
  10. ^ Starostin, Sergei; Orel, Vladimir (1989). "Etruscan and North Caucasian". In Shevoroshkin, Vitaliy (ed.). Explorations in Language Macrofamilies. Bochum Publications in Evolutionary Cultural Semiotics. Bochum.
  11. ^ Robertson, Ed (2006), Etruscan’s genealogical linguistic relationship with Nakh–Daghestanian: a preliminary evaluation (PDF), Nostratic.[dead link]
  12. ^ Mario Alinei, Etruscan: An Archaic Form of Hungarian, Bologna, il Mulino, 2003 | url = www.continuitas.org/texts/alinei_etruscan.pdf
  13. ^ Mario Alinei, An answer to Dr. Szilágyi's criticism of my book on Etruscan (2005) | url = www.continuitas.org/texts/alinei_szilagyi.pdf
  14. ^ Xaverio Ballester, Etrusco ¿una lengua úgrica?, "Faventia" 27 (1), 2005, pp. 9-21. | url = www.continuitas.org/texts/ballester_etrusco.pdf

Bibliography

  • Facchetti, Giulio M (2001), "Qualche osservazione sulla lingua minoica", Kadmos (in Italian), 40: 1–38 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help).
  • ——— (2002), "Appendice sulla questione delle affinità genetiche dell'Etrusco", Appunti di morfologia etrusca (in Italian), Leo S. Olschki: 111–50, ISBN 88-222-5138-5 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help).
  • Palmer, LR (1965), Mycenaeans and Minoans (2nd ed.), New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
  • Rix, Helmut (1998), Rätisch und Etruskisch (in German), Innsbruck {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link).
  • Steinbauer, Dieter H (1999), Neues Handbuch des Etruskischen (in German), St. Katharinen {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help).
  • Schumacher, Stefan (1998), "Sprachliche Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen Rätisch und Etruskisch", Der Schlern (in German), 72: 90–114.
  • ——— (2004), "Die rätischen Inschriften. Geschichte und heutiger Stand der Forschung. 2. erweiterte Auflage", Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft (in German), 121 = Archaeolingua 2, Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck.
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