Strait of Juan de Fuca: Difference between revisions
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==Boundary dispute== |
==Boundary dispute== |
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[[File:The Olympian Range, from Esquimalt (HS85-10-11325).jpg|thumb|300px|right|The Olympic Mountains of Washington as seen from the entrance to [[Esquimalt Harbour]], 1900, photo: [[John Wallace Jones]]]]This strait remains the subject of a maritime boundary dispute between Canada and the United States. The dispute is only over the seaward boundary extending {{convert|200|mi|km}} west from the mouth of the strait. The maritime boundary within the strait is not in dispute. Both governments have proposed a boundary based on the [[Equidistance principle|principle of equidistance]], but with different basepoint selections, resulting in small differences in the line. Resolution of the issue should be simple, but has been hindered because it might influence [[:Category:Canada–United States border disputes|other unresolved]] maritime boundary issues between Canada and the United States.<ref>{{cite book |last= Charney |first= Jonathan I. |author2=David A. Colson |author3=Robert W. Smith |title= International maritime boundaries |year= 2005 |publisher= Martinus Nijhoff |isbn= 978-90-04-14461-3 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RN0GnOcw0McC&pg=PA3403 |page= 3403}}</ref> In addition, the government of British Columbia has rejected both equidistant proposals, instead arguing that the Juan de Fuca [[submarine canyon]] is the appropriate "geomorphic and physiogeographic boundary".<ref>[http://www.cwilson.com/pubs/energy/alaska.pdf The Alaska Boundary Dispute: History and International Law], by Tony Fogarassy, page 3; citing Office of the Premier, Province of British Columbia, ''Submission of the Province of British Columbia on West Coast Maritime Boundaries Between Canada and the United States'' (1977). A map of the Juan de Fuca Canyon is available at [http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/06olympic/background/coralhab/media/coral_map_600.html Map of Known Deep Corals in and around the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary], NOAA Ocean Explorer</ref> The proposed equidistant boundary currently marks the northern boundary of the [[Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary]]. British Columbia's position is based on the [[Natural prolongation principle|principle of natural prolongation]] which developed in [[international law]]. It poses a dilemma for the federal government of Canada. If Canada holds that the principle of natural prolongation applies to the Juan de Fuca Canyon on its [[Pacific Ocean]] coast, the assertion could undermine Canada's argument in the [[Machias Seal Island#Gulf of Maine boundary|''Gulf of Maine'' boundary dispute]]. In this [[Atlantic Ocean]] context, Canada favours an outcome based on the principle of equidistance.<ref>{{cite book |last= McRae |first= Donald Malcolm |author2=Gordon Ross Munro |title= Canadian Oceans Policy: National Strategies and the New Law of the Sea |year= 1989 |publisher= UBC Press |isbn= 978-0-7748-0346-5 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IFVH8zKQAzkC&pg=PA151 |pages= 151–152}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Johnston |first= Douglas M. |author2=Mark J. Valencia |title= Pacific Ocean Boundary Problems: Status and Solutions |year= 1991 |publisher= Martinus Nijhoff |isbn= 978-0-7923-0862-1 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zOoADxl4YToC&pg=PA102 |page= 102}}</ref> |
[[File:The Olympian Range, from Esquimalt (HS85-10-11325).jpg|thumb|300px|right|The Olympic Mountains of Washington as seen from the entrance to [[Esquimalt Harbour]], 1900, photo: [[John Wallace Jones]]]]This strait remains the subject of a maritime boundary dispute between Canada and the United States. The dispute is only over the seaward boundary extending {{convert|200|mi|km}} west from the mouth of the strait. The maritime boundary within the strait is not in dispute. Both governments have proposed a boundary based on the [[Equidistance principle|principle of equidistance]], but with different basepoint selections, resulting in small differences in the line. Resolution of the issue should be simple, but has been hindered because it might influence [[:Category:Canada–United States border disputes|other unresolved]] maritime boundary issues between Canada and the United States.<ref>{{cite book |last= Charney |first= Jonathan I. |author2=David A. Colson |author3=Robert W. Smith |title= International maritime boundaries |year= 2005 |publisher= Martinus Nijhoff |isbn= 978-90-04-14461-3 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RN0GnOcw0McC&pg=PA3403 |page= 3403}}</ref> In addition, the government of British Columbia has rejected both equidistant proposals, instead arguing that the Juan de Fuca [[submarine canyon]] is the appropriate "geomorphic and physiogeographic boundary".<ref>[http://www.cwilson.com/pubs/energy/alaska.pdf The Alaska Boundary Dispute: History and International Law] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218165011/http://www.cwilson.com/pubs/energy/alaska.pdf |date=2008-12-18 }}, by Tony Fogarassy, page 3; citing Office of the Premier, Province of British Columbia, ''Submission of the Province of British Columbia on West Coast Maritime Boundaries Between Canada and the United States'' (1977). A map of the Juan de Fuca Canyon is available at [http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/06olympic/background/coralhab/media/coral_map_600.html Map of Known Deep Corals in and around the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary], NOAA Ocean Explorer</ref> The proposed equidistant boundary currently marks the northern boundary of the [[Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary]]. British Columbia's position is based on the [[Natural prolongation principle|principle of natural prolongation]] which developed in [[international law]]. It poses a dilemma for the federal government of Canada. If Canada holds that the principle of natural prolongation applies to the Juan de Fuca Canyon on its [[Pacific Ocean]] coast, the assertion could undermine Canada's argument in the [[Machias Seal Island#Gulf of Maine boundary|''Gulf of Maine'' boundary dispute]]. In this [[Atlantic Ocean]] context, Canada favours an outcome based on the principle of equidistance.<ref>{{cite book |last= McRae |first= Donald Malcolm |author2=Gordon Ross Munro |title= Canadian Oceans Policy: National Strategies and the New Law of the Sea |year= 1989 |publisher= UBC Press |isbn= 978-0-7748-0346-5 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IFVH8zKQAzkC&pg=PA151 |pages= 151–152}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Johnston |first= Douglas M. |author2=Mark J. Valencia |title= Pacific Ocean Boundary Problems: Status and Solutions |year= 1991 |publisher= Martinus Nijhoff |isbn= 978-0-7923-0862-1 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zOoADxl4YToC&pg=PA102 |page= 102}}</ref> |
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==Salish Sea== |
==Salish Sea== |
Revision as of 16:47, 21 May 2017
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/PNW-straits.jpg/220px-PNW-straits.jpg)
The Strait of Juan de Fuca (officially named Juan de Fuca Strait in Canada[1]) is a large body of water about 95 miles (153 km) long[2] that is the Salish Sea's outlet to the Pacific Ocean. The international boundary between Canada and the United States runs down the center of the Strait.
It was named in 1787 by the maritime fur trader Charles William Barkley, captain of the Imperial Eagle, for Juan de Fuca, the Greek navigator who sailed in a Spanish expedition in 1592 to seek the fabled Strait of Anián. Barkley was the first non-indigenous person to find the strait, unless Juan de Fuca's story was true.[3] The strait was explored in detail between 1789 and 1791 by Manuel Quimper, José María Narváez, Juan Carrasco, Gonzalo López de Haro, and Francisco de Eliza.
Definition
The USGS defines the Strait of Juan de Fuca as a channel. It extends east from the Pacific Ocean between Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, to Haro Strait, San Juan Channel, Rosario Strait, and Puget Sound. The Pacific Ocean boundary is formed by a line between Cape Flattery and Tatoosh Island, Washington, and Carmanah Point (Vancouver Island), British Columbia. Its northern boundary follows the shoreline of Vancouver Island from Carmanah Point to Gonzales Point, then follows a continuous line east to Seabird Point (Discovery Island), British Columbia, Cattle Point (San Juan Island), Washington, Iceberg Point (Lopez Island), Point Colville (Lopez Island), and then to Rosario Head (Fidalgo Island). The eastern boundary runs south from Rosario Head across Deception Pass to Whidbey Island, then along the western coast of Whidbey Island to Point Partridge, then across Admiralty Inlet to Point Wilson (Quimper Peninsula). The northern coast of the Olympic Peninsula forms the southern boundary of the strait.[2] In the eastern entrance to the Strait, the Race Rocks Archipelago is located in the high current zone halfway between Port Angeles, Washington, and Victoria, BC.
Climate
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Strait_of_San_Juan_de_Fuca_sunset.jpg/220px-Strait_of_San_Juan_de_Fuca_sunset.jpg)
Like the rest of the Salish Sea and surrounding regions, the climate of the Strait is disputed, with the Köppen system classifying it as Mediterranean, but most regional climatologists preferring oceanic. While the climate is mostly oceanic in nature, the dry summers result in the Mediterranean classification in the Köppen system. Rainfall ranges from over 100 inches (250 cm) (temperate rainforest) conditions at the west end to as little as 16 inches (41 cm) at the east end, near Sequim.[4]
Because it is exposed to the generally westerly winds and waves of the Pacific, seas and weather in Juan de Fuca Strait are, on average, rougher than in the more protected waters inland, thereby resulting in a number of small-craft advisories.
Ferries
An international vehicle ferry crosses the Strait from Port Angeles, Washington to Victoria, British Columbia several times each day, as do passenger ferries of the Washington State Ferry system, a seasonal private ferry connecting Port Angeles with Victoria, and a private high-speed ferry between Victoria and Seattle.
Boundary dispute
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/The_Olympian_Range%2C_from_Esquimalt_%28HS85-10-11325%29.jpg/300px-The_Olympian_Range%2C_from_Esquimalt_%28HS85-10-11325%29.jpg)
This strait remains the subject of a maritime boundary dispute between Canada and the United States. The dispute is only over the seaward boundary extending 200 miles (320 km) west from the mouth of the strait. The maritime boundary within the strait is not in dispute. Both governments have proposed a boundary based on the principle of equidistance, but with different basepoint selections, resulting in small differences in the line. Resolution of the issue should be simple, but has been hindered because it might influence other unresolved maritime boundary issues between Canada and the United States.[5] In addition, the government of British Columbia has rejected both equidistant proposals, instead arguing that the Juan de Fuca submarine canyon is the appropriate "geomorphic and physiogeographic boundary".[6] The proposed equidistant boundary currently marks the northern boundary of the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary. British Columbia's position is based on the principle of natural prolongation which developed in international law. It poses a dilemma for the federal government of Canada. If Canada holds that the principle of natural prolongation applies to the Juan de Fuca Canyon on its Pacific Ocean coast, the assertion could undermine Canada's argument in the Gulf of Maine boundary dispute. In this Atlantic Ocean context, Canada favours an outcome based on the principle of equidistance.[7][8]
Salish Sea
In March 2008, the Chemainus First Nation proposed renaming the strait the "Salish Sea", an idea that reportedly met with approval by British Columbia's Aboriginal Relations Minister Mike de Jong, who pledged to put it before the B.C. cabinet for discussion. Making Salish Sea official required a formal application to the Geographical Names Board of Canada.[9] A parallel American movement promoting the name had a different definition, combining of the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Puget Sound as well as the Strait of Georgia and related waters under the more general name Salish Sea. This latter definition was made official in 2009 by geographic boards of Canada and the United States.
In October 2009, the Washington State Board of Geographic Names approved the Salish Sea toponym, not to replace the names of the Strait of Georgia, Puget Sound, and Strait of Juan de Fuca, but instead as a collective term for all three.[10] The British Columbia Geographical Names Office passed a resolution only recommending that the name be adopted by the Geographical Names Board of Canada, should its US counterpart approve the name-change.[10][11][12] The United States Board on Geographic Names approved the name on November 12, 2009.[13]
Counties and regional districts
Counties along the Strait of Juan de Fuca:
- Clallam County, Washington
- Jefferson County, Washington
- Island County, Washington
- Skagit County, Washington
- San Juan County, Washington
Regional districts along the Strait of Juan de Fuca:
Fauna
Certain groups of seabirds called common murre migrate north by swimming. Some Pacific Coast murres paddle north to the sheltered bays of the Strait of Juan de Fuca to feed on herring and other small fish.
Other
Some scenes from the film The Hunt for Red October were filmed in the Strait of Juan de Fuca in 1989.
See also
- Strait of Juan de Fuca laser incident
- Graveyard of the Pacific
- List of areas disputed by the United States and Canada
- Oregon boundary dispute
- Race Rocks Marine Protected Area
- Pig War (San Juan Islands Dispute)
- Marilyn Bell
References
- ^ "Juan de Fuca Strait". BC Geographical Names.
- ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Strait of Juan de Fuca
- ^ While U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Strait of Juan de Fuca says John Meares named the strait in 1788, most sources say it was Barkley in 1787, for example: "Juan de Fuca Strait". BC Geographical Names.; Existence of the Strait of Juan de Fuca confirmed by Captain Charles Barkley, Washington Secretary of State; Hayes, Derek (1999). Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest: Maps of exploration and Discovery. Sasquatch Books. p. 16. ISBN 1-57061-215-3. online at Google Books; and Pethick, Derek (1980). The Nootka Connection: Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790–1795. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. p. 24. ISBN 0-88894-279-6. It is well established that Meares tried to take credit for much of Barkley's work.
- ^ "SEQUIM 2 E, WASHINGTON".
- ^ Charney, Jonathan I.; David A. Colson; Robert W. Smith (2005). International maritime boundaries. Martinus Nijhoff. p. 3403. ISBN 978-90-04-14461-3.
- ^ The Alaska Boundary Dispute: History and International Law Archived 2008-12-18 at the Wayback Machine, by Tony Fogarassy, page 3; citing Office of the Premier, Province of British Columbia, Submission of the Province of British Columbia on West Coast Maritime Boundaries Between Canada and the United States (1977). A map of the Juan de Fuca Canyon is available at Map of Known Deep Corals in and around the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary, NOAA Ocean Explorer
- ^ McRae, Donald Malcolm; Gordon Ross Munro (1989). Canadian Oceans Policy: National Strategies and the New Law of the Sea. UBC Press. pp. 151–152. ISBN 978-0-7748-0346-5.
- ^ Johnston, Douglas M.; Mark J. Valencia (1991). Pacific Ocean Boundary Problems: Status and Solutions. Martinus Nijhoff. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-7923-0862-1.
- ^ "Strait of Georgia could be renamed Salish Sea". Canadian Press. CBC.ca. 2008-03-09. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
- ^ a b "STATE BOARD ON GEOGRAPHIC NAMES APPROVES 'SALISH SEA'". 2009-10-30.
- ^ Washington state adopts “Salish Sea” name for body of water including Strait of Georgia, Carlito Pablo, Georgia Straight, October 30, 2009
- ^ Berger, Knute (October 20, 2009). "Smooth Sailing for the Salish Sea?". Crosscut. Retrieved August 13, 2011.
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(help) - ^ Berger, Knute (November 12, 2009). "U.S. approves Salish Sea name". Crosscut. Retrieved August 13, 2011.
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External links
- Canada–United States border disputes
- Landforms of Clallam County, Washington
- Disputed waters
- Straits of Washington (state)
- Southern Vancouver Island
- Landforms of Vancouver Island
- International straits
- Straits of British Columbia
- Landforms of Jefferson County, Washington
- Landforms of Island County, Washington
- Landforms of San Juan County, Washington
- Capital Regional District
- Strait of Juan de Fuca