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Mirza Mazhar belonged to the [[Mujaddidi]] order of [[Sufism]], which is the main branch of [[Naqshbandi]] Sufi tariqah. His spiritual lineage goes to [[Muhammad]], through Shaikh [[Ahmad Sirhindi]], the [[Mujaddid]] of eleventh [[Islamic calendar|Hijri]] century. The complete lineage is as under:<ref>http://www.islahulmuslimeen.org/golden_chain.asp |
Mirza Mazhar belonged to the [[Mujaddidi]] order of [[Sufism]], which is the main branch of [[Naqshbandi]] Sufi tariqah. His spiritual lineage goes to [[Muhammad]], through Shaikh [[Ahmad Sirhindi]], the [[Mujaddid]] of eleventh [[Islamic calendar|Hijri]] century. The complete lineage is as under:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islahulmuslimeen.org/golden_chain.asp |accessdate=14 July 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20101124033432/http://islahulmuslimeen.org/golden_chain.asp |archivedate=24 November 2010 }}</ref> |
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Revision as of 13:14, 21 March 2016
Mirzā Mazhar Jān-i Jānān | |
|---|---|
| Born | 11th Ramadan, 1111 A.H. (1699 CE) |
| Died | 10th Muharram, 1195 A.H. (1781 CE) |
| Region | Islamic scholar /Sufi |
| School | Islam, Hanafi, Sufi |
Notable ideas | Acceptance of Hindus as Ahl-i Kitab, unflinching adherence to the Sunnah |
| Part of a series on Islam Sufism |
|---|
 |
 Islam portal |
Mirzā Mazhar Jān-i Jānān (Template:Lang-ur), also known by his laqab Shamsuddīn Habībullāh (1699–1781), was a renowned Naqshbandī Sufi poet of Delhi, distinguished as one the "four pillars of Urdu poetry."[1] He was also known to his contemporaries as the sunnītarāsh, "Sunnicizer", for his absolute, unflinching commitment to and imitation of the Sunnah of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.[1]
He established the Naqshbandī suborder Mazhariyya Shamsiyya.
His birth and early life
The date of birth is variously given as 1111 or 1113 A.H, and it took place in Kālā Bāgh, Mālwa. Shaikh Muhammad Tahir Bakhshi notes his date of birth as 11th Ramadan 1111 AH.[2] His father Mirzā Jān was employed in the army of the mighty Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Following a custom according to which the Emperor had the right to name the sons of his officers, Aurangzeb is reported to have said:[3]
"A son is the soul of his father. Since the name of his father is Mirzā Jān, the name of the son will be Jān-i Jānān."
His early religious instruction was entrusted to hājjī Afzal Siyālkōtī (hadith) and hāfiz Abd al-Rasūl Dihlawī (Qur'an). At the age of 18, he joined the Naqshbandī order under Nūr Muhammad Bada'ūni, who was closely connected to the teachings of Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindī, and completed his studies in four years. He was also initiated in the Qādirī, Chishtī and Suhrawardī orders.[3]
In his prime, Mazhar was advised to write poetry in Urdu rather than Persian as the days of the latter language were said to be numbered in India. Besides authoring poetry and polemics, Mazhar also wrote a large number of letters relating to Sufi thought and practice.
Legacy and influence
Among his 'disciples' or Muridīn was the great Hanafī scholar, Qādī Thanāullāh Panipatī, who wrote a famous Tafsir of the Qur'an by the name Tafsir-i Mazharī, which he named after his teacher. Also in his spiritual lineage (silsila) came the great Hanafī jurist Imam Ibn 'Abidīn and the Qur'an exegete Allāma Alusī.
His Naqshbandī lineage came to be known as Mazhariyya Shamsiyya. Mazhar apparently authorised more disciples than any of his predecessors. He regularly corresponded with his deputies, and his letters form much of the basis of our knowledge about his life and ideas.[4]
He was succeeded by his khalifa (deputy) Hazrat Abdullah alias Shah Ghulam Ali Dahlavi, who is considered Mujaddid of the 13th Islamic century by most Naqshbandi followers today. His tariqah spread to whole India and Middle East.
His death and martyrdom
Mirzā Mazhar was shot and seriously injured on the 7th of Muharram, of the year 1195 AH/1780 CE. The author of Āb-i Ḥayāt writes:[5]
"The cause of this murder was widely rumored in Delhi among high and low: that according to custom, on the seventh day [of Muḥarram], the standards were carried aloft [in procession]. Mirzā Mazhar sat by the side of the road in the upper veranda of his house, with some of his special disciples. Just as ordinary barbarous people do, his [Sunni] group and the [Shia] procession group may perhaps have hurled some insults and abuse, and some barbarous person was offended. Among them was one stony-hearted person named Faulād [=steel] Ḳhān, who was extremely barbarous. He did this evil deed. But Ḥakīm Qudratullāh Ḳhān 'Qāsim', in his anthology, says that in his poetry Mirzā Sahib used to compose a number of verses in praise of Hazrat ʿAlī, and some Sunni took this amiss and did this evil deed.
It should be noted that the author of Āb-i Ḥayāt, a determined Shi'a, has been suspected of indulging in partisan religious bias. Professor Frances Pritchett has noted that the latter account of the death of Mirzā Mazhar in Āb-i Ḥayāt is a deliberate distortion.[6] Professor Friedmann, as well as Annemarie Schimmel and Itzchad Weismann, have all noted that Mirzā Mazhar was killed by a Shi'ite zealot.[1][3][4]
Most of his Urdu biographers have also written that he was killed by a gunshot by a Shi'ite on 7th Muharram, and he died on 10th Muharram 1195 AH.[2]
Spiritual Chain of Succession
Mirza Mazhar belonged to the Mujaddidi order of Sufism, which is the main branch of Naqshbandi Sufi tariqah. His spiritual lineage goes to Muhammad, through Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi, the Mujaddid of eleventh Hijri century. The complete lineage is as under:[7]
| # | Name | Buried | Birth | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sayyadna Muhammad the last Prophet | Madinah, Saudi Arabia | Mon 12 Rabi al-Awwal
(570/571 CE) |
12 Rabi al-Awwal 11 AH
(5/6 June 632 CE) |
| 2 | Sayyadna Abu Bakr Siddiq | Madinah, Saudi Arabia | 22 Jumada al-Thani 13 AH
(22 August 634 C.E) | |
| 3 | Sayyadna Salman al-Farsi | Mada'in, Iraq | 10 Rajab 33 AH
(4/5 February 654 C.E) | |
| 4 | Imām Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr, son of son of (2) | Madinah, Saudi Arabia | 23 Shaban 24 AH
(22/23 June 645 C.E) |
24 Jumada al-Thani 101/106/107 AH |
| 5 | Imām Jafar Sadiq, son of granddaughter of (2) | Madinah, Saudi Arabia | 8 Ramadan 80 AH
(5/6 November 699 C.E) |
15 Rajab 148 AH
(6/7 September 765 C.E) |
| 6 | Khwaja Bayazid Bastami | Bistam, Semnan province, Iran | 186 AH
(804 C.E) |
15 Shaban 261 AH
(24/25 May 875 C.E) |
| 7 | Khwaja Abul-Hassan Kharaqani | Kharaqan, near Bistam, Semnan province, Iran | 352 AH
(963 C.E) |
10 Muharram 425 AH
(5/6 December 1033 C.E) |
| 8 | Khwaja Abul Qasim Gurgani | Gurgan, Iran | 23 Safar 450 AH
(19/20 April 1058 C.E) | |
| 9 | Khwaja Abu Ali Farmadi | Toos, Khurasan, Iran | 434 AH
(1042/1043 C.E) |
4 Rabi al-Awwal 477 or 511 AH
(10 July 1084 / 6 July 1117) |
| 10 | Khwaja Abu Yaqub Yusuf Hamadānī | Marv, near Mary, Turkmenistan | 440 AH
(1048/1049 C.E) |
Rajab 535 AH
(Feb/Mar 1141 C.E) |
| 11 | Khwaja Abdul Khaliq Ghujdawani | Ghajdawan, Bukhara, Uzbekistan | 22 Shaban 435 AH
(24/25 March 1044 C.E) |
12 Rabi al-Awwal 575 AH
(17/18 August 1179 C.E) |
| 12 | Khwaja Arif Reogari | Reogar, near Bukhara, Uzbekistan | 27 Rajab 551 AH
(15 September 1156 C.E) |
1 Shawwal 616 AH
(10/11 December 1219 C.E.) |
| 13 | Khwaja Mahmood Anjir-Faghnawi | Bukhara, Uzbekistan | 18 Shawwal 628 AH
(18/19 August 1231 C.E) |
17 Rabi al-Awwal 717 AH
(29/30 May 1317 C.E) |
| 14 | Khwaja Azizan Ali Ramitani | Khwaarizm, Uzbekistan | 591 AH
(1194 C.E) |
27 Ramadan 715 or 721 AH
(25/26 December 1315 or 20/21 October 1321) |
| 15 | Khwaja Muhammad Baba Samasi | Samaas, Bukhara, Uzbekistan | 25 Rajab 591 AH
(5/6 July 1195 C.E) |
10 Jumada al-Thani 755 AH
(2/3 July 1354 C.E) |
| 16 | Khwaja Sayyid Amir Kulal | Saukhaar, Bukhara, Uzbekistan | 676 AH
(1277/1278 C.E) |
Wed 2 Jumada al-Thani 772 AH
(21/22 December 1370 C.E) |
| 17 | Khwaja Muhammad Baha'uddin Naqshband Bukhari | Qasr-e-Aarifan, Bukhara, Uzbekistan | 4 Muharram 718 AH[8]
(8/9 March 1318 C.E) |
3 Rabi al-Awwal 791 AH
(2/3 March 1389 C.E) |
| 18 | Khwaja Ala'uddin Attar Bukhari, son-in-law of (17) | Jafaaniyan, Transoxiana (Uzbekistan) | Wed 20 Rajab 804 AH
(23 February 1402 C.E) | |
| 19 | Khwaja Yaqub Charkhi | Gulistan, Dushanbe, Tajkistan | 762 AH
(1360/1361 C.E) |
5 Safar 851 AH
(21/22 April 1447 C.E) |
| 20 | Khwaja Ubaidullah Ahrar | Samarkand, Uzbekistan | Ramadan 806 AH
(March/April 1404 C.E) |
29 Rabi al-Awwal 895 AH
(19/20 February 1490 C.E) |
| 21 | Khwaja Muhammad Zahid Wakhshi | Wakhsh | 14 Shawwal 852 AH
(11/12 December 1448 C.E) |
1 Rabi al-Awwal 936 AH
(3/4 November 1529 C.E) |
| 22 | Khwaja Durwesh Muhammad, son of sister of (21) | Asqarar, Uzbekistan | 16 Shawwal 846 AH
(17/18 February 1443 C.E) |
19 Muharram 970 AH
(18/19 September 1562 C.E) |
| 23 | Khwaja Muhammad Amkanaki, son of (22) | Amkana, Bukhara, Uzbekistan | 918 AH
(1512/1513 C.E) |
22 Shaban 1008 AH
(8/9 March 1600 C.E) |
| 24 | Khwaja Muhammad Baqi Billah Berang | Delhi, India | 5 Dhu al-Hijjah 971 or 972 AH
(14 July 1564 / 3 July 1565) |
25 Jumada al-Thani 1012 AH
(29/30 November 1603 C.E) |
| 25 | Shaikh Ahmad al-Farūqī al-Sirhindī, Imām Rabbānī | Sirhind, India | 14 Shawwal 971 AH
(25/26 May 1564 C.E) |
28 Safar 1034 AH
(9/10 December 1624 C.E) |
| 26 | Imām Khwaja Muhammad Masum Faruqi, 3rd son of (25) | Sirhind, India | 1007 AH
(1598/1599 C.E) |
9 Rabi al-Awwal 1099 AH
(13/14 January 1688 C.E) |
| 27 | Khwaja Muhammad Saifuddin Faruqi, son of (26) | Sirhind, India | 1049 AH
(1639/1640 C.E) |
19 or 26 Jumada al-awwal 1096 AH
(April 1685 C.E) |
| 28 | Hafiz Muhammad Mohsin Dehlavi | Delhi, India | ||
| 29 | Sayyid Nur Muhammad Badayuni | Delhi, India | 11 Dhu al-Qi'dah 1135AH
(12/13 August 1723 C.E) | |
| 30 | Shaheed Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan, Shams-ud-Dīn Habībullāh | Delhi, India | 11 Ramadan 1111 AH
(2/3 March 1700 C.E) |
10 Muharram 1195 AH
(Fri 5 January 1781 C.E) |
His Khulafa
In Maqamat Mazhari, his foremost Khalifa and successor Shah Ghulam Ali Dahlwai writes short biographies of many of his Khulafa (deputies). Here only those names are mentioned:[9]
- Shaykh Abdullah alias Shah Ghulam Ali Dahlawi (author of the book)
- Shaykh Sayyad Mir Musalman, a Sayyad (descendant of Muhammad), died during the life of his shaykh
- Qadi Thanaullah Panipati, author of Tafsir Mazhari and other notable Islamic books, descendant of Usman the third caliph of Islam
- Mawlana Fadalullah, elder brother of Qadi Thanaullah Panipati
- Mawlana Ahmadullah, eldest son of Qadi Thanaullah Panipati, famous for his braveness and fighting skills
- Wife of Qadi Thanaullah Panipati
- Shaykh Muhammad Murad, a trader, spent 35 years in the company of his shaykh
- Shaykh Abdur-Rahman
- Mir Aleemullah Gangohi
- Shaykh Muradullah alias Ghulam Kaki
- Shaykh Muhammad Ehsan
- Shaykh Ghulam Hasan
- Shaykh Muhammad Muneer
- Khwaja Ibadullah
- Mawlana Qalandar Bakhsh
- Mir Naeemullah
- Mawlana Thanaullah Sanbhali
- Mir Abdul-Baqi
- Khalifa Muhammad Jameel
- Hazrat Shah Bheek
- Mawlana Abdul-Haqq
- Shah Muhammad Salim
- Shah Rahmatullah
- Muhammad Shah
- Mir Mubeen Khan
- Mir Muhammad Mueen Khan, brother of Mir Mubeen Khan
- Mir Ali Asghar alias Mir Makhoo
- Muhammad Hasan Arab
- Muhammad Qa'im Kashmiri
- Hafiz Muhammad
- Mawlana Qutbuddin
- Mawlana Ghulam Yahya
- Mawlana Sayyad Ghulam Muhiuddin Jilani
- Mawlana Naeemullah Bahra'ichi
The Panoramic view of Tomb of Hazrat Shah NaimUllah Bahraichi khalifa of Hazrat Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan Dehalvi - Mawlana Kaleemullah Bangali
- Sayyad Mir Ruhul-Amin
- Shah Muhammad Shafi
- Muhammad Wasil
- Muhammad Hussain
- Shaykh Ghulam Hussain Thaanisari
- Mawlana Abdul Kareem
- Mawlana Abdul Hakeem
- Nawab Irshad Khan
- Ghulam Mustafa Khan, student of Shah Waliullah Muhaddith Dahlawi
- Noor Muhammad Qandhari
- Mulla Naseem
- Mulla Abdur Razzaq
- Mulla Jaleel
- Mulla Abdullah
- Mulla Taimoor
See also
References
- ^ a b c And Muhammad is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic piety, by Annemarie Schimmel (Chappel hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1985)
- ^ a b Jalwa Gah-e-Dost (Urdu) 2nd edition (2008) by Hazrat Khwaja Muhammad Tahir Bakhshi Naqshbandi: http://urdu.islahulmuslimeen.org/urdu/books/jalwagah/h30.htm
- ^ a b c Medieval Muslim views of Indian religion, Y. Friedmann, JOAS 95, 1975.
- ^ a b The Naqshbandiyya: orthodoxy and activism in a worldwide Sufi tradition, Itzchak Weismann, Routledge, 2007.
- ^ ĀB-E ḤAYĀT: Shaping the Canon of Urdu Poetry MUḤAMMAD ḤUSAIN ĀZĀD translated and edited by Frances W. Pritchett in association with Shamsur Rahman Faruqi: http://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/PK2155.H8413/123141d3.html
- ^ Nets of awareness: Urdu poets and its critics, Frances W. Pritchett
- ^ http://web.archive.org/web/20101124033432/http://islahulmuslimeen.org/golden_chain.asp. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Faiz Naqshband (Urdu Translation): Malfuzat of Shah Ghulam Ali Dehlavi, p.46
- ^ Maqamat Mazhari by Shah Ghulam Ali Dahlawi (Urdu translation): http://www.maktabah.org/index.php/biography/sufi-shaikhs/889.html