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Bourbon whiskey

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Bourbon bottle, 19th century
Oak casks in ricks used store and age bourbon. Bourbon that ejects naturally from the wooden casks, as seen by the stains along the sides of the barrels, is known to distillers as the "angel's share"

Bourbon is an American form of whiskey named for Bourbon County, Kentucky. By United States law, it consists of at least 51% corn — typically about 70% — with the remainder being wheat and/or rye, and malted barley.[1] It is distilled to no more than 160 (U.S.) proof, and aged in new charred oak barrels for at least two years.[2] The two years maturation process is not a legal requirement for a whiskey to be called "bourbon," but it is a legal requirement for "straight bourbon."[3] However, in practice, most bourbon whiskeys are aged for at least four years.

Bourbon must be put into the barrels at no more than 125 U.S. proof.[4] After aging it is diluted with water and bottled. Bottling proof for whiskey must be at least 80 proof (40% abv)[5] and most whiskey is sold at 80 proof. Other common proofs are 86, 90, 94, 100 and 107, and whiskeys of up to 142 proof have been sold. Some higher proof bottlings are "barrel proof."

Bourbon can legally be made anywhere in the United States where it is legal to distill spirits. Legitimate production is not restricted to Kentucky, although currently all but a few brands are made there, and the drink is associated strongly with that commonwealth.[6] Illinois once produced nearly as much bourbon whiskey as Kentucky, and bourbon continues to be made in Virginia. In the past bourbon has been made in Pennsylvania, Indiana, Ohio, Tennessee, Missouri and Kansas.

History

At Fort Harrod (modern Harrodsburg, Kentucky), established in 1774, the residents planted corn (maize). Within a few years, when their harvests exceeded what they and their livestock could eat, they began to convert the rest into whiskey, because it didn't spoil and could be transported more readily than the grain itself. Here is how this whiskey came to be called "bourbon":

When American pioneers pushed west of the Allegheny Mountains following the Revolution, the first counties they founded covered vast regions. One of these original, huge counties was Bourbon, established in 1785 and named after the French royal family. While this vast county was being carved into many smaller ones, early in the 19th century, many people continued to call the region Old Bourbon. Located within Old Bourbon was the principal Ohio River port from which whiskey and other products were shipped to market. "Old Bourbon" was stenciled on the barrels to indicate their port of origin. Old Bourbon whiskey was different because it was the first corn whiskey most people had ever tasted, and they liked it. In time, bourbon became the name for any corn-based whiskey.[7]

It is often written that many of the original distillers of bourbon were Pennsylvanians fleeing taxation during and after the Whiskey Rebellion, but this claim is widely disputed.

A refinement usually credited to Dr. James C. Crow was the sour mash process, by which each new fermentation is conditioned with some amount of spent mash (previously fermented mash that has been separated from its alcohol). The acid introduced by using the sour mash controls the growth of bacteria that could taint the whiskey and creates a proper pH balance for the yeast to work. As of 2005, all straight bourbons use a sour mash process. Dr. Crow developed this refinement while working at the Old Oscar Pepper Distillery (now the Woodford Reserve Distillery) in Woodford County, Kentucky. (Spent mash is also known as distillers spent grain, stillage, slop or feed mash, so named because it is used as animal feed.) As of today, there are no running distilleries within the current boundaries of Bourbon County due to new counties being formed from Bourbon County since early whiskey making days.

A resolution of the U.S. Congress in 1964 declared bourbon to be a "distinctive product of the United States."[8] [9] That resolution asked "the appropriate agencies of the United States Government . . . [to] take appropriate action to prohibit importation into the United States of whiskey designated as 'Bourbon Whiskey.'"[10]. Federal regulation now defines "bourbon whiskey" to only include "bourbon" produced in the United States.[11] Some of the most common stories about its origins are untrue, such as its invention by Baptist minister and distiller Elijah Craig. Each county in Kentucky tends to name a favorite son as the "inventor" of bourbon. In fact, there was no single "inventor" of the product, which evolved into its present form only in the late 19th century.[12]

National Bourbon Heritage Month

File:Gary+dino-of-the-tom-leykis-show-discuss-bourbon-.JPG
Dino DeMillio and Gary Zabransky of The Tom Leykis Show discuss bourbon whiskey in honour of the heritage month

On August 2, 2007, the U.S. Senate passed a resolution sponsored by Senator Jim Bunning (R-KY) officially declaring September 2007 “National Bourbon Heritage Month,” celebrating the uniquely American history of bourbon whiskey.[13] The resolution notes Kentucky's role in developing and producing bourbon, as well as "the contributions of the Commonwealth of Kentucky to the culture of the United States."[14] It also calls on adult consumers who enjoy bourbon to do so responsibly and in moderation.[15] Notably, the resolution claims that Congress declared bourbon to be "America's Native Spirit" in its 1964 resolution.[16] The 1964 resolution, however, does not contain such a statement per se; it only declares that bourbon is a distinctive product identifiable with the United States in the same way that Scotch is identifiable with Scotland.[17]

Since 2003, high-end bourbons have seen revenue grow from $450 million to over $500 million, some 2.2 million cases, in the United States. High-end bourbon sales accounted for eight percent of total spirits growth in 2006. Most high-end bourbons are aged for six years or longer.[18]

References

  1. ^ 27 C.F.R. sec 5.22(b)(1)(i).
  2. ^ Id.
  3. ^ Id. at (b)(1)(iii).
  4. ^ Id. at (b)(1)(i).
  5. ^ Id. at (b).
  6. ^ http://www.straightbourbon.com/faq.html#4
  7. ^ Cowdery, Charles K., Bourbon, Straight: The Uncut and Unfiltered Story of American Whiskey, p. 25
  8. ^ 78 Stat. 1208 (1964).
  9. ^ Defining “Bourbon.” The State (Columbia, SC), 5-1-02, p. D1.
  10. ^ 78 Stat. 1208.
  11. ^ 27 C.F.R. sec 5.22(b)(2).
  12. ^ Cowdery, Charles K., "Who Invented Bourbon?" Malt Advocate Magazine (4th Quarter 2002), pp. 72-75
  13. ^ S. Res. No. 110-294 (2007).
  14. ^ Id.
  15. ^ Id.
  16. ^ Id.
  17. ^ See 78 Stat. 1208.
  18. ^ Distilled Spirits Council of the US Press Release, August 31, 2007.
  • Cowdery, Charles K. Bourbon, Straight: The Uncut and Unfiltered Story of American Whiskey (Chicago: Made and Bottled in Kentucky), 2004. ISBN 0-9758-7030-0
  • Crowgey, Henry G. Kentucky Bourbon: The Early Years of Whiskeymaking (Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky), 1971. ISBN 0-8131-1225-7
  • Regan, Gary and Mardee Haidin Regan. The Bourbon Companion: A Connisseur's Guide (Philadelphia, PA: Running Press), 1998. ISBN 0-7624-0013-7


See also


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