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Toilet Bowl Stadium
"THE Toilet HOUSE"
File:Toilet Bowl Stadium Aerial.jpg
Toilet Bowl Stadium on June 14th, 2021
Map
Location1201 South Main Street
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104-3722
OwnerUniversity of Michigan
OperatorUniversity of Michigan
Capacity72,000 (1927)
85,752 (1928–1948)
97,239 (1949–1955)
101,001 (1956–1972)
101,701 (1973–1991)
102,501 (1992–1997)
107,501 (1998–2007)
106,201 (2008–2009)
109,901 (2010–2015)
107,601 (2015–present)[5]
Record attendance115,109 (September 7, 2013)
SurfaceFieldTurf (2003–present)
Natural grass (1991–2002)
Artificial turf (1969–1990)
Natural grass (1927–1968)
Construction
Broke groundSeptember 12, 1926[1]
OpenedOctober 1, 1927 (1927-10-01)[2]
(97 years ago)
Renovated2010
Expanded1928, 1949, 1956, 1973, 1992, 1998, 2010
Construction cost$950,000
($13.4 million in 2023[3])

$226 million (2010 stadium renovation, equivalent to $320 million in 2023[3])
ArchitectBernard L. Green
HNTB (2010 expansion)
General contractorJames Leck Company[4]
Tenants
Michigan Wolverines football (NCAA) (1927–present)
Michigan Wolverines field hockey (NCAA) (1973–1975)
Michigan Wolverines men's lacrosse (NCAA) (2012–2017)
Michigan Wolverines women's lacrosse (NCAA) (2014–2017)

Michigan Stadium, nicknamed "The Big House",[6] is the football stadium for the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan. It is the largest stadium in the United States and Western Hemisphere, outside of Asia, the third largest stadium in the world, and the 34th largest sports venue.[7] Its official capacity is 107,601,[8] but has hosted crowds in excess of 115,000.

Michigan Stadium was built in 1927 at a cost of $950,000 (equivalent to $13.4 million in 2023[3]) and had an original capacity of 72,000. Prior to the stadium's construction, the Wolverines played football at Ferry Field. Every home game since November 8, 1975 has drawn a crowd in excess of 100,000, an active streak of more than 200 contests.[9] On September 7, 2013, the game between Michigan and the Notre Dame Fighting Irish attracted a crowd of 115,109, a record attendance for a college football game since 1948, and an NCAA single-game attendance record at the time, overtaking the previous record of 114,804 set two years previously for the same matchup.[10]

Michigan Stadium was designed with footings to allow the stadium's capacity to be expanded beyond 100,000.[11] Fielding Yost envisioned a day where 150,000 seats would be needed.[12] To keep construction costs low at the time, the decision was made to build a smaller stadium than Yost envisioned but to include the footings for future expansion.[11]

Michigan Stadium is used for the University of Michigan's main graduation ceremonies; President Lyndon B. Johnson outlined his Great Society program at the 1964 commencement ceremonies in the stadium.[13] It has also hosted hockey games including the 2014 NHL Winter Classic, a regular season NHL game between the Toronto Maple Leafs and the Detroit Red Wings with an official attendance of 105,491, a record for a hockey game.[14] Additionally, a 2014 International Champions Cup soccer match between Real Madrid and Manchester United had an attendance of 109,318, a record crowd for a soccer match in the United States.[15]

History

Early history

Prior to playing at Michigan Stadium, Michigan played its games at Ferry Field, which at its peak could seat 40,000 people. Fielding Yost recognized the need for a larger stadium after original expansions to Ferry Field proved to be too small, and persuaded the regents to build a permanent stadium in 1926. Fashioned after the Yale Bowl, the original stadium was built with a capacity of 72,000. However, at Yost's urging, temporary bleachers were added at the top of the stadium, increasing capacity to 82,000.[9][16]

Formal dedication of the new Michigan Stadium, October 22, 1927, against Ohio State

On October 1, 1927, Michigan played Ohio Wesleyan in the first game at Michigan Stadium, prevailing easily, 33–0. The new stadium was then formally dedicated three weeks later in a contest against Ohio State on October 22. Michigan had spoiled the formal dedication of Ohio Stadium in Columbus five years earlier and was victorious again, besting the Buckeyes 21–0 before a standing-room-only crowd of 84,401. In 1930, electronic scoreboards were installed, making the stadium the first in the United States to use them to keep the official game time.[9]

In 1956, the addition of a press box raised the stadium's official capacity to 101,001. The one "extra seat" in Michigan Stadium is said to be reserved for Fritz Crisler, athletic director at the time.[8] Since then, all official Michigan Stadium capacity figures have ended in "-01", although the extra seat's location is not specified.[9]

Before 1968, Michigan Stadium maintained a policy of "No women or children allowed on the field". Sara Krulwich, now a photojournalist for The New York Times, was the first woman on the field.[17] Longtime radio announcer Bob Ufer dubbed Michigan Stadium "The hole that Yost dug, Crisler paid for, Canham carpeted, and Schembechler fills every cotton-pickin' Saturday afternoon".[18] Since November 8, 1975, the stadium has held over 100,000 fans for every home game (the Indiana University contest on October 25, 1975 attracted "only" 93,857 fans).[19][20]—and 24 of the 25 most attended NCAA games are at the stadium.[10] Michigan Stadium's size is not wholly apparent from the outside as most of the seats are below ground level.

Modern era

By the mid-1980s, Michigan Stadium became known by the nickname "The Big House".[21][22][23] Michigan's game versus Ball State University on November 4, 2006, was the 200th consecutive crowd of over 100,000 fans.[24] Traditionally, when the game's attendance is announced, the public address announcer (historically Howard King) thanks the fans for "being part of the largest crowd watching a football game anywhere in America today".[25]

On September 9, 2006, attendees of Michigan's football game against the Central Michigan Chippewas endured the first weather delay in the stadium's history after lightning struck nearby during the first quarter and play was suspended for approximately one hour.[26] On September 3, 2011, Michigan and Western Michigan mutually agreed to end their game with 1:27 left in the third quarter because of an ongoing lightning delay. It was the first time Michigan had a football game called because of lightning. The stadium was evacuated at 6:38 p.m. and the game was called shortly after 7:00.[27]

2010 renovation and beyond

The new west side structure at Michigan Stadium, viewed from the southwest.

On June 21, 2007, the University's Board of Regents approved a $226 million renovation (equivalent to $320 million in 2023[3]) and expansion project for Michigan Stadium. The project included replacement of some bleachers, widening of aisles and individual seats, installing hand rails, and the addition of a new press box, 83 luxury boxes, and 3,200 club seats. The renovation plan garnered opposition from a small number of students, alumni, and fans around the country, which waned as the renovation neared external completion.[28]

A disabled-veterans group filed a federal lawsuit against the university on April 17, 2007, alleging that the design of the project did not meet federal standards for wheelchair-accessible seating.[29] On March 11, 2008, as part of the settlement terms of a lawsuit filed against the university pursuant to the Americans with Disabilities Act, the university announced that the official capacity of the stadium would be reduced to accommodate additional wheelchair-accessible seating beginning with the 2009 season.[30] The project was completed before the 2010 season.

Renovations in April 2008 caused that year's University of Michigan graduation ceremony to be moved to the Diag.[31]

In August 2011, the University completed a six-month scoreboard replacement project; the new boards measure 4,000 sq ft (370 m2) each with a resolution of 900 x 1632.[32]

Michigan Stadium was rededicated on September 4, 2010, before Michigan's first home football game of the 2010 season against the University of Connecticut,[33] with a listed capacity of 109,901.[34] After the renovation, the stadium lacked permanent lights, although platforms for temporary lights were included in the design. In September 2010, a few days after the rededication, the University of Michigan's Board of Regents approved a plan to add permanent lights, at a cost of $1.8 million (equivalent to $2.46 million in 2023[3]). The lights were first used at the men's hockey game on December 11, 2010. The following season saw the stadium's first night football game on September 10, 2011. The Wolverines defeated the Notre Dame Fighting Irish 35–31.[35]

The Michigan lacrosse program was elevated to NCAA varsity status in spring 2011, effective in the 2011–12 academic year.[36] The team played most of its 2012 games in Michigan Stadium, including a match against Ohio State on April 14, 2012, after the annual Wolverine football spring game.[37]

Seating and surface

The stadium's original capacity was 72,000, but Fielding Yost made certain to install footings that could allow for expansion up to 200,000 seats. Initially, all seating consisted of wooden bleachers. These were replaced with permanent metal seating in 1949 by Fritz Crisler, athletic director at the time. From 1927 to 1968, the stadium's field was natural grass. This was replaced with 3M TartanTurf in 1969 to give players better traction. However, this surface was thought to be unforgiving on players' joints, and the stadium returned to natural grass in 1991. This too became problematic, as the field's below-surface location near the water table made it difficult for grass to permanently take root. The field was converted to FieldTurf, an artificial surface designed to give grass-like playing characteristics, in 2003.[38] In 2010, it was upgraded with a newer version of FieldTurf called Duraspine.[39]

Attendance records

Michigan Stadium holds the NCAA single-season average home attendance record, set in 2012 at 112,252 fans per game.[citation needed] This represents 98.5% of the 2010 population of Ann Arbor (113,934[40]).

On September 7, 2013, Michigan Stadium drew a crowd of 115,109 to see Michigan defeat Notre Dame 41–30, which at the time represented a post-1948 NCAA collegiate football attendance record. Previously, and prior to NCAA record keeping for attendance, a 1927 Notre Dame–USC game at Soldier Field in Chicago drew an estimated 117,000–123,000.[10][41][42] Both of these records fell in 2016 when Tennessee and Virginia Tech drew 156,990 for a game held at Bristol Motor Speedway, a NASCAR track with a capacity of over 150,000.[43]

"The Big House" also holds the record for the largest attendance for an NCAA Division II football game, one involving Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania. Back in 1959, stadium announcer Steve Filipiak thought it would be amusing to include Slippery Rock with the other football scores he read to the crowd, due to the school's unusual name. Soon, it was a tradition, and Slippery Rock became so popular with U of M fans that on September 29, 1979, "The Rock" played in-state rival Shippensburg at Michigan Stadium, in front of 61,143 fans (Shippensburg won, 45-14). Slippery Rock made repeat trips to Ann Arbor in 1981 and 2014.[44]

With an attendance of 104,173, "The Big Chill at the Big House" set the record attendance for a hockey game.[45] The record was broken on January 1, 2014 for the NHL's 2014 Winter Classic, where a crowd of 105,491 saw the host Detroit Red Wings fall to the Toronto Maple Leafs in a shootout.

On Saturday August 2, 2014, a sell-out crowd of 109,318 watched Manchester United defeat Real Madrid 3-1 in an International Champions Cup match.[46] The official attendance figure was the largest for a soccer game in the United States to date, overtaking the previous record set by the 1984 Olympics Gold Medal match, when 101,799 saw France defeat Brazil 2-0 at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California.[15][47] Michigan Stadium also holds three of the top four U.S. Soccer attendances as a crowd of 105,826 watched a 2016 International Champions Cup match on July 30, 2016 where Real Madrid defeated Chelsea 3-2 and a crowd of 101,254 watched a 2018 International Champions Cup match on July 28, 2018 where Liverpool defeated Manchester United 4-1.

Highest attendance at Michigan Stadium
Rank Attendance Date Game result
1 115,109 Sept. 7, 2013 Michigan 41, Notre Dame 30
2 114,804 Sept. 10, 2011 Michigan 35, Notre Dame 31
3 114,132 Nov. 26, 2011 Michigan 40, Ohio State 34
4 113,833 Oct. 20, 2012 Michigan 12, Michigan State 10
5 113,718 Nov. 19, 2011 Michigan 45, Nebraska 17
6 113,511 Nov. 30, 2013 Michigan 41, Ohio State 42
7 113,090 Sept. 4, 2010 Michigan 30, Connecticut 10
8 113,085 Oct. 11, 2014 Michigan 18, Penn State 13
9 113,065 Oct. 9, 2010 Michigan 17, Michigan State 34
10 113,016 Nov. 17, 2012 Michigan 42, Iowa 17
Evolution of the largest crowd at Michigan Stadium
Attendance Date Game result
115,109 Sept. 7, 2013 Michigan 41, Notre Dame 30
114,804 Sept. 10, 2011 Michigan 35, Notre Dame 31
113,090 Sept. 4, 2010 Michigan 30, Connecticut 10
112,118 Nov. 22, 2003 Michigan 35, Ohio State 21
111,726 Sept. 13, 2003 Michigan 38, Notre Dame 0
111,575 Nov. 20, 1999 Michigan 24, Ohio State 17
111,523 Sept. 4, 1999 Michigan 26, Notre Dame 22
111,238 Sept. 26, 1998 Michigan 29, Michigan State 17
111,012 Sept. 12, 1998 Michigan 28, Syracuse 38
106,982 Nov. 22, 1997 Michigan 20, Ohio State 14
106,867 Nov. 20, 1993 Michigan 28, Ohio State 0
106,851 Sept. 11, 1993 Michigan 23, Notre Dame 27
106,788 Oct. 10, 1992 Michigan 35, Michigan State 10
106,255 Nov. 17, 1979 Michigan 15, Ohio State 18
106,024 Nov. 19, 1977 Michigan 14, Ohio State 6
105,543 Nov. 22, 1975 Michigan 14, Ohio State 21
105,223 Nov. 24, 1973 Michigan 10, Ohio State 10 (tie)
104,016 Nov. 20, 1971 Michigan 10, Ohio State 7
103,588 Nov. 22, 1969 Michigan 24, Ohio State 12
103,234 Oct. 3, 1959 Michigan 8, Michigan State 34
101,001 Oct. 6, 1956 Michigan 0, Michigan State 9
97,369 Nov. 19, 1955 Michigan 0, Ohio State 17
97,366 Oct. 8, 1955 Michigan 26, Army 2
97,239 Sept. 24, 1949 Michigan 7, Michigan State 3
86,408 Oct. 9, 1943 Michigan 13, Notre Dame 35
85,088 Oct. 19, 1928 Michigan 0, Ohio State 7
84,401 Oct. 22, 1927 Michigan 21, Ohio State 0
27,864 Oct. 8, 1927 Michigan 21, Michigan State 0
17,483 Oct. 1, 1927 Michigan 33, Ohio Wesleyan 0

Other events

Ice hockey

Date Away Team Score Home Team Attendance
December 4, 2010 Concordia Falcons 0-3 Adrian Bulldogs 1,470
December 11, 2010 Michigan State Spartans 0-5 Michigan Wolverines 104,173
January 1, 2014 Toronto Maple Leafs 3-2 (SO) Detroit Red Wings 105,491 (announced)

< 104,173 (certified)

Soccer

Date Team 1 Score Team 2 Attendance
August 2, 2014 England Manchester United 3–1 Spain Real Madrid 109,318
July 30, 2016 Spain Real Madrid 3–2 England Chelsea 105,826
July 28, 2018 England Manchester United 1–4 England Liverpool 101,254
August 10, 2019 Spain Barcelona 4–0 Italy Napoli 60,043
  • Michigan Stadium, winter 2002
    Michigan Stadium, winter 2002
  • Graduation ceremony at Michigan Stadium, 2003
    Graduation ceremony at Michigan Stadium, 2003
  • The stadium filled for an American football game
    The stadium filled for an American football game
  • Exterior view
    Exterior view
  • 2009 team enters Stadium under the M Club banner to a Michigan Marching Band salute
    2009 team enters Stadium under the M Club banner to a Michigan Marching Band salute
  • Michigan Marching Band's Block M
    Michigan Marching Band's Block M
  • The completed east side structure, from the first floor of the new Jack Roth Stadium Club
    The completed east side structure, from the first floor of the new Jack Roth Stadium Club
  • Inside the second floor of the Jack Roth Stadium Club in the new east side structure
    Inside the second floor of the Jack Roth Stadium Club in the new east side structure
  • Inside the dining room on the second floor of the Jack Roth Stadium Club in the new east side structure
    Inside the dining room on the second floor of the Jack Roth Stadium Club in the new east side structure
  • The renovated Michigan Stadium, looking west toward new premium seating and press facilities, July 14, 2010
    The renovated Michigan Stadium, looking west toward new premium seating and press facilities, July 14, 2010
  • Opening face-off of The Big Chill at the Big House, December 11, 2010
    Opening face-off of The Big Chill at the Big House, December 11, 2010
  • The new scoreboard before the Notre Dame vs. Michigan game, September 10, 2011
    The new scoreboard before the Notre Dame vs. Michigan game, September 10, 2011
  • Michigan vs. Iowa at the start of the 2nd quarter on November 17, 2012
    Michigan vs. Iowa at the start of the 2nd quarter on November 17, 2012
  • Real Madrid vs. Manchester United friendly game which set record for most fans to watch a football game in the United States, August 2, 2014
    Real Madrid vs. Manchester United friendly game which set record for most fans to watch a football game in the United States, August 2, 2014

See also

References

  1. ^ "Workmen Swarm Michigan Stadium". Ludington Daily News. September 13, 1926. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
  2. ^ Madej, Bruce; Toonkel, Rob; Pearson, Mike (November 1, 1997). Michigan: Champions of the West. Sports Publishing LLC. pp. 79–. ISBN 978-1-57167-115-8. Retrieved September 26, 2011.
  3. ^ a b c d e Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series.
  4. ^ Kryk, John (November 25, 2004). Natural Enemies: Major College Football's Oldest, Fiercest Rivalry—Michigan vs. Notre Dame. Taylor Trade Publications. pp. 106–. ISBN 978-1-58979-090-2. Retrieved September 26, 2011.
  5. ^ "U-M Announces New Seating Capacity for Michigan Stadium". University of Michigan Department of Athletics. August 7, 2015. Archived from the original on June 25, 2017. Retrieved August 7, 2015.
  6. ^ "'Big Ten Icons' to Count Down Conference's All-Time Top 50 Student-Athletes: Iconic broadcaster Keith Jackson to host the series launching this fall". CBS Interactive. March 4, 2010. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved March 27, 2010.
  7. ^ "Stadium Lists: 100,000+ Stadiums". www.worldstadiums.com. Archived from the original on October 23, 2006. Retrieved January 11, 2006.
  8. ^ a b "Facilities: Michigan Stadium". mgoblue.com. Archived from the original on April 19, 2014. Retrieved November 4, 2015.
  9. ^ a b c d "The Michigan Stadium Story". The University of Michigan. 10 April 2006. Retrieved 2014-02-26.
  10. ^ a b c "NCAA attendance records" (PDF). National Collegiate Athletic Association. Retrieved 2019-10-02.
  11. ^ a b "Once Again the Biggest House, 1998". Bentley Historical Library. 10 April 2006. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  12. ^ "Building the Big House". The Michigan Stadium Story. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
  13. ^ Williams, Brian A. (2015). "The Great Society and Michigan". Bentley Historical Library.
  14. ^ Lage, Larry (1 January 2014). "NHL Winter Classic 2014: Maple Leafs Beat Red Wings In Front Of Record Crowd". Huffington Post. Huffingtonpost.com. Associated Press. Retrieved 2014-02-26.
  15. ^ a b "Man United win in front of 109,318". ESPN. 2 August 2014.
  16. ^ "The Michigan Stadium Story: Expansion and Renovation, 1928-1997". Bentley Historical Library. 10 April 2006. Retrieved 2014-02-26.
  17. ^ Krulwich, Sara (May 22, 2009). "Essay: "No Women" Was No Barrier". The New York Times. NYTimes.com. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
  18. ^ Feldman, Dan (April 20, 2009). "Through Transition, Class of '09 Had Its Ups, But Mostly Downs". The Michigan Daily. michigandaily.com. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  19. ^ "The Michigan Stadium Story: Michigan Stadium Attendance Records". Bentley Historical Library. January 15, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  20. ^ "1975 Football Team". Bentley Historical Library. March 31, 2007. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  21. ^ "Pinkett overcomes doubt with confidence". Detroit Free Press. September 13, 1985. p. 2F.
  22. ^ "Fighting Irish hold off Michigan". The Pantagraph. October 9, 1985. p. 29.
  23. ^ "U-M gunning for Gophers". Detroit Free Press. November 15, 1986. p. D1.
  24. ^ "For 200th Straight Game, 100,000 Will Pack Michigan Stadium". CSTV.com. CBS College Sports. Associated Press. November 1, 2006. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  25. ^ Rom, Steve; Payne, Rod (2006). Centered By A Miracle. Sports Publishing. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-59670-145-8.
  26. ^ Wharton, Dave (January 1, 2007). "Michigan: The Season". Los Angeles Times. LATimes.com. p. S-12. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  27. ^ Knight, Jim (September 3, 2011). "Game called in 3rd quarter: Michigan football team wins, 34-10". The Ann Arbor News. annarbor.com. Retrieved 2014-02-26.
  28. ^ Monson, Lynn (September 14, 2007). "U-M Professors Urge Reconsideration of Michigan Stadium Expansion". The Ann Arbor News. Mlive.com. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  29. ^ Kroll, Andy (November 19, 2007). "Despite Lawsuit, Complaints, Stadium Construction Begins". The Michigan Daily. michigandaily.com. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  30. ^ Nelson, Gabe (March 10, 2008). "Michigan Stadium Lawsuit Settled". The Michigan Daily. michigandaily.com. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  31. ^ Bogater, Jillian (May 28, 2008). "Keynote Woodruff Shares Life Lessons, Hope". The University Record Online. University of Michigan New Service. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  32. ^ "TS Sports/Lighthouse Selected as Scoreboard Provider" (Press release). University of Michigan Athletics Department. 5 April 2011. Retrieved 2014-02-26.
  33. ^ "Michigan Stadium Rededication". University of Michigan Athletics. September 4, 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  34. ^ "Big House Again! Michigan Stadium Capacity Announced at 109,901" (Press release). mgoblue.com. July 14, 2010. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  35. ^ "Permanent Lights to be Installed at Michigan Stadium" (Press release). University of Michigan Athletics. September 16, 2010. Retrieved June 16, 2011.
  36. ^ "U-M Athletics Announces Men's and Women's Lacrosse as Varsity Sports" (Press release). University of Michigan Athletics. May 25, 2011. Retrieved 2014-02-26.
  37. ^ "Michigan Men's Lacrosse Facility Information". University of Michigan Athletics. Retrieved 2014-02-26.
  38. ^ Nisson, Michael (August 11, 2003). "FieldTurf Receives Praise From Carr". The Michigan Daily. michigandaily.com. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  39. ^ "2010 Football Spring Game Notes". University of Michigan Athletics. April 17, 2010. Retrieved 2014-02-26.
  40. ^ "American FactFinder - Results". factfinder.census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved 2018-09-03.
  41. ^ Ford, Liam T. A. (2009). Soldier Field: A Stadium and its City. University of Chicago Press. pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-0-226-25706-8.
  42. ^ "Stadium History". SoldierField.net. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  43. ^ "Record crowd watches No. 17 Vols beat Virginia Tech 45-24". ESPN. September 10, 2016. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
  44. ^ Tracy, Marc (November 7, 2015). "Slippery Rock's Tie to Michigan Is All in the Name". Retrieved December 8, 2020.
  45. ^ "Highest attendance for an ice hockey match". Guinness World Records. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
  46. ^ "Record crowd sees Manchester United beat Real Madrid". Chicago Tribune. Reuters. August 2, 2014. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
  47. ^ Stubits, Brian (August 2, 2014). "LOOK: More than 109,000 Fans Pack Big House for Real Madrid–Man U". CBS Sports. Retrieved August 2, 2014.
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