Jump to content

Party for Freedom

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by BonifatiusSecuris (talk | contribs) at 06:26, 23 November 2023. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This article is about the present-day Party for Freedom. For the historic party, see Freedom Party (Netherlands).

Party for Freedom
Partij voor de Vrijheid
AbbreviationPVV
LeaderGeert Wilders
Leader in the House of RepresentativesGeert Wilders
Leader in the SenateMarjolein Faber
Founded22 February 2006; 18 years ago (2006-02-22)[1]
Split fromPeople's Party for Freedom and Democracy
HeadquartersBinnenhof, The Hague[2]
Membership (2024)Steady 1 (Geert Wilders)[1][3][4]
Ideology
Political positionRight-wing[13][14] to far-right[7][15][16]
European affiliationIdentity and Democracy Party[17]
Colours  Navy blue
  Silver
House of Representatives
16 / 150
Senate
5 / 75
Provincial councils
34 / 570
European Parliament
0 / 29
King's Commissioners
0 / 12
Benelux Parliament
2 / 21
Website
www.pvv.nl

The Party for Freedom (Dutch: Partij voor de Vrijheid, [pɑrˈtɛi̯ voːr də ˈvrɛi.ɦɛi̯t]; PVV) is a nationalist,[6] right-wing populist[6] political party in the Netherlands.

Founded in 2006 as the successor to Geert Wilders' one-man faction in the House of Representatives, it won nine seats in the 2006 general election making it the fifth-largest party in parliament. In the 2010 general election it won 24 seats, making it the third-largest party. At that time the PVV agreed to support the minority government led by Prime Minister Mark Rutte without having PVV ministers in the cabinet. PVV withdrew its support in April 2012 due to differences over budget cuts.[18] In the following 2012 Dutch general election it won 15 seats, having lost 9 seats in the elections, still being the third-largest party. Following the elections, the party returned to the opposition and in the 2017 election, the Party for Freedom won 20 seats, making it the second-largest party in Parliament. It came third in the 2014 European Parliament election, winning four out of 26 seats.[19][20] After the 2023 general elections, which saw the party win in "a landslide victory", it will become the largest party in the House of Representatives.[21][22][23]

The PVV calls for items like administrative detention and a strong assimilationist stance on the integration of immigrants into Dutch society, differing from the established centre-right parties in the Netherlands (like the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, VVD). The PVV has also proposed banning the Quran and shutting down all mosques in the Netherlands.[24][25] In addition, the party is consistently Eurosceptic[26][27] and since early July 2012, according to the platform it presented prior to elections in September, it strongly advocates withdrawal from the European Union.[28]

Party for Freedom is an association with Geert Wilders as its sole member; thus the party is ineligible for Dutch government funding, and relies on donations.[29]

History

2004–2005

The party's history began with Geert Wilders' departure from the VVD in September 2004. Wilders could not accept the VVD's positive stance towards Turkey's possible accession to the European Union, and left the party.[30]

Although the VVD expected Wilders to return his parliamentary seat to the party, he refused, and continued to sit in parliament as a one-man party, Groep Wilders (Wilders Group).[citation needed]

In June 2005, Wilders was one of the leaders in the campaign against the European Constitution, which was rejected by Dutch voters by 62%.[31]

2006–2010

Geert Wilders (left) with other politicians at the final television debate before the 2006 Dutch general election

On 22 February 2006, the Party for Freedom was registered with the Electoral Council.[1]

Bart Jan Spruyt, director of the conservative Edmund Burke Foundation, joined Wilders in January 2006 in order to formulate a party programme and to train its prospective representatives for the forthcoming national election (then still scheduled for 2007).[32] Spruyt left the party in the summer of 2006 after it proved unable to build broad conservative backing, and people like Joost Eerdmans and Marco Pastors proved unwilling to join.[33] After the 2006 elections, Spruyt said he was not surprised that the Party for Freedom had gained seats but maintained that, if the Party for Freedom had sought cooperation with Eerdmans and Pastors, it would have won more, even enough to bring about a CDA-VVD majority government.[34] Later, Spruyt commented that the PVV had a 'natural tendency' toward fascism.[35] He later qualified the statement, though he didn't withdraw it. Former PVV candidate Lucas Hartong called Spruyt's claims 'a cheap insinuation'.[36]

In an HP/De Tijd profile dated December 2006, the party was described as a cult, with an extremely distrustful Wilders only accepting fellow candidates completely loyal to him, and compared the PVV to the Socialist Party led by Jan Marijnissen but without reaching that degree of organisational perfection.[37]

On 10 January 2007, the PVV announced it would not field candidates at the forthcoming Provincial elections. This meant it would be unrepresented in the Senate.[38]

On 13 January 2007, NRC Handelsblad reported that a PVV intern had solicited for signatures on the website forums Dutch Disease Report and Polinco, the latter a forum described as far-right by various organisations, among them the Dutch Complaints Bureau for Discrimination on the Internet.[39] Any party participating in this election was required to collect at least 30 signatures from supporters in each of the 19 electoral districts; of the 1500 signatures the PVV received, the Dutch Antifascist group identified 34 known far-right supporters. In a response, Wilders said he regretted that far-right sympathisers had provided signatures, denied any personal responsibility for them and reasserted his dislike of far-right parties like National Front of France and Flemish Interest.[40][41][42] Noted writer and columnist Leon de Winter later declared the affair to be the result of a campaign of demonisation against Geert Wilders led by NRC Handelsblad and de Volkskrant newspapers, as well as the broadcaster VARA.[43]

Geert Wilders in 2007

Former trade union leader and prominent Christian Democrat Doekle Terpstra proposed an initiative against Geert Wilders and the PVV on 30 November 2007, in the newspaper Trouw.[44] Terpstra sees Wilders as promoting intolerance, and discrimination against Muslims. He is supported in his cause by the large Dutch trade unions and refugee organisations. Politicians and the public are divided on Terpstra's initiative.[45] The newspaper De Pers reported the next day that much of Terpstra's claimed support did not materialise.[46]

In 2008, the Friends of the Party of Freedom commissioned a producer, who acted under the name of "Scarlet Pimpernel Productions", a pseudonym adopted out of fear of reprisal,[47] to produce Fitna (Arabic: فِتْنَةٌ), a short film by Geert Wilders. Approximately 17 minutes in length, it shows selected excerpts from Suras of the Qur'an, interspersed with media clips and newspaper cuttings showing or describing acts of violence or hatred by Muslims. The film attempts to demonstrate that the Qur'an motivates its followers to hate all who violate Islamic teachings. Consequently, the film argues that Islam encourages acts of terrorism, antisemitism, violence against women and homosexuals, and Islamic universalism. A large part of the film deals with the influence of Islam on the Netherlands. The film's title, the Arabic word "fitna", means either "disagreement and division among people" or a "test of faith in times of trial".[48] Wilders described the film as "a call to shake off the creeping tyranny of Islamisation".[49]

Polling by Maurice de Hond published in March 2009 indicated that the PVV was the most popular parliamentary party. The polls predicted that the party would take 21 per cent of the national vote, giving it 32 out of 150 seats in the Dutch parliament. If the polling results were to be replicated at a genuine election, Wilders would be a major power broker and could become Prime Minister.[50][51][52] However, De Hond's results were not uncontroversial, as they were based on a panel of people who have signed up for the election poll on the Internet and thus were not a random sample. According to Joop van Holsteyn, professor of election research, therefore, De Hond's polls were not representative of the population.[53] Other Dutch polls (Politieke Barometer and TNS NIPO) have shown contrasting results, with the PVV often getting less support, though still remaining very popular.

On 15 May 2009, the PVV asked Balkenende to support the foundation of a Greater Netherlands actively.[54][third-party source needed]

By February 2010, the PVV had once more become the most popular party, according to a poll by Maurice de Hond which said it would win 27–32 parliameary seats in the next election, up two from the previous poll in early January.[55][56]

On 3 March 2010, elections for the local councils were held in the municipalities of the Netherlands. The PVV only contested these in The Hague and Almere, because of a shortage of good candidates. MP Raymond de Roon headed the campaign in his home town of Almere. Fellow MP Sietse Fritsma was appointed head of the local election campaign in The Hague. Both men would continue to serve as MPs as well as local councillors after their election.[57] The PVV made big gains, suggesting that the party and Wilders might dominate the political scene in the run-up to the parliamentary elections scheduled on 9 June 2010. The PVV won in Almere and came second to the Labour Party in The Hague. In Almere, the PVV won 21 percent of the vote to Labour's 18 percent, preliminary results showed. In The Hague, the PVV had 8 seats – second to Labour with 10 seats. The local elections were the first test of public opinion since the collapse of the 4th Balkenende cabinet in February 2010. The municipal elections were overshadowed by the fall of the cabinet and the forthcoming parliamentary elections.[58]

On 8 March 2010, Wilders announced he would take a seat on The Hague city council, after it became clear that he had won 13,000 preference votes. Earlier he had said he would not do so.[59][60] One week after these local elections, the PVV called for an inquiry into the elections in The Hague, since a YouTube clip allegedly showed irregularities, including more than one person entering polling booths at the same time and a voter not putting the ballot paper into the box. These calls were rejected. The Hague council said the municipal elections had gone well and that any complaint should anyway have been lodged immediately after the results were announced. In Rotterdam, a full recount was held after a protest by Leefbaar Rotterdam, a local party with a programme broadly similar to that of the PVV.[61][62]

On 18 March 2010, the PVV gave up trying to form a governing coalition in Almere. In a press release, the party said most of the other parties had refused to give ground to PVV demands on what it describes as "essential issues". These include what the party calls ‘city commandos’: street patrols to keep order in the face of inadequate proper law enforcement. Other obstacles were the PVV's demands for reduced taxes for Almere residents and its fight against what the party sees as "the increasing influence of Islam in Dutch society". The PVV complained that it was forced to stay in the opposition through the manoeuvring of the political elite.[63]

2010–2012

Maxime Verhagen (left) and Mark Rutte (center) are presenting the coalition agreement with support of the PVV of Geert Wilders (right) in 2010
Distribution of the people that voted for the Party for Freedom in 2010

In the parliamentary elections of 9 June 2010, the PVV went from 9 to 24 seats (of 150), winning over 15% of the votes, making the PVV the third largest party in parliament.[64]

By July 2010, the PVV again became the biggest party in the polls after the parliamentary elections, following difficulties in forming a new coalition and the PVV technically being excluded from the coalition talks because the CDA showed reluctance to cooperate with the PVV. According to the polls, the PVV would get 35 seats in a new election, which is a record high number.[65]

In August 2010, during the difficult cabinet formation following the elections, the PVV emerged as a prominent player in a proposal for a new minority government in the Netherlands. While the party would not gain a ministerial appointment, the PVV would tolerate a centre-right minority government coalition: a proposed deal that would make the party one of the most influential forces. Led by Ivo Opstelten, a former mayor of Rotterdam who was appointed mediator for the next stage of negotiations, the forming of a government of VVD and Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) with support of the PVV was negotiated; the resulting coalition agreement "included elements it pushed for, such as a burqa ban," though the ban was never put in place.[66] The VVD and CDA would have to rely on the PVV to get important legislation through. With this deal the Netherlands would follow the "Danish model", since in Denmark the anti-immigration Danish People's Party also stayed out of government but supported a minority center-right Liberal-Conservative government.[67] The very fact of the participation of the PVV in these coalition negotiations has caused fierce discussions in political circles[which?] and was considered[by whom?] very unlikely until recently.[citation needed]

After the elections, CDA parliamentary fraction president Maxime Verhagen first had stated that as a matter of principle he refused to negotiate with VVD and PVV about a centre-right government, saying that the PVV represented views that could not be reconciled with Dutch law. These objections on principle disappeared in five weeks and Verhagen turned out to be willing to negotiate over a cabinet whose fate would (also) lie in the hands of Wilders.[68]

On 20 March 2012, Hero Brinkman quit the party, citing a lack of democratic structure within the PVV among other things; qualifying this with a statement of continued support for the minority Rutte cabinet.[69] Two days later, three members of the States of North Holland representing the PVV followed his example.[70] In July 2012, Marcial Hernandez and Wim Kortenoeven quit the PVV, both citing what they considered to be Wilders' autocratic leadership of the party.[71]

2012–2017

Geert Wilders speaking at a Lega Nord event in 2013

In the parliamentary elections of 12 September 2012, the PVV went from 24 to 15 seats (of 150), winning 10% of the vote.[72]

In October 2013, the party expelled Louis Bontes, but he kept his seat in parliament.[73] In March 2014, Roland van Vliet and Joram van Klaveren left the party and also kept their seats in parliament.[74]

In the European Parliament election on 22 May 2014, the party kept its four seats in the European Parliament.[75] MEP Hans Jansen died on 5 May 2015 and was replaced by Auke Zijlstra on 1 September 2015.[76]

On 16 June 2015, the Party for Freedom and other right-wing nationalist parties in the European Parliament formed the political group Europe of Nations and Freedom.[77][78] Marcel de Graaff of the PVV and Marine Le Pen of the National Front became the first co-presidents of this group.[78]

2017–present

Geert Wilders during the campaign for the 2017 general election

The Party for Freedom rose in polls during the 2015 European migrant crisis, with the party topping polls from September 2015 through to late February 2017. However, in the relative absence of Geert Wilders during the campaign – notably refusing to participate in both RTL debates – support for the PVV collapsed, and the VVD secured a narrow lead in the final weeks before the election. The 2017 Dutch–Turkish diplomatic incident happened less than a week before the election; it was speculated that this benefited the Prime Minister's party (VVD), as Rutte's response to the incident was well received.[79]

For the 2017 Dutch general election, the Party for Freedom had an election platform of a single page.[80] Before the election, all major parties said they would not form a government coalition with the PVV.[81] A typical House of Representatives has a large number of parties represented, since it takes as little as 0.67 percent of the vote to get a seat. With such a fragmented vote, the PVV would have needed the support of other parties in order to make Wilders prime minister, even if it won the most seats in the House of Representatives. Wilders hinted that a "revolution" would occur if the PVV won the most seats and was still locked out of power.[82]

The party won 20 seats (of 150) according to the preliminary results, which is five seats more than in the previous election in 2012, making it the second-largest party in Parliament.[83]

The party performed poorly in the 2019 Dutch provincial elections and reported issues attracting suitable candidates, losing 26 seats, with the Forum for Democracy taking many of its voters.[84] The party saw its best performance in Limburg in which it won seven representatives.[85] The party also saw a setback during the 2019 European Parliament election in which it did not return any MEPs, but was allocated one in post-Brexit appointments which was taken by Marcel de Graaff until 2022, when he defected to FvD.[86] The party finished in third place during the 2021 Dutch general election.

The party finished in first place during the 2023 Dutch general election.

Ideology

The Party for Freedom combines conservative, right and left standpoints in a populistic programme.[87] On certain themes like healthcare, social services and elderly care the PVV can be seen as left and social, though selective.[88] Regarding immigration and culture the party is nationalistic. It believes that the Judeo-Christian and humanist traditions should be taken as the dominant culture in the Netherlands, and that immigrants should adapt accordingly. The party wants a halt to immigration especially from non-Western countries. It is hostile towards the EU, is against future EU enlargement to Muslim-majority countries like Turkey and opposes a dominant presence of Islam in the Netherlands.[89] The party campaigns on a strong counter-jihad agenda.[90] More specifically, the party has called for banning the Quran and shutting down all mosques in the Netherlands.[24][25][91] The party is also opposed to dual citizenship (see below). The Party for Freedom's political platform has sometimes overlapped with that of the assassinated Rotterdam politician Pim Fortuyn and his Pim Fortuyn List.[92] Wilders has been described as positioning himself to inherit Fortuyn's former supporters.[93]

The Parliamentary Documentation Center (Parlementair Documentatie Centrum) of the Leiden University characterises the PVV as "populist, with both conservative, liberal, right-wing and left-wing positions".[94]

On André Krouwel's map of the Dutch political spectrum in 2012, the Party for Freedom is conservative on the socio-cultural axis, and centrist on the socio-economic axis.

In December 2008, the eighth study "Monitor Racism and Extremism",[95] conducted by the Anne Frank Foundation and the Leiden University, has found that the Party for Freedom can be considered far-right, although "with ifs and buts". Economically, they are viewed as a left-wing party, while others have described the party as economically liberal. Peter Rodrigues and Jaap van Donselaar, who have academically guided the study, explain this classification with the Islamophobia, nationalism, and "sharp aversion to the strange", subsumed as racism, which they have observed within the party.[96][97]

In January 2010, the report Polarisatie en radicalisering in Nederland[98] (transl. "Polarisation and radicalisation in the Netherlands") by political researchers Moors, Lenke Balogh, Van Donselaar and De Graaff from the Tilburg University research group IVA[99] stated that the PVV was not an extreme right-wing party, but contained some radical right-wing elements. The study claims that the PVV holds xenophobic ideas, but not antisemitic ideas – the PVV describes its culture as Jewish-Christian humanistic.[100] "The PVV statements on Islamisation and non-Western immigrants appear to be discriminatory and the party organisation is authoritarian rather than democratic", said the researchers, who were looking into polarisation and radicalism across the Netherlands. They described the PVV as the "new radical right", a party with a national democratic ideology but without extreme right-wing roots. In particular, the report stated that the party's pro-Israel stance showed that it was not neo-Nazi. It tends however towards a national democratic ideology. Wilders called the report "scandalous"—in particular the link between defending the national interest and the radical right.[citation needed]

An alleged earlier version of the report, leaked to the Dutch daily newspaper de Volkskrant in November 2009, said that Wilders' party is an extreme right-wing grouping and a threat to social cohesion and democracy. The paper claimed at the time the researchers were under pressure to water down the conclusions because of their political sensitivity.[citation needed] The Dutch Minister of the Interior and Kingdom Relations Guusje ter Horst, (2007–2010), Labour (PvdA), who commissioned the research, denied exerting any interference.[101][102] In response, Wilders accused her of "playing a dirty game".[103][104]

Some commentators and international scholarly publications have argued that the party is far-right; for example, the ex-prime minister Van Agt regards the party as ultra-right-wing, and Bert de Vries (CDA) draws comparisons with the small Centre Party.[105] The political scientist Lucardie, on the other hand, considers it necessary to reserve the 'far-right' qualification for national socialists and fascists, though PVV is itself widely accused of fascism.[106] International media outlets, similarly, have followed this classification.[107][108] The party has been regarded by some as anti-Polish, anti-Slavic, anti-Romani and anti-Muslim.[109][45][110] Wilders however maintains that he is not anti-Muslim, only anti-Islam, summing up his views by stating "I don't hate Muslims, I hate Islam".[111]

International affairs commentator Marlene Spoerri has opined that while PVV endorses anti-Islam and eurosceptic positions, it also differs from other European populist and nationalist parties such as the Flemish Vlaams Belang or the French National Front, arguing that the PVV has not historically espoused antisemitic rhetoric and does not advocate for a return to "traditional family values," but instead takes a firmly pro-Israel stance and has supported socially liberal positions such women's and gay rights, abortion and euthanasia in its platform.[112]

Positions

Dual nationality

In February 2007, PVV parliamentarian Fritsma introduced a motion that would have prohibited any parliamentarian or executive branch politician from having dual citizenship. The PVV claimed that dual nationals have unclear loyalty. The motion would have made it difficult, if not impossible for Labour MPs Ahmed Aboutaleb and Nebahat Albayrak to become members of the fourth Balkenende cabinet. The motion had to be withdrawn, however, after objection from the Speaker of the House of Representatives, Gerdi Verbeet (Labour Party).[113] Maastricht University law professor Twan Tak [nl] has commented on the risk in executive branch officials having dual citizenship.[114] however the European Convention on Human Rights as reviewed in 2010 ECtHR jurisprudence has reaffirmed that form of discrimination is a violation of a human right.[115] However, in 2007 the PVV planned to call for a vote of no confidence against junior ministers Aboutaleb and Albayrak when the new cabinet had its first meeting with the House of Representatives, claiming that their respectively Moroccan and Turkish passports put their loyalties into question.[116] In the event, the motion was only supported by the PVV itself.[117]

The issue of dual nationality, however, was not over yet. On 2 March 2007, Radio Netherlands Worldwide reported that Labour Party MP Khadija Arib, who had been sworn into parliament the day before, was sitting on a commission appointed by the king of Morocco.[118] The PVV said that this commission work endangers Arib's loyalty to the Netherlands, and that she should choose between being a member of the Dutch parliament or the Moroccan commission. Geert Wilders said that Arib's remark on national television that her loyalty lay neither with the Netherlands nor Morocco was shameful.[119] The liberal VVD party similarly remarked that her "double orientation would hurt Dutch integration."[120] All other parties were appalled by the PVV and VVD's comments.[121]

On a turn of events, the Dutch-Swedish politician Marlies Veldhuijzen van Zanten's appointment in Mark Rutte's first cabinet in 2010 as State Secretary for Health, Welfare and Sport was supported by PVV. She was born in Gothenburg and holds Swedish nationality.[122]

Immigration

The party fielded a controversial motion in the 2007 general deliberations on the immigration budget, calling for a stop to immigration from Muslim countries. The House of Representatives at first declined to bring the motion forward for debate. Justice Minister Ernst Hirsch Ballin said it was in violation of the Dutch constitution and international law.[123] Another motion by the PVV, against police officers wearing veils, did gain a parliamentary majority.[124]

In 2012, the PVV party launched a website named Reporting Centre on Central and East Europeans to receive complaints about Central and East European immigrants in the Netherlands. 'Do you have problems with people from Central and Eastern Europe? Have you lost your job to a Pole, a Bulgarian, a Romanian or another East European? We want to know,' the website states. It displays newspaper headlines such as 'Wouldn't it be better if you went back home?' and 'East Europeans, increasingly criminal'. The European Commission has condemned the website, and EU Justice Commissioner Viviane Reding declared, "We call on all citizens of the Netherlands not to join in this intolerance. Citizens should instead clearly state on the PVV's website that Europe is a place of freedom."[125][126] The website caused a lot of controversy within the European Union.[127]

Financing political parties

The PVV has declared that, since it is against state subsidies, it rejects the idea of itself being financially supported by the government and believes the "taxpayers should not pay for political parties they don't support".[128]

In 2012, the Dutch Parliament discussed tightening the financial rules for political parties, forcing them to become more transparent. The PVV indicated that it would use any means available to avoid disclosing the identity of its donors.[129]

Foreign policy

Since its founding, the PVV has taken a position of Hard Euroscepticism and argues for Dutch withdrawal from the European Union and arranging alternative free trade agreements with Europe. The party states that the EU does not financially benefit the Dutch tax payer, has eroded too much domestic decision making and democracy of its member states and leaves the Netherlands unable to control its borders.[130] In 2016, Wilders called on the Dutch government to offer the Netherlands a referendum on EU membership following Britain's vote to the leave the EU, citing a poll by Een Vandaag which said over half of those surveyed wanted a referendum.[131]

Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the PVV voted in parliament to condemn the invasion and called for an end to Russian aggression. Despite its otherwise strict stance on immigration, the PVV said the Netherlands should temporarily accommodate Ukrainian refugees whom the party regards as legitimate refugees fleeing war.[132] A research paper by the European Center for Populism Studies described the PVV's prior attitude towards Putin and Russia as mixed and more complex compared to other national-populist movements, with Wilders making somewhat supportive statements of Putin in the context of portraying him as an ally against Islamic terrorism and immigration, the PVV advocating a neutral policy on the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014 and opposing Ukrainian membership of the EU. However, the paper notes Wilders and the PVV hardened their attitude towards Russia after the shooting down of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 with the PVV manifesto calling for the perpetrators to be brought to justice.[132]

Israeli-Arab conflict

The PVV supports the one-state solution and considers Jordan to be 'the only Palestinian state that will ever exist'.[133] In 2010, Geert Wilders voiced his support for Yisrael Beiteinu and held talks with its leader Avigdor Lieberman.[134] Geert Wilders is a frequent visitor to Israel and spent six months on a moshav in the West Bank at the age of 17. The party supports recognising Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and proposed moving the Dutch embassy there.

Party platform

Other policies that Wilders mentions in his party programme for the 2010 general election:[135]

  • Harsh punishment of violence against Jews and the LGBT community, which it claims is disproportionately committed by Muslims (p. 13)
  • Recording the ethnicity of all Dutch citizens. (p. 11)
  • Prohibition of halal and kosher slaughter (p. 55) (However, Wilders has stated that opposition to kosher slaughter was not part of his party's agenda and that support for the ban had been withdrawn)[136]
  • Limitation of cannabis coffee shops within a radius of no less than 1 kilometer from schools (p. 11)
  • Active repatriation of criminals of foreign citizenship and Dutch nationals originating from the Netherlands Antilles (p. 11)
  • Deportation of criminals having foreign nationality or multiple citizenship back to their country of origin, after a prison sentence (p. 13)
  • Restrictions on immigrant labour from new EU member states and Islamic countries (p. 15)
  • Removal of resources from anti-climate change programs, development aid, and immigration services (p. 17)
  • Abolition of the Dutch Senate (p. 19)
  • Shutting down of all Islamic schools and mosques (p. 15)
  • Ban on Islamic gender apartheid (p. 15)
  • The General Pension (AOW) age not to be increased beyond 65 (p. 21)
  • Governmental communication to be exclusively in Dutch or Frisian (p. 35)
  • Dutch language proficiency and a 10-year Dutch residency and work experience requirement for welfare assistance (p. 15)
  • Constitutional protection of the dominance of the Judeo-Christian and humanistic culture of the Netherlands (p. 35)
  • Choosing to defend the essential elements of Dutch culture: freedom of the LGBT community, as well as assured equality of men and women which Islam strongly challenges (p. 33)
  • Respect for May 4 as a day to remember victims of National Socialism. (p. 35)
  • Repeal of no-smoking legislation in bars (p. 39)
  • Referring to Jordan as 'Palestine' (p. 43)
  • One-state solution to the Israel-Palestine conflict (p. 43)
  • Investment in more nuclear power plants and clean coal plants to reduce dependency on imported oil and because coal is cheaper (p. 47)
  • Withdrawal from the European Union.
  • Return to the guilder (old Dutch currency) and abandonment of the euro.
  • Abolition of the European Parliament and no cooperation in any EU activity.
  • Ask the EU to remove the "Dutch" star in the European flag.
  • Repeal flight tax or carbon dioxide tax.[citation needed]
  • Binding referendum on subjects like the EU and a multicultural society.
  • No more tax money to (political) left organisations.[citation needed]
  • Keeping track of the ethnicity of people who have committed crimes.
  • Select policemen on "decisiveness".
  • Binding assimilation contracts for immigrants.
  • Taxes on the Islamic headscarf and prohibition of the Quran. [citation needed]
  • Ban on headscarves in any public function.
  • Support Afrikaners, as it is Dutch heritage.
  • Opposition to Turkey's membership in NATO; support for remaining in NATO.
  • Halt all support and propaganda for Palestine and Palestinians and recognize West Jerusalem as Israeli Capital.
  • No more windmills and funding for durability or CO2 reduction; no more "fiscal greening". [citation needed]

Name and symbols

The name 'Party for Freedom' (Partij voor de Vrijheid) is a reference to the Freedom Party (Partij van de Vrijheid), a Dutch political party founded in 1946, shortly after World War II. In 1948, the Freedom Party went on as the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie), which is the party Wilders split from.[137]

The party logo consists of the party name and a gull in red, white, and blue, which are the colors of the Dutch flag.[1][138] The gull symbolises freedom or liberty.[138][139] The gull had also been used as a symbol by the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands on propaganda posters and for their youth wing, but Wilders claimed it was not inspired by Nazi usage.[139][140]

Organisation and support

In order to register for elections in the Netherlands, a political party needs to be an association (Dutch: vereniging), which can be founded by two or more members.[141][142] The Vereniging Groep Wilders (Association Group Wilders) was founded by the natural person Geert Wilders and Stichting Groep Wilders (Foundation Group Wilders), of which Wilders is the only board member.[143][144] The association was later renamed to Partij voor de Vrijheid (Party for Freedom).[1] After the creation of the association, Wilders disabled new member registration, resulting in his remaining the sole member of the party.[1][143] The party is considered unique in Dutch politics in that it does not organise public party conferences and does not have local departments, a youth wing, or a research institute.[1][143] Instead, PVV supporters have the option of financially donating to the party or signing up as unaffiliated volunteers during elections. Candidates are mostly handpicked by Wilders who also writes the PVV's platform. Former PVV politician Hero Brinkman unsuccessfully tried to lobby for the party to adopt a conventional membership system and a youth wing. However, Wilders has defended the party's structure, stating that he does not want extremists to take over the PVV, while others have cited the example of the defunct Pim Fortuyn List party which shared many similar policies to the PVV but succumbed to factional infighting following the murder of its founder.[145][146] Commentators have also cited Wilders as one of the first party leaders to use web and social media messages to reach voters instead of traditional public campaigning such as public rallies or meet and greets.[147]

Due to the PVV's structure, foreign political journalists have noted that members of the public do not often out themselves as PVV supporters and that it is sometimes difficult to determine who votes for the party despite its generally substantial results in elections. Some media outlets have noted that in line with other European populist parties, its voters tend to either be on the lower end of the socio-economic spectrum or those concerned about immigration and crime.[148] A 2017 study by Dutch polling company Etnobarometer found that the PVV also receives support from some ethnic minority communities and that it was the second most voted for party among Surinamese-Dutch voters after the Labour Party, with the PVV doing particularly well among voters of Indo-Surinamese and Indian heritage.[149]

Financing

In the Netherlands, a political party needs to have 1,000 members or more to be eligible for government funding, a requirement which the Party for Freedom does not meet with Wilders being the only member.[1][150]

On several instances the PVV applied for and received European Union funding.[151]

Financially, the party has been largely relying on donations. The party has not disclosed any of its finances until 2013. According to Hero Brinkman, a former MP for the party, the PVV received most of its finances from certain foreign (American) lobby-groups.[152] According to Reuters, Daniel Pipes' Middle East Forum paid for the trials and security of Geert Wilders and David Horowitz paid Wilders "a good fee" for two speeches given in the US.[153][154]

Since 2013, Dutch political parties are required by law to disclose all donations of 4,500 euro or more.[150][155] The Party for Freedom disclosed no donations for 2013.[156] For 2014 to 2016, the party disclosed a total of 148,391.07 euro in donations from the California-based David Horowitz Freedom Center, a total of 18,700 euro in donations from a private donor in the Netherlands, and a donation of 6,853.70 euro from the New York-based company FOL Inc.[155][157][158][159] The 2015 donations of just over 108,244 euro from the Freedom Center was "the largest individual contribution to a Dutch political party that year."[160]

Election results

House of Representatives

Election Lijsttrekker Votes % Seats +/– Government
2006 Geert Wilders 579,490 5.89 (#5)
9 / 150
 New In the opposition
2010 1,454,493 15.45 (#3)
24 / 150
 Increase 15 In support of the VVD-CDA minority coalition
2012 950,263 10.08 (#3)
15 / 150
 Decrease 9 In the opposition
2017 1,372,941 13.06 (#2)
20 / 150
 Increase 5 In the opposition
2021 1,125,022 10.81 (#3)
17 / 150
 Decrease 3 In the opposition
2023 23.0% (#1)
36 / 150
 Increase 19

Senate

Election Votes % Seats +/– Government
2011 72[161] 12.74 (#4)[161]
10 / 75
 New In support of the VVD-CDA minority coalition
2015 66[161] 11.58 (#4)[161]
9 / 75
 Decrease 1 In the opposition
2019 38[161] 6.46 (#7)[161]
5 / 75
 Decrease 4 In the opposition
2023 34 5.52 (#7)
4 / 75
 Decrease 1 In the opposition

European Parliament

Election List Votes % Seats +/– Notes
2009 Pre-Lisbon Treaty List 772,746 16.97 (#2)
4 / 25
 New [162]
Post-Lisbon Treaty
5 / 26
 Increase 1 [163]
2014 List 633,114 13.32 (#3)
4 / 26
 Decrease 1 [164]
2019 Pre-Brexit List 194,178 3.53 (#10)
0 / 26
 Decrease 4 [165]
Post-Brexit
1 / 29
 Increase 1 [166]

Representation

Members of the House of Representatives

The seventeen members of the House of Representatives for the Party for Freedom are:[167]

Members of the Senate

Main article: List of members of the Senate of the Netherlands, 2023–2027

Members of the European Parliament

Main article: List of Party for Freedom Members of the European Parliament

The PVV lost all it seats in the 2019 European Parliament election. However, the party received an MEP appointed in the wake of the re-allocation of UK seats after Brexit, namely Marcel de Graaff, who became an MEP in February 2020 but who defected to Forum for Democracy in January 2022.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "Partij voor de Vrijheid (PVV)" (in Dutch), Parlement & Politiek. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
  2. ^ "Contact" (in Dutch). Party for Freedom. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
  3. ^ "Favorita en de duistere financiering van partijen" (in Dutch), de Volkskrant, 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  4. ^ "Ondemocratische PVV" (in Dutch), NRC Handelsblad, 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  5. ^ "Dutch elections: What is the Wilders effect?".
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Pauwels, Teun (2014). Populism in Western Europe: Comparing Belgium, Germany and The Netherlands. Routledge. pp. 117–118. ISBN 9781317653912.
  7. ^ a b "Partij voor de Vrijheid (PVV) — Europe Politique". www.europe-politique.eu. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  8. ^ Merijn Oudenampsen (2013). "Explaining the Swing to the Right: The Dutch Debate on the Rise of Right-Wing Populism". In Ruth Wodak, Majid KhosraviNik, Brigitte Mral. Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse. A&C Black. p. 191.
  9. ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2021). "Netherlands". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  10. ^ Subramanian, Samanth (9 March 2017). "Could the anti-Islam Party for Freedom come out on top in upcoming Netherlands election?". The National. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  11. ^ a b c Thompson, Wayne C. (2014). Western Europe 2014. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 185. ISBN 9781475812305.
  12. ^ Koster, Willem de; Achterberg, Peter; Waal, Jeroen van der (28 September 2012). "The new right and the welfare state: The electoral relevance of welfare chauvinism and welfare populism in the Netherlands". International Political Science Review. 34: 3–20. doi:10.1177/0192512112455443. S2CID 154960588.
  13. ^ Rita C-K Chin (2009). After the Nazi racial state: difference and democracy in Germany and Europe. University of Michigan Press. p. 239. ISBN 978-0472025787.
  14. ^ Are Dutch voters really turning to populist Geert Wilders?
  15. ^ https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/20875483/JB07LucardieDEF_1_.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  16. ^
  17. ^ "Identity and Democracy Party". Identity and Democracy Party. Archived from the original on 8 August 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  18. ^ "Dutch elections loom as budget talks collapse". Euronews. Archived from the original on 23 April 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
  19. ^ "Meeste stemmen D66, CDA grootst". nos.nl. 26 May 2014.
  20. ^ "CDA met vijf zetels grootste partij". RTL Nieuws (in Dutch). 25 May 2014. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  21. ^ Corder, Mike; Casert, Raf (22 November 2023). "Netherlands looks set to replace longest-serving leader, Wilders wins landslide election". ABC News. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  22. ^ Press, Associated (22 November 2023). "Exit poll says Dutch anti-Islam populist Geert Wilders wins most votes with a landslide margin". MarketWatch. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  23. ^ Corder, Mike; Casert, Raf (22 November 2023). "Exit poll says Dutch anti-Islam populist wins most votes with a landslide margin". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  24. ^ a b "Dutch party wants to outlaw mosques, Islamic schools, Koran". Politico.
  25. ^ a b "Dutch Far-right Leader Seeks Ban on Quran, Mosques". Voice of America. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  26. ^ Magone, José M. (2011). Comparative European Politics: An Introduction. Routledge. p. 17.
  27. ^ Albertazzi, Daniele; McDonnell, Duncan (2008), Twenty-first century populism: The spectre of Western European democracy, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 164
  28. ^ "PVV: Nederland moet uit EU. (The Netherlands should get out of the EU)". Nos.nl. 23 April 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  29. ^ Bolopion, Philippe (8 March 2017). "Geert Wilders' far-right party suffers donation downturn". Politico.eu. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  30. ^ "Wilders stapt uit VVD-fractie". Trouw (in Dutch). 3 September 2004.
  31. ^ "Dutch say 'No' to EU constitution". BBC News. 2 June 2005. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
  32. ^ "Spruyt sluit zich aan bij Geert Wilders" (in Dutch). Elsevier. 4 January 2006. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
  33. ^ de Jong, Addy (17 August 2006). "Historische kans voorbij". Reformatorisch Dagblad (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 26 May 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
  34. ^ Hoekman, Jacob (23 November 2006). "Spruyt: Negeren van Wilders onverstandig". Reformatorisch Dagblad (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 23 October 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
  35. ^ Spruyt, Bart (1 January 2007). "Weimar in aanbouw (deel 1)" (in Dutch). The weblog of Bart J. Spruyt. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
  36. ^ Hartong, Lucas (2 January 2007). "Het is me wat!" (in Dutch). Het Vrije Volk. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
  37. ^ van der Horst, Alain; Munk, Kirsten; Niemoller, Joost (1 December 2006). "Haagse Sekte" (in Dutch). HP/De Tijd. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  38. ^ "Partij Wilders doet niet mee aan Statenverkiezingen". ANP (in Dutch). Volkskrant. 10 January 2007. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
  39. ^ "Meldpunt Discriminatie Internet" (PDF) (in Dutch). Magenta Foundation. 1 March 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2004. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
  40. ^ Dohmen, Joep (13 January 2007). "PVV riep steun van extreem-rechts in". NRC Handelsblad (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 April 2009.
  41. ^ "Wilders ontkent oproep tot steun extreem rechts". Trouw (in Dutch). 13 January 2007.
  42. ^ "Extreem-rechtse steun verdriet Wilders". de Volkskrant (in Dutch). 15 January 2007. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
  43. ^ de Winter, Leon (15 January 2007). "De demonisering van Geert Wilders" (in Dutch). Elsevier. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
  44. ^ Terpstra, Doekle (30 November 2007). "'Nee' tegen kwade boodschap Wilders". Trouw (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 April 2009.
  45. ^ a b Andringa, Hans (4 December 2007). "Dutch show mixed reactions to anti-Muslim party". Radio Netherlands Worldwide. Archived from the original on 18 October 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
  46. ^ Bessems, Kustaw (5 December 2007). "Tekort aan redelijke positivo's" (in Dutch). De Pers. Archived from the original on 7 April 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
  47. ^ "Rapper wil 25.000 euro van Wilders". Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau (in Dutch). de Volkskrant. 7 April 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
  48. ^ "Hold your breath: 'Fitna' spreading seeds of hatred". Today's Zaman. 29 March 2008. Archived from the original on 2 April 2008. Retrieved 1 April 2008.
  49. ^ Park, Michael (21 January 2008). "Iran Warns Netherlands Not to Air Controversial 'Anti-Muslim' Film". Fox News. Retrieved 8 March 2008.
  50. ^ "Geert Wilders' Freedom Party rises to 32 seats". Radio Netherlands Worldwide. 29 March 2009. Archived from the original on 2 April 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2009.
  51. ^ Waterfield, Bruno (3 March 2009). "Geert Wilders leads Dutch polls". The Daily Telegraph. UK. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
  52. ^ "Wilders Now a Celebrity in US and Prime Minister in Poll". NIS News Bulletin. 3 March 2009. Archived from the original on 22 July 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
  53. ^ Joop van Holsteyn. "De peiling van Maurice de Hond deugt niet; De waarde van een peiling staat of valt met een representatieve steekproef". NRC Handelsblad.
  54. ^ "Partij Voor de Vrijheid". pvv.nl.
  55. ^ "Dutch Party for Freedom Recovers Top Rank". Angus-reid.com. Archived from the original on 20 April 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
  56. ^ "2e Kamerverkiezingen 2010 – Peilingen 31.01.2010 Maurice de Hond PVV de Grootste". Digitalehofstad.wordpress.com. 31 January 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
  57. ^ "PVV picks second MP for local elections". Dutchnews.nl. 21 December 2009. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
  58. ^ "Local elections overshadowed by national politics". Nrc.nl. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
  59. ^ "Wilders to take council seat in the Hague". Dutchnews.nl. 8 March 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
  60. ^ "Anti-Islam MP Geert Wilders has announced he will take up a seat on the local council of the city of The Hague". Rnw.nl. 8 March 2010. Archived from the original on 12 May 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
  61. ^ "Calls for local poll recount in The Hague". Rnw.nl. 10 March 2010. Archived from the original on 12 March 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
  62. ^ "Rotterdam to investigate proxy voting". Rnw.nl. 10 March 2010. Archived from the original on 12 March 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
  63. ^ "Wilders' PVV party 'kept in Almere opposition'". Expatica.com. Archived from the original on 26 May 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
  64. ^ "Kiesraad - Verkiezingsuitslagen". www.verkiezingsuitslagen.nl. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  65. ^ "PVV historisch hoog in peiling". www.nu.nl. 18 July 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
  66. ^ "Dutch government collapses after far right pulls plug". CNN. 23 April 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2012. The Party for Freedom did not get control of any government ministries, but the coalition agreement included elements it pushed for, such as a burqa ban. No ban has been put in place.
  67. ^ Castle, Stephen (5 August 2010). "Outspoken Dutch Politician Makes Inroads". The New York Times. Netherlands. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
  68. ^ "Vooral het CDA heeft niets te zoeken in zo'n 'bijzonder' kabinet" (in Dutch). Trouw.nl. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
  69. ^ "Hero Brinkman quits the PVV, opposition call for new elections". DutchNews.nl. 20 March 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  70. ^ "Drie Statenleden PVV Noord-Holland mee met Brinkman". wn.com (in Dutch). World News Network. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  71. ^ Chesal, Robert. "Wilders gives Dutch politics a roller-coaster ride". Radio Netherlands Worldwide. Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
  72. ^ "Kiesraad - Verkiezingsuitslagen". www.verkiezingsuitslagen.nl. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  73. ^ "PVV zet Kamerlid Louis Bontes uit fractie". Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  74. ^ "Joram van Klaveren verlaat 'vruchteloze' PVV-fractie". de Volkskrant (in Dutch). 21 March 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  75. ^ "Dit zijn de Nederlandse leden van het Europees parlement". RTL Nieuws (in Dutch). 26 May 2014. Archived from the original on 22 July 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  76. ^ "Auke Zijlstra (PVV) bevestigt toetreding tot Europees Parlement" (in Dutch), Parlement & Politiek, 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  77. ^ "France's Le Pen announces far-right bloc of anti-EU MEPs", BBC News, 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  78. ^ a b Eric Maurice, "Le Pen becomes group leader in EU parliament", EUobserver, 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  79. ^ Tobias den Hartog (14 March 2017). "PVV zakt flink weg in peilingen, VVD profiteert". Algemeen Dagblad. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
  80. ^ "Concept-verkiezingsprogramma PVV 2017-2021 Archived 20 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine" (in Dutch), University of Groningen. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  81. ^ "VVD leader Mark Rutte says 'zero' chance of coalition with Geert Wilders". DutchNews.nl. 16 January 2017.
  82. ^ Ashley Kirk; Patrick Scott (17 March 2017). "Dutch election: How the far Right could win but not rule in a country known for its liberal values". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
  83. ^ "VVD de grootste, zwaar verlies PvdA Archived 6 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine" (in Dutch), De Telegraaf, 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  84. ^ "5 things to know about Dutch far right's new figurehead". Politico. 25 March 2019.
  85. ^ Geen coalitie, wel bestuurders van FvD en PVV in Limburg NOS, 7 juni 2019
  86. ^ "Far-right Dutch MEP ditches Geert Wilders' party over its vaccination stance". www.politico.eu. 20 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  87. ^ Partijen in de Eerste en Tweede Kamer - PVV, Parlement.com.
  88. ^ De PVV is best sociaal, maar wel selectief, NRC Handelsblad, 12 maart 2017 (ism. Parlementair Documentatiecentrum)
  89. ^ "Standpunten". Voor Nederland in Europa (in Dutch). Party for Freedom. 1 April 2009. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 7 April 2009.
  90. ^ Pearson, Elizabeth; Winterbotham, Emily; Brown, Katherine E. (2021). Countering Violent Extremism: Making Gender Matter. Springer Nature. p. 102. ISBN 9783030219628.
  91. ^ "The Netherlands' most popular party wants to ban all mosques". The Independent. 28 August 2016. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  92. ^ Kirby, Paul (27 March 2008). "Profile: Geert Wilders". BBC News. Retrieved 13 March 2009.
  93. ^ Richburg, Keith B. (1 February 2005). "Washingtonpost.com". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 24 July 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
  94. ^ Partijen in de Eerste en Tweede Kamer - PVV, Parlement.com
  95. ^ Van Donselaar, Jaap; Rodrigues, Peter R. (2008), Monitor Racisme & Extremisme (PDF) (in Dutch), Pallas Publications, archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2009, retrieved 24 August 2011
  96. ^ Monitor Racisme en Extremisme (in Dutch), University of Leiden, 10 December 2008, retrieved 24 August 2011
  97. ^ PVV volgens onderzoekers extreemrechts (in Dutch), NU.nl, 10 December 2008, retrieved 24 August 2011
  98. ^ Moors, Hans; et al. (2009), Polarisatie en radicalisering in Nederland. Een verkenning van de stand van zaken in 2009 (PDF) (in Dutch), IVA beleidsonderzoek en advies, archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2012, retrieved 6 September 2011
  99. ^ Moors, Hans; Balogh, Lenke; van Donselaar, Jaap; de Graaff, Bob (2009). "Polarisatie en radicalisering in Nederland: Een verkenning van de stand van zaken in 2009" (PDF). IVA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
  100. ^ Hans Moors; Lenke Balogh; Jaap van Donselaar; Bob de Graaff (2009), Polarisatie en radicalising in Nederland. Een verkenning van de stand van zaken in 2009 (PDF) (in Dutch), Tilburg, p. 15, archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2011{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  101. ^ "Wilders' party is 'new radical right'". Dutchnews.nl. 28 January 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
  102. ^ "Putting Geert Wilders on the political map". Rnw.nl. Archived from the original on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
  103. ^ "WC-eend adviseert Guusje ter Horst". Extra.volkskrant.nl. Archived from the original on 2 February 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
  104. ^ "Wilders: Minister Ter Horst speelt vuil spelletje". Elsevier.nl. 30 January 2010. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
  105. ^ Hans Moors; Lenke Balogh; Jaap van Donselaar; Bob de Graaff (2009), Polarisatie en radicalisering in Nederland. Een verkenning van de stand van zaken in 2009 (PDF) (in Dutch), Tilburg, p. 96, archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2011{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  106. ^ A. Lucardie, ‘Rechtsextremisme, populisme of democratisch patriotisme? Opmerkingen over de politieke plaatsbepaling van de Partij voor de Vrijheid en Trots op Nederland’, in: G. Voerman (ed.), Jaarboek 2007, Groningen z.j.
  107. ^ Ministry of Justice (2008). The governance of Britain: review of voting systems, the experience of new voting systems in the United Kingdom since 1997. The Stationery Office. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-10-173042-6.
    David Marquand (2011). The End of the West: The Once and Future Europe. Princeton University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-691-14159-6.
    Lindvall, Johannes (2011), Mass Unemployment and the State, Oxford University Press, p. 118
    Art, David (2011), Inside the Radical Right, Cambridge University Press, p. 187
    Chopin, Thierry; Foucher, Michel (2011), Schuman Report on Europe: State of the Union 2011, Springer, p. 106
  108. ^ "Dutch liberal leader topping polls ahead of next week's election – The Irish Times – Wed, 2 June 2010". The Irish Times. 2 June 2010. Archived from the original on 19 November 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
    Peter Beaumont, Almere (16 May 2010). "Geert Wilders, the ultra-right firebrand, campaigns to be Holland's prime minister | World news | The Observer". Guardian. UK. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
    "Dutch voters boost far-right party of Geert Wilders". CSMonitor.com. 10 June 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
    "The Dutch elections: Right turn". The Economist. 10 June 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
  109. ^ Dancygier, Rafaela M. (2010). Immigration and Conflict in Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 287.
    Monsma, Stephen V.; Soper, J. Christopher (2009). The challenge of pluralism: church and state in five democracies. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 68.
    Bayat, Asef (November 2007). "When Muslims and Modernity Meet". Contemporary Sociology. 36 (6): 507–511. doi:10.1177/009430610703600602. S2CID 143793000.
  110. ^ Rivers, Dan; Hooper, Simon (2 November 2010). "UK far-right group boasts Tea Party links". CNN.
    Le Roux, Mariette (10 June 2010). "Far-right election breakthrough shocks Netherlands". Agence France-Presse.
  111. ^ Traynor, Ian (17 February 2008). "'I don't hate Muslims. I hate Islam,' says Holland's rising political star". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
  112. ^ "Netherlands: Geert Wilders, the Dutch "Cricket"". 21 March 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  113. ^ "MPs unimpressed with motion from PVV". Expatica. 16 February 2007. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
  114. ^ "Smoren discussie dubbel paspoort schandalig" (in Dutch). Elsevier. 15 February 2007. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
  115. ^ "HUDOC Search Page". coe.int.
  116. ^ "Dutch politician doubts Muslim ministers' loyalty". Reuters. 24 February 2007. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
  117. ^ "Opposition criticises cabinet in debate". Expatica. 1 March 2007. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
  118. ^ el Ayoubi, Mohammed; den Boer, Nicolien (2 March 2007). "Dutch MP to serve as advisor to Moroccan king". Radio Netherlands. Archived from the original on 29 January 2008. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
  119. ^ "Kamer akkoord met Marokkaans advieswerk Arib" (in Dutch). Elsevier. 8 March 2007. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
  120. ^ "Kamp: Nevenfunctie Arib schaadt integratie". ANP (in Dutch). Reformatorisch Dagblad. 8 March 2007. Archived from the original on 26 May 2008. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
  121. ^ Stokmans, Derk (9 March 2007). "Lange dag in de Kamer met veel hatelijkheden". NRC Handelsblad (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
  122. ^ "Nieuwe CDA-staatssecretaris heeft dubbele nationaliteit". Elsevier.nl. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  123. ^ "Minister: Wilders' moslimmotie is onmogelijk" (in Dutch). Elsevier. 22 November 2007. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
  124. ^ "Agente met hoofddoek absoluut onwenselijk" (in Dutch). NU.nl. 4 December 2007. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
  125. ^ "Problems with Poles? Report them to us, says new PVV website". DutchNews.nl. 8 February 2012.
  126. ^ "Dutch allow Wilders' anti-Pole website, EU critical". Reuters. 10 February 2012.
  127. ^ "Sofiaecho.com 16 February 2012". Archived 17 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  128. ^ "Zomergesprek: Geert Wilders (PVV) - NOS Nieuws". Nos.nl. 17 August 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  129. ^ "PVV zal alles doen om bekendmaking donateurs te vermijden - POLITIEK BINNENLAND - PAROOL". Parool.nl. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  130. ^ "PVV: EU-droom is nu nachtmerrie" (in Dutch). NOS. 19 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  131. ^ "Dutch anti-immigration leader Wilders calls for Dutch referendum on EU membership". Reuters. 23 June 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  132. ^ a b "Disagreement among populists in the Netherlands: The diverging rhetorical and policy positions of Dutch populist Radical Right parties following Russia's invasion of Ukraine". Populism Studies. 4 March 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  133. ^ "Dutch anti-Islam MP: 'Israel is West's first line of defense' - Israel News | Haaretz Daily Newspaper". 25 October 2012. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  134. ^ "Wilders spreekt met Lieberman". Het Parool (in Dutch). 4 December 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  135. ^ "De agenda van hoop en optimisme" (PDF) (in Dutch). Party for Freedom.
  136. ^ "Diaspora | Jewish diaspora | The Jerusalem Post". www.jpost.com. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  137. ^ "Groep Wilders wordt Partij voor de Vrijheid" (in Dutch). Elsevier. 23 February 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
  138. ^ a b Willem Visser, "Kleur en symboliek in de Nederlandse politiek" (in Dutch), Sargasso.nl, 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
  139. ^ a b Bas Kromhout, "Wilders gebruikt 'besmet' logo" (in Dutch), Historisch Nieuwsblad, 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
  140. ^ "Wilders woedend over vergelijking met NSB" (in Dutch), De Telegraaf, 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
  141. ^ "Hoe richt ik een politieke partij op?" (in Dutch), Government of the Netherlands. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
  142. ^ "Hoe richt ik een vereniging op? Archived 4 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine" (in Dutch), Notaris.nl. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
  143. ^ a b c Koen Vossen, "Een unieke partij. De organisatie van de PVV" (in Dutch), Montesquieu Instituut, 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
  144. ^ Paul Lucardie, "PVV partijgeschiedenis" (in Dutch), University of Groningen, 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
  145. ^ "The Dutch Freedom Party: A one-man show". Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  146. ^ "A history of Dutch populism, from the murder of Pim Fortuyn to the rise of Geert Wilders". 14 March 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  147. ^ Hecking, Claus (23 February 2017). "Geert Wilders and Donald Trump Use Same Playbook". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  148. ^ "Just who votes for Wilders and Dutch Party of Freedom?". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  149. ^ "Meet the Dutch immigrants backing far-right election candidate Geert Wilders". Independent.co.uk. 12 March 2017. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  150. ^ a b "Wet financiering politieke partijen" (in Dutch), Government of the Netherlands, 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  151. ^ "PVV wrongly claims €13,000 from Brussels for euro report: tv show", DutchNews.nl, 2012.
  152. ^ "'Lobbykantoren VS steunen PVV'" (in Dutch), NU.nl, 2012.
  153. ^ Anthony Deutsch & Mark Hosenball, "Exclusive: U.S. groups helped fund Dutch anti-Islam politician Wilders", Reuters, 2012.
  154. ^ "Partners Wilders in VS verdienen aan acties tegen moslimextremisme" Archived 12 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Dutch), NRC Handelsblad, 2010.
  155. ^ a b Cynthia Kroet, "Geert Wilders’ far-right party suffers donation downturn", Politico Europe, 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  156. ^ "Financieel verslag PVV 2013 Archived 9 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine" (in Dutch), Government of the Netherlands, 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  157. ^ "Financieel verslag PVV 2014 Archived 9 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine" (in Dutch), Government of the Netherlands, 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  158. ^ "Financiële verslagen over 2015 van politieke partijen Archived 9 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine" (in Dutch), Government of the Netherlands, 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  159. ^ "Overzicht giften en schulden politieke partijen Tweede Kamerverkiezingen Archived 9 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine" (in Dutch), Government of the Netherlands, 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  160. ^ Mohdin, Aamna. "The Dutch far right's election donors are almost exclusively American". Quartz. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  161. ^ a b c d e f "Verkiezingsuitslagen Eerste Kamer 1918 - heden Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine" (in Dutch), Kiesraad. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  162. ^ "Kiesraad: Europees Parlement 4 juni 2009" (in Dutch). Kiesraad. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  163. ^ "Extra zetel Europees Parlement naar PVV" (in Dutch). Volkskrant.nl. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
  164. ^ "Kiesraad: Europees Parlement 22 mei 2014" (in Dutch). Kiesraad. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  165. ^ "Kiesraad: Europees Parlement 23 mei 2019" (in Dutch). Kiesraad. 4 June 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  166. ^ "Extra zetel Europees Parlement naar PVV" (in Dutch). Nu.nl. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
  167. ^ "Party for Freedom", House of Representatives. Retrieved 13 June 2021.

Further reading

  • Hloušek, Vít; Kopeček, Lubomír; Vodová, Petra (2020). The Rise of Entrepreneurial Parties in European Politics. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-41916-5.

Media related to Partij voor de Vrijheid at Wikimedia Commons

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Party_for_Freedom&oldid=1186451568"