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Baker Hughes

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Baker Hughes Company
Company typePublic company
ISINUS05722G1004
IndustryHydrocarbon exploration
Founded1907; 117 years ago (1907)
HeadquartersHouston, Texas, U.S.
Key people
Lorenzo Simonelli
(Chairman & CEO)
RevenueDecrease US$20.705 billion (2020)[1]
Decrease US$-15.978 billion (2020)[1]
Decrease US$-15.761 billion (2020)[1]
Total assetsDecrease US$38.007 billion (2020)[1]
Total equityDecrease US$18.242 billion (2020)[1]
Number of employees
55,000 (2020)

| website = bakerhughes.com | footnotes = [2] }}

Baker Hughes Company is an American international industrial service company and one of the world's largest oil field services companies. The company provides the oil and gas industry with products and services for oil drilling, formation evaluation, completion, production and reservoir consulting. Baker Hughes is organized in Delaware and headquartered in Houston. The company was originally known as Baker Hughes Incorporated until 2017 when it was merged with GE Oil and Gas to become Baker Hughes, a GE Company (BHGE), then in 2019 the company divested from General Electric and became Baker Hughes Company. As of December 2020, GE is no longer majority owner of Baker Hughes, owning 30% and intending to completely divest its ownership stake over the next few years.

Divisions

Baker Hughes operates in over 120 countries across the globe. Its headquarters are divided between Texas in the United States and the United Kingdom, with research and manufacturing facilities in Australia, Singapore, Malaysia, India, Dubai, Saudi Arabia, Italy, Germany, Norway, Louisiana and Missouri.[3] The company provide a wide range of products and services, covering all areas of oil and gas exploration and production.[4]

  • Oilfield Services - provides products and services for onshore and offshore operations across the lifecycle of a well, including drilling, evaluation, completion, production, and intervention.[5]
  • Oilfield Equipment - provides products and services required to facilitate the safe and reliable flow of hydrocarbons from the wellhead to the production facility, including deepwater drilling equipment, subsea production systems, onshore wellheads, and related services.[6]
  • Turbomachinery & Process Solutions - provides equipment and related services for mechanical-drive, compression and power-generation applications across the petroleum industry as well as products and services to serve the downstream segments of the industry.[7]

History

Baker Hughes is the combination of many companies that have developed and introduced technology to serve the petroleum service industry. Their combined history dates back to the early 1900s. During its history, Baker Hughes has acquired and assimilated numerous oilfield pioneers including: Brown Oil Tools, CTC, EDECO, and Elder Oil Tools (completions); Milchem (drilling fluids); EXLOG (mud logging); Eastman Christensen and Drilex (directional drilling and diamond drill bits); Teleco (measurement while drilling); Tri-State and Wilson (fishing tools and services); Aquaness, Chemlink and Petrolite (specialty chemicals), Western Atlas (seismic exploration, well logging), BJ Services (pressure pumping).

Hughes Tool Company

Hughes Tool Company's oil drill manufacturing plant in downtown Houston, 1915.

The Hughes Tool Company was founded in 1908 by business partners Walter Benona Sharp and Howard R. Hughes, Sr., father of Howard Hughes, Jr. That year, Hughes, Sr. and Sharp developed the first two-cone drill bit, designed to enable rotary drilling in harder, deeper formations than was possible with earlier fishtail bits. They conducted two secret tests on a drilling rig in Goose Creek, Texas. Each time, Hughes asked the drilling crew to leave the rig floor, pulled the bit from a locked wooden box, and then his associates ran the bit into the hole. The drill pipe twisted off on the first test, but the second was extremely successful. In 1909, the Sharp & Hughes bit was granted a U.S. patent. In December 1908, the partners had already formed the Sharp-Hughes Tool Company in Houston, Texas, to manufacture the bit in a rented space measuring 20 by 40 ft (12 m).[citation needed]

After Walter Sharp died in 1912, Hughes purchased Sharp's half of the business. The company was renamed Hughes Tool Company in 1915, and Hughes, Jr. inherited it after his father's death in 1924. Through the 1950s and 1960s, Hughes Tool Company remained a private enterprise, owned by Hughes. While Hughes was engaged in his Hollywood and aviation enterprises, managers in Houston, such as Fred Ayers and Maynard Montrose, kept the tool company growing through technical innovation and international expansion. In 1958, the Engineering and Research Laboratory was enlarged to accommodate six laboratory sections that housed specialized instruments, such as a direct reading spectrometer and x-ray diffractometer. In 1959, Hughes introduced self-lubricating, sealed bearing rock bits. After collecting data from thousands of bit runs, Hughes introduced the first comprehensive guides to efficient drilling practices in 1960; 1964 saw the introduction of the X-Line rock bits, combining new cutting structure designs and hydraulic jets.

Baker Oil Tool Company

Reuben C. Baker was a farm boy with a third grade education who followed his brother Aaron Alphonso Baker into the oil business. In 1895 he got a job in a California oilfield with 95 cents in his pocket. His first job was driving a horse team to haul oil for drillers. One year later he became a drilling contractor.

In July 1907, the 34-year-old inventor and entrepreneur was working in Coalinga, California when he was granted a U.S. patent for a casing shoe that enabled drillers to efficiently run casing and cement it in oil wells.[10] The casing shoe revolutionized cable tool drilling by ensuring the uninterrupted flow of oil through the bottom of the casing in the well.[11]

This innovation launched the business that would become Baker Oil Tools. In 1928, Baker Casing Shoe Company changed its name to Baker Oil Tools, Inc., to reflect its product line of completion, cementing and fishing equipment. Baker Oil Tools expanded to Houston in the 1920s, and although buffeted by the Great Depression, survived and continued growing into the 1960s. In 1976, it became Baker International Corporation with almost all of its operations headquartered in Houston.

In early 1956, during one of the most successful periods in the company's history, Baker retired as President of Baker Oil Tools and was succeeded by his long-time associate Ted Sutter. Baker died only a few weeks later after a brief illness at the age of 85. Although he only had three years of formal education, Baker received more than 150 patents in his lifetime.[10] In 1964, Sutter was succeeded by E.H. "Hubie" Clark, who became the first Baker Hughes chairman of the board in 1987. During its 80-year history prior to its merger with Baker Hughes, Baker Oil Tools had only three chief executives.

INTEQ also originally incorporated the drilling fluids division of Baker Hughes which consisted of Milpark and others. This division was called 'INTEQ drilling fluids' which provided the premier brands in oil and gas well drilling muds and wellbore cleaning fluids. In 2003, these product lines were spun off to form the separate entity of Baker Hughes Drilling Fluids (BHDF), with INTEQ continuing as the Drilling and Evaluation (D&E) company. INTEQ provides directional Drilling, MWD/LWD, surface logging (mud logging) and coring services.

The company's flagship brand was the AutoTrak rotary steerable drilling system which was a pioneering directional drilling tool. Introduced in 1997 with Agip S.p.A., the tool is fundamentally different compared to contemporary rivals such as the PowerDrive and the GeoPilot employing the hybrid technique of "pushing and pointing (vectoring) the bit" rather than only "pointing the bit" or only "pushing the bit".[12][13]

1987 merger to form Baker Hughes

As a result of the 1980s oil glut, in 1987, Baker International acquired Hughes Tool Company to form Baker Hughes Incorporated.[14][15]

Joint venture with Schlumberger (2000-2006)

In 1999, the only new seismic technology that was being introduced was the 4-dimensional seismic survey monitoring.[16]

In 2000, during a downturn in the petroleum industry, the company merged its Western Geophysical division with Schlumberger's Geco (Geophysical Company of Norway) to form WesternGeco.[17]

In 2006, Baker Hughes sold its 30% share of WesternGeco to Schlumberger for $2.4 billion in cash.[18]

Violation of Foreign Corrupt Practices Act

In April 2007, the company pleaded guilty in U.S. federal court to violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). The company made $4.1 million in "commission" payments between 2001 and 2003, after which the company was awarded an oil-services contract in the Karachaganak Field in Kazakhstan. The company agreed to pay $44.1 million in fines and penalties.[19][20]

Threat of strike action

On June 11, 2012, during the annual period of negotiations between trade unions, including SAFE, the Norwegian union for energy workers, and their employer counterparts in Norway, 114 Baker Hughes employees were called to a strike action, which would have affected over a dozen installations.[21] On June 18, 2012, the strike was called off after the parties agreed to a new collective agreement.[22]

Largest vessel in Gulf of Mexico

In 2001, the company introduced the largest hydraulic fracturing proppants vessel for deepwater work in the Gulf of Mexico. It was named after founder Howard R. Hughes Sr..[23]

Proposed acquisition by Halliburton

In November 2014, the company entered talks with Halliburton over a merger deal valued at $34.6 billion.[24] If consummated, it would have been the largest merger in the history of the petroleum industry. The merger was approved by both companies' stockholders and was waiting on approval from several jurisdictions; however, on April 6, 2016, the United States Department of Justice sued to block the transaction.[25]

There were concerns that the merger would affect competition and prices in the oilfield service industry. Public officials believed that the asset sale would not help the combined company retain competitiveness, as smaller buyers would not utilize their larger rivals’ assets efficiently. On May 1, 2016, the companies terminated the merger agreement.[26][27]

Merger with General Electric

At the end of October 2016, the company was in negotiations with General Electric to combine with GE Oil and Gas.[28] The deal was cleared by the European Union in May 2017, and by the United States Department of Justice in June 2017.[29][30]

In December 2016, it was announced that the company would shed its North America Land Pressure Pumping division to form a new BJ Services as part of its divestment agreement with GE.[31] The new BJ Services merged with ALLIED Services and ALTCEM. The merger was consummated in July 2017.[32]

In September 2019, GE announced it had sold some of its shares in Baker Hughes, therefore losing its majority control of the company.[33] Baker Hughes subsequently divested from GE becoming an independent company once again.[34]

Acquisitions

Brown Oil Tools

In 1929, Cicero C. Brown organized Brown Oil Tools in Houston, and patented the first liner hanger in 1937. Liner hangers enable drillers to lengthen their casing strings without having the liner pipe extend all the way to the surface. This saves capital cost and reduces weight borne by offshore platforms. In 1978, Hughes Tool Company acquired Brown Oil Tools. In 1970, Baker Oil Tools acquired Lynes, Inc., which produced liner hangers and other completion equipment. In 1978, Baker Oil Tools introduced the Bakerline casing liner hanger. In 1985, the FlexLock Liner Hanger was introduced, extending the performance range and functionality of liner hanger systems. In 1987, the Brown liner hanger technology was merged into Baker Oil Tools. In 1992, Baker Oil Tools introduced the ZXP Liner Top Packer, with expandable metal seals, which set the stage for development of expandable screens, casing systems and liner hangers. In 1994, Baker Oil Tools introduced multilateral completion systems, which enabled operators to install completion tools and perform selective intervention work in multiple horizontal sections from a common main borehole.

BJ Services Company

On April 28, 2010, Baker Hughes acquired BJ Services.[35] After the division suffered market share losses, the company sold a majority interest in BJ Services to private equity firms to obtain approval for the merger with GE Oil and Gas.[36]

EXLOG

Exploration Logging Company (EXLOG) was founded in 1952 in Sacramento, California by Vern C. Jones, and had 800 employees. It was a leader in mud logging.[37][38] In 1972, Baker Hughes acquired EXLOG.

Eastman Christensen

In 1929, H. John Eastman introduced "controlled directional drilling" in Huntington Beach, California, using whipstocks and magnetic survey instruments to deflect the drill pipe from shore-based rigs to reach oil deposits offshore. In 1934, Eastman Whipstock Inc. was founded by Eastman and Roman W. Hines, the same year the company drilled the world's first relief well to control a blowout in Conroe, Texas, that had been on fire for more than a year.

In 1957, Frank Christensen's Christensen Diamond Products opened its manufacturing plant in Celle, Germany. The facility built diamond core heads and drilling bits and soon began producing stabilizers, drilling jars and other equipment. In 1977, the Celle engineering and manufacturing team introduced the Navi-Drill line of downhole drilling motors, which has led the drilling industry in performance and reliability for three decades. Other innovations developed in Celle include the industry's first steerable motor system, and the AutoTrak Rotary Closed Loop System. In 1978, Christensen Diamond Products was acquired by Norton Co. and its name changed to Norton Christensen. In 1986 Eastman Whipstock merged with Norton Christensen to form Eastman Christensen.

In 1990, the Baker Hughes acquired Eastman Christensen from Norton Abrasives for $550 million. To receive approval from the United States Department of Justice, the company sold its Hughes Tool diamond bit business.[39] Baker Hughes combined Eastman Christensen and the remainder of Hughes Tools to form Hughes Christensen.

In 1993, Hughes Christensen introduced the AR-Series PDC bits, anti-whirl bits with increased penetration rates up to 100% in some applications and extended bit life as much as four-fold, compared to previous bit designs.[40] By 1995, Hughes Christensen's Gold Series PDC line increased drilling efficiency by reducing the frictional forces that can accumulate in front of the cutting edge, reducing the energy required to remove the rock.[41] In 1996, patented ChipMaster PDCs, known for their efficiency and durability, were built on the success of the Eggbeater product line. Hughes Christensen next introduced the Genesis HCM bits for steerable motors with patented EZSteer depth-of-cut control technology. This same technology was adapted to Genesis HCR bits for rotary steerable systems, such as the Baker Hughes AutoTrak rotary closed loop system. Genesis ZX PDCs followed with new Zenith cutters. In 2007, the Celle Technology Center became Baker Hughes' leading research and engineering facility in the Eastern Hemisphere.

Milchem

In 1931, Max B. Miller devised a drilling mud using a white clay as a weighting material. To market the new mud, he formed The Milwhite Company in Texas. In the mid-1930s, the company mined barites in conjunction with the Magnet Cove Barium Corporation (later called Magcobar). After a hiatus during World War II, the company resumed grinding operations using barite from a mine in Missouri and conducted mud sales through independent distributors. After 1956, Milwhite Mud Sales Company built its own sales network. In 1963, the company acquired Aquaness, and in 1964 the combination became Milchem. In 1971, Baker Oil Tools acquired Milchem. In 1985, Baker International acquired the drilling fluids division of Newpark Resources and merged it with Milchem's mud division to form Milpark.

Meanwhile, in 1942, Oil Base Drilling Company was founded by George Miller, and made its first application of oil base mud. The company was acquired by Hughes Tool Company in 1979, and renamed Hughes Drilling Fluids in 1982. In 1987, when Baker Hughes was formed, Hughes Drilling Fluids was merged into Milpark, and in 1993, Milpark became a product line within Baker Hughes INTEQ.

OCRE

In 2001, Baker Hughes acquired OCRE (Scotland) Ltd. from Maritime Well Service, a division of Aker ASA.[42]

Petrolite

Petrolite was formed in 1930 from the merger of William Barnickel's Tret-O-Lite with Petroleum Rectifying Company of California (PETRECO). In 1997, Baker Hughes acquired Petrolite for $693 million in stock. At that time, Wm. S. Barnickel & Co. owned 47% of Petrolite.[43]

In 2003, the division acquired Cornerstone Pipeline Inspection Group.[44]

Teleco Oilfield Services

Teleco Oilfield Services was founded in 1972 and introduced the world's first MWD tool in 1978.

April 1992, Baker Hughes acquired Teleco Oilfield Services, a provider of directional measurement-while-drilling technology, from Sonat for $200 million cash, preferred stock and royalty from future sales of Teleco's "triple combo" sensors. In 1993, Baker Hughes INTEQ was formed by combining five of the Company's oilfield divisions.[45][46][47] Teleco had approximately 1,300 employees, including 430, in Meriden, Connecticut.[48]

Tri-State and Wilson

Tri-State and Wilson companies were acquired by Baker Oil Tools and merged in 1990. Tri-State provided milling operation, spears, and packer retrieving.

Tri-State Oil Tools, an oil field services and fishing tool pioneer, was purchased by Baker in the early 70s. Over the course of the next 10+ years, Bake invested capital to make Tri State an international company. Offices were opened in Scotland (small town Dice outside of Aberdeen), Egypt, Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, Alaska's North Slope, among others. In 1984, Baker dismissed several of the top executives of Tri State, headquartered in Bossier City, La. These executives were replaced with Baker executives from Houston and the project of moving Tri State to Houston was put into action. By 1990 the move was completed.

Western Atlas

Western Atlas was divested from Litton Industries in 1994. Western Atlas specialized in finding oil by mapping geological formations with sound waves and using wires to manipulate tools and gauges in oil and natural-gas wells.[49]

In 1995, Western Atlas acquired 50% of PetroAlliance Services Company, Ltd., which offered seismic, well-logging, and integrated project services in the Post-Soviet states. In May 1997, Western Atlas acquired Sungroup Energy Services, a Canadian well logging, production testing, and completion services provider. During the fourth quarter of 1997, Western Atlas acquired Geosignal, a seismic data processing company; Seismic Resources, a provider of nonexclusive seismic surveys; and ParaMagnetic Logging, a well-logging research company. In the fourth quarter of 1997, the company acquired Heartland Kingfisher, a Canadian well-logging company.[50]

On August 10, 1998, the company acquired Western Atlas for $5.5 billion in stock plus the assumption of $700 million in debt.[51][52][53] The acquisition was made in part to prevent an acquisition of Western Atlas by Halliburton.[54] The acquisition added strong seismic-data operations as well as downhole wireline and testing services.[55]

1989 acquisitions

In June 1989, Baker Hughes acquired Bird Machine Company for $47.5 million. In addition, Baker Hughes acquired Vetco Services for $37 million and EDECO Petroleum Services for $12.1 million the same year.[56]

Sterling Auxiliaries PVT. Ltd.

In 2020, Sterling Auxiliaries & Artek Surfin Chemicals have acquired Baker Hughes' Sand Springs facility.[57]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "Baker Hughes 2020 Annual Report Results".
  2. ^ "Baker Hughes, a GE company 2018 Form 10-K Annual Report". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
  3. ^ "Baker Hughes Headquarters Address, Contact Number". findaddressphonenumbers.com. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  4. ^ "Baker Hughes Product Services". Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  5. ^ "Baker Hughes Product Services - Oilfield Services". Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  6. ^ "Baker Hughes Product Services - Oilfield Equipment". Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  7. ^ "Baker Hughes Product Services - Turbomachinery and Process Solutions". Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  8. ^ "Baker Hughes Product Services - Measurement and Controls". Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  9. ^ "Our Brands". Baker Hughes Digital Solutions. Retrieved 2020-07-22.
  10. ^ a b "Carl Baker and Howard Hughes". American Oil & Gas Historical Society. December 15, 2018.
  11. ^ "History of Baker Hughes Incorporated – FundingUniverse". www.fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
  12. ^ "Drilling tool with non-rotating sleeve - Schlumberger Technology Corporation". Freepatentsonline.com.
  13. ^ "Rotary-steerable system drills 300,000 ft of hole". Oil & Gas Journal. May 17, 1999.
  14. ^ "The Justice Department has proposed a consent decree that..." United Press International. February 24, 1987.
  15. ^ Handy, Ryan Maye (October 31, 2016). "Baker Hughes merger with GE unit could mark end of an era". Houston Chronicle.
  16. ^ "State Of The Art Of 4D Seismic Monitoring: The Technique, The Record, And The Future". Oil & Gas Journal. May 31, 1999.
  17. ^ "Schlumberger, Baker Hughes combine seismic units". Oil & Gas Journal. June 12, 2000.
  18. ^ STRAHAN, AMY (April 22, 2006). "Schlumberger buys Baker Hughes' stake in WesternGeco". Houston Chronicle. Bloomberg News.
  19. ^ Norris, Floyd (April 27, 2007). "Baker Hughes Admits to Overseas Bribery". The New York Times.
  20. ^ "Baker Hughes Subsidiary Pleads Guilty to Bribing Kazakh Official and Agrees to Pay $11 Million Criminal Fine as Part of Largest Combined Sanction Ever Imposed in FCPA Case" (Press release). United States Department of Justice. April 26, 2007.
  21. ^ Mainwaring, Jon (June 11, 2012). "Baker Hughes' Norwegian Workers 'Prepared to Strike for Years'". RigZone.
  22. ^ Mainwaring, Jon (June 18, 2012). "Baker Hughes Norway Strike Called Off". RigZone.
  23. ^ "Baker Hughes introduces biggest fracturing vessel in gulf". Oil & Gas Journal. June 7, 2001.
  24. ^ de la Merced, Michael J. (November 17, 2014). "Halliburton and Baker Hughes Agree to Friendly $34.6 Billion Merger". The New York Times.
  25. ^ "Justice Department Sues to Block Halliburton's Acquisition of Baker Hughes" (Press release). United States Department of Justice. April 6, 2016.
  26. ^ "Halliburton and Baker Hughes set to terminate $35 billion deal". CNBC. May 1, 2016.
  27. ^ Stone, Mike (May 1, 2016). "Halliburton and Baker Hughes scrap $28 billion merger". Reuters.
  28. ^ Cimilluca, Dana; Mattioli, Dana; Benoit, David (October 31, 2016). "GE to Combine Oil and Gas Business With Baker Hughes". The Wall Street Journal.
  29. ^ Macdonald, Alastair (May 31, 2017). "EU clears GE's Baker Hughes purchase without conditions". Reuters.
  30. ^ "U.S. DoJ Approves Baker Hughes – GE Merger". SubSeaWorld. June 13, 2017.
  31. ^ Beckerman, Josh (November 30, 2016). "GE to Combine Oil and Gas Business With Baker Hughes". The Wall Street Journal.
  32. ^ Hampton, Liz; Scheyder, Ernest (July 3, 2017). "GE closes Baker Hughes deal, becomes No. 2 oilfield service provider". Reuters.
  33. ^ "GE to lose control of Baker Hughes". September 10, 2019.
  34. ^ "Independent again: Baker Hguhes rolls out new look". October 8, 2019.
  35. ^ "Baker Hughes Closes BJ Services Acquisition". RigZone. April 29, 2010.
  36. ^ Blum, Jordan (November 29, 2016). "Baker Hughes unloads fracturing business in private-equity deal". Houston Chronicle.
  37. ^ "Vern C. Jones (1925 - 2018)". Legacy.com.
  38. ^ AGBONILE, ADESUWA (August 29, 2018). "Vern Jones, Sacramento drilling exploration leader and major philanthropist, dies at 93". The Sacramento Bee.
  39. ^ "Baker Hughes completes purchase of unit from Norton". United Press International. April 11, 1990.
  40. ^ "Baker Hughes 1993 Annual Report".
  41. ^ Slaton, Mike (April 1, 1995). "Drilling Technology Drilling optimization more than specific technologies". Offshore Mag.
  42. ^ "Baker Hughes acquires well completion products firm in Scotland". Oil & Gas Journal. August 7, 2001.
  43. ^ Tejada, Carlos (February 27, 1997). "Baker Hughes to Acquire Petrolite in a Stock Deal". The Wall Street Journal.
  44. ^ "Baker Hughes acquiring Cornerstone Pipeline Inspection Group". Oil & Gas Journal. May 30, 2003.
  45. ^ "Baker Hughes 1996 Form 10-K Annual Report". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
  46. ^ "COMPANY NEWS; Baker Hughes to Buy Teleco Oilfield Services". The New York Times. Associated Press. January 7, 1992.
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  48. ^ "TELECO OILFIELD SERVICES SOLD TO HOUSTON COMPANY". Hartford Courant. January 7, 1992.
  49. ^ "Baker Hughes, Western Atlas Agree to Merge". Los Angeles Times. May 11, 1998.
  50. ^ "Baker Hughes Current Report". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. August 10, 1998.
  51. ^ "Baker Hughes 2000 Form 10-K Annual Report". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
  52. ^ "Baker Hughes, Western Atlas agree to merge". Oil & Gas Journal. May 18, 1998.
  53. ^ "Baker Hughes Likely to Buy Western Atlas". The New York Times. Bloomberg News. May 18, 1998.
  54. ^ "Baker Hughes agrees to buy Western Atlas for $6.2 billion Bid is to stop rival's offer, gain exploration services". The Baltimore Sun. Bloomberg News. May 12, 1998.
  55. ^ Tejada, Carlos (May 11, 1998). "Oil-Services Firm Baker Hughes Buys Western Atlas For $5.5 Billion in Stock". The Wall Street Journal.
  56. ^ "Baker Hughes 1990 Annual Report".
  57. ^ "ARTEK SURFIN CHEMICALS TO ACQUIRE BAKER HUGHES CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING FACILITY". Chemical Engineering. 24 September 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
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