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Nissan Leaf

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Nissan Leaf
Overview
ManufacturerNissan
Production2010–present
AssemblyJapan: Oppama, Yokohama
United Kingdom: Sunderland
United States: Smyrna, Tennessee
Body and chassis
ClassCompact
Body style5-door hatchback
LayoutFront-engine, front-wheel drive
Powertrain
Engine80 kW (110 hp) synchronous motor
TransmissionFixed ratio
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,700 mm (106.3 in)
Length4,445 mm (175.0 in)
Width1,770 mm (69.7 in)
Height1,550 mm (61.0 in)

The Nissan Leaf (also formatted "LEAF" as a bacronym for Leading, Environmentally friendly, Affordable, Family car[1]) is a compact five-door hatchback electric car manufactured by Nissan and introduced in Japan and the U.S. in December 2010.[2][3][4] The Leaf is the first mass-produced electric car for sale from a major manufacturer.[5] The United States Environmental Protection Agency determined the range to be 117 kilometres (73 mi), with an energy consumption of 765 kJ/km (34 kWh per 100 miles) and rated the Leaf's combined fuel economy at 99 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent.[6][7]

Deliveries began in the United States on December 11, 2010,[2] and will be followed by Japan by the end of December.[8] Sales are scheduled to begin in Portugal in January 2011, Ireland in February, the United Kingdom in March, and the Netherlands in June, with global market availability planned for 2012.[9][10] Nissan announced that initial availability is limited in quantities and to select markets and only for customers who made online reservations. The availability will be increased by the second quarter of 2011 with U.S. production planned for 2012.[11][12][13]

The Leaf's retail price in Japan starts at ¥3.76 million and US$32,780 in the United States. The price announced in the United Kingdom is £28,350 and around €35,000 in the other three European countries where it will be launched first. These prices include the price of the battery package, and most countries have applicable tax incentives or subsidies for eligible buyers.[clarification needed][10][14][15][16]

As an all-electric car the Nissan Leaf produces no tailpipe pollution or greenhouse gas emissions at the point of operation, and reduces dependence on petroleum.[17][18] Among other awards and recognition, the Nissan Leaf won the 2010 Green Car Vision Award award[19] and the 2011 European Car of the Year award.[20]

History of development

The Nissan Cube-derived EV-01 test car was Nissan's first prototype with the all-electric drive train later used in the Leaf.
The EV-12 test car was based on the Nissan Tiida/Versa.

Nissan introduced its first battery electric vehicle, the Nissan Altra at the Los Angeles International Auto Show on 29 December 1997.[21] The Altra EV was produced between 1998 and 2002, only about 200 vehicles were ever produced, and it was mainly used as a fleet vehicle for companies such as electric utilities.[22][23]

Unveiled in 2009, the EV-11 prototype electric car was based on the Nissan Tiida (Versa in North America), but with the conventional gasoline engine replaced with an all-electric drivetrain, including an 80 kW (110 hp)/280 N⋅m (210 lb⋅ft) electric motor, 24 kW·h lithium-ion battery pack rated to have a range of 160 kilometres (100 mi) on the United States Environmental Protection Agency's LA-4 or "city" driving cycle, navigation system, and remote control and monitoring using a cellphone connection through Nissan's secure data center to the car.[24] The technology in the EV-11 was previously developed and tested in the EV-01 and EV-02 test cars, built with an all-electric powertrain using the Nissan Cube (Z11) as development mule.[25][26] The EV-11 prototype was on display July 26, 2009.[24] A week later, on August 2, 2009, Nissan unveiled its production version at its Yokohama headquarters and is set to begin selling in both the North American market and Japan at end of 2010.[27][28]

Design

Leaf interior
Leaf electric motor
Leaf lithium-ion battery pack

The Leaf's frontal styling is characterized by a sharp V-shape design with large, up slanting light-emitting diode (LED) headlights that create a distinctive blue internal reflective design. The headlights also split and redirect airflow away from the door mirrors, reducing wind noise and drag. The headlights consume 50% less electricity than halogen lamps.[29] Nissan sought not to deter individuals away from the Leaf, giving it a familiar sedan- and hatchback-like design.[30] The bottom of the car has aerodynamic paneling to reduce drag and improve aerodynamics as much as possible.[31]

Powertrain

Nissan says that the car has a top speed of over 150 km/h (93 mph). Its motor is rated at 80 kilowatts (110 hp) and 280 newton-metres (210 lb⋅ft).[32] Unofficially, 0 to 60 mph (0 to 97 km/h) performance has been tested at 7.0 seconds.[33]

The Leaf uses a front-mounted electric motor driving the wheels, powered by a 86 megajoules (24 kW⋅h) lithium ion battery pack rated to deliver up to 90 kilowatts (120 hp) power.[34] The pack contains air-cooled, stacked laminar battery cells with lithium manganate cathodes.[35][36] The battery and control module together weigh 300 kilograms (660 lb) and the specific energy of the cells is 140 W·h/kg.[32] It is estimated that each battery pack costs Nissan US$18,000 (as of May 2010), and this cost is expected to be halved by mass production.[37][38] Under its five-cycle testing, the United States Environmental Protection Agency found the Leaf's energy consumption to be 765 kJ/km (34 kWh/100 miles) and rated the Leaf combined fuel economy equivalent at 99 MPGe (2.4 L/100 km), with an equivalent 106 mpg[convert: ambiguous unit] in city driving and 92 mpg[convert: ambiguous unit] on highways.[6][7]

The battery pack is expected to retain 70% to 80% of its capacity after 10 years but its actual lifespan depends on how often fast charging (440-volt) is used and also on environmental factors.[36] Nissan states the battery will have a "lifespan of 5–10 years under normal use".[39] In July 2010, Nissan announced that the Leaf's battery will be guaranteed for eight years or 100,000 miles (160,000 km).[40][41] To keep the center of gravity as low as possible, the battery is housed partly below the front seats in a thin layer below the rear floor and with the majority of the cells in a long rack below the rear seats. The pack does not intrude into the rear trunk space. The battery pack consists of 48 modules with each module containing 4 cells[42] and is assembled by Automotive Energy Supply Corporation (AESC) – a joint venture between Nissan, NEC and NEC Energy Devices. The battery's chemistry is LiMn2O4 (Lithium, Manganese, Oxygen).[43]

Recharging

The Leaf has two charging receptacles: a standard SAE J1772-2009 connector for level 1 and 2 recharging (120/220 volts AC)[44] and a JARI Level 3 DC connector designed by TEPCO for high-voltage, "level 3" quick charging (480 volts DC 125 amps)[45] using the CHAdeMO protocol.[46]

The Leaf's charging port with two inlets is located in the front of the car.

Using the on-board 3.3-kilowatt (4.4 hp) charger[47] and 7.5-meter (25 ft)[48] cable included by Nissan, the Leaf can be fully recharged from empty in under 20 hours from a standard household outlet (120-volt, 15 amp breaker, 12 amp maximum allowable draw,[49] 1.4 kilowatts (1.9 hp)) in North America and Japan; recharging a partially discharged pack requires less time.[50] It can be charged in 8 hours from a 220/240-volt 30 amp supply (5.2 kilowatts (7.0 hp) allowable draw[49]) that can provide the on-board charger its full 3.3 kilowatts (4.4 hp) of usable power.[50][51] U.S. electrical regulations require a 240-volt charging station to be permanently wired to an AC outlet unless proper interlock mechanisms are available to ensure the charging current can be safely turned on and off.[49] Nissan selected AeroVironment to supply its charging dock and installation services in North America,[52] (see the United States section below for more details).

Using level 3 quick charging, the battery pack can be charged to 80% capacity in about 30 minutes.[53] Nissan developed its own 500-volt quick charger that went on sale in Japan for ¥1,470,000 (around US$16,800) in May 2010 and plans to install 200 at dealers in Japan.[54][55] Nissan warns that if fast charging is the primary way of recharging, then the normal and gradual battery capacity loss is about 10% more than regular 220-volt charging over a 10-year period.[36] Other companies make compatible charging stations, and companies and local government have various initiatives to create networks of public charging stations[50][56] (see electric vehicle network).

Technology

Nissan Leaf SV spoiler-mounted solar panel

The Nissan Leaf will employ an advanced information technology (IT) system. Connected to a global data center, the system provides support, information, and entertainment for drivers 24 hours a day. The dash-mounted monitor displays the Leaf's remaining power and shows a selection of nearby charging stations. The display will also indicate how many of the charging points are available and if they are the standard 220- or the high-speed 440-volt type.[57] Users' mobile phones can be used to turn on the air-conditioner and heater, and reset charging functions even when the vehicle is powered down. This can be used to pre-heat or pre-cool the car prior to use. The advantage of doing this while still connected is so it does not discharge the battery and sets the climate before use. An on-board remote-controlled timer can also be pre-programmed to recharge batteries at a set time such as during off-peak rates.[57] The Leaf's SL trim has a small solar panel at the rear of the roof/spoiler that can trickle charge the auxiliary battery.[58]

Leaf test drive demonstrating its electric motor quietness.

Due to significant noise reduction typical of electric vehicles traveling at low speeds, the Leaf will include warning sounds – one for forward motion and another for reverse for the alerting of pedestrians, the blind, and others to its presence.[59][60] For this purpose Nissan created the Vehicle Sound for Pedestrians (VSP) system, which also will be used in the upcoming Nissan Fuga hybrid, due in 2011. The system developed makes a noise easy to hear for those outside in order to be aware of the vehicle approaching, but the warning sounds do not distract the car occupants inside. Nissan explained that during the development of the sound, they studied behavioral research of the visually impaired and worked with cognitive and acoustic psychologists.[60][61][62] The sine-wave sound system sweeps from 2.5 kHz at the high end to a low of 600 Hz, an easily audible range across age groups. Depending on the speed and if the Leaf is accelerating or decelerating, the sound system will make sweeping, high-low sounds. The sound system ceases operation when the Nissan Leaf reaches 30 kilometres per hour (19 mph) and engages again as car slows to under 25 kilometres per hour (16 mph). The driver can turn off sounds temporarily through a switch inside the vehicle, but the system automatically resets to "On" at the next ignition cycle. The system is controlled through a computer and synthesizer in the dash panel, and the sound is delivered through a speaker in the front driver’s side wheel well.[60][61][63] After the new sounds were publicized, the US National Federation of the Blind issued a statement saying that "while it was pleased that the alert existed, it was unhappy that the driver was able to turn it off."[60]

Production

Production model Nissan Leaf

The US Department of Energy granted $99.8 million to Electric Transportation Engineering Corporation (eTec) for the EV Project, involving the installation of up to 11,210 charging stations in strategic markets in Phoenix (AZ), Tucson (AZ), San Diego (CA), Portland (OR), Eugene (OR), Salem (OR), Corvallis (OR), Seattle (WA), Nashville (TN), Knoxville (TN) and Chattanooga (TN).[64][65][failed verification] Nissan has partnered with eTec on this project and will supply 4,700 vehicles to individual and fleet customers in these areas beginning in the third quarter of 2010.[64][65]

The EV Project will collect and analyze data to characterize vehicle use in diverse topographic and climatic conditions, evaluate the effectiveness of charge infrastructure, and conduct trials of various revenue systems for commercial and public charge infrastructure. The ultimate goal of The EV Project is to take the lessons learned from the deployment of these first 4,700 EVs, and the charging infrastructure supporting them, to assist in the streamlined deployment of the full production number of Leafs and other EVs.[65]

The first vehicles to be sold in the US will be produced at Nissan’s plant in Oppama, Japan,[66] which started production on October 22, 2010.[67] Commercial US production would begin in late 2012 at Nissan's manufacturing facility in Smyrna, Tennessee. This US plant will be modified with a $1.4 billion loan granted by the US Department of Energy to allow the manufacturing plant to produce the Nissan Leaf and its advanced batteries. The retooled plant is expected to create 1,300 jobs.[68][69] The Smyrna plant is expected to produce up to 150,000 vehicles and 200,000 battery packs annually.[69]

The Leaf will also be produced at Nissan's plant in Sunderland, England, beginning in 2013.[70] Nissan will benefit from a £20.7m grant from the British government and up to £220m from the European Investment Bank.[70][71] The plant will produce 60,000 lithium-ion batteries a year, and it also is expected to deliver 50,000 Leaf EVs a year.[70]

Market

Nissan officially introduced the Leaf in a ceremony held at its global headquarters in Yokohama on December 3, 2010.[3] The first U.S. customer delivery took place in Northern California on December 11, 2010[2] and deliveries to retail customers in Japan will begin by the end of December.[8]

Renault-Nissan has partnered with governments, public utilities, and private entities to produce the global infrastructure necessary to make the Leaf a viable concept. However, the Leaf will not contain Renault-Nissan's QuickDrop battery switch feature. Countries signed up to this electric vehicle network include Portugal, the UK, New Zealand, Australia, Israel, Ireland, France, China, Singapore, Switzerland, Canada (British Columbia and Québec), and Monaco.[72][73][failed verification]

Asia

Nissan Leaf sales price by market[10][15][16]
(without any government tax credits or grants)
Country Sales
price		 Equivalent
US$(1)		 Market
launch
 Japan ¥3.76 million US$44,600 Dec 2010
 United States US$32,780 US$32,780 Dec 2010
 Portugal €35,250 US$45,500 Jan 2011
 Ireland €34,995 US$45,100 Feb 2011
 United Kingdom £28,990 US$44,800 Mar 2011
 Netherlands €32,839 US$42,300 Jun 2011
Note 1: Exchange rates as of September 6, 2010.
Japan

On March 30, 2009, Nissan announced that the price of the Leaf in Japan will start at ¥3.76 million (approximately US$44,600) before any current tax breaks.[14][15] The Leaf will be eligible for a ¥770,000 government tax credit if current incentives continue through fiscal year 2010, thus reducing the net price to ¥2.99 million (US$35,500). The Leaf will also be exempt from the car-weight and car-acquisition taxes.[14]

Nissan will offer customers various purchasing methods, including a financing program that allows consumers to pay ¥2.4 million (US$28,500) and then a monthly fee of ¥10,000 (US$119), which includes electricity costs.[14] Other services that will be available include charging equipment arranged by Nissan dealers who will assist customers in the installation of charging facilities in their homes. Before the Leaf release, Nissan will install 200-volt regular chargers at 2,200 Nissan dealers nationwide before December 2010; about 200 dealers will also have quick-charging facilities that provide 80% of battery capacity in less than 30 minutes. Nissan guarantees the availability of at least one quick-charge unit within a 40-kilometer radius throughout the country.[14][54] The 220 V quick charger went on sale on May 2010 for ¥1,470,000 (around US$17,450) excluding taxes and installation. The quick chargers were developed by Nissan but they also work with electric cars from other automakers. Nissan offers variants built for hot and cold climate for ¥1,732,500 and ¥1,543,500 respectively.[54]

The Leaf pre-order process began on April 1 through Nissan dealers across Japan.[14][74] During the first three weeks, individuals accounted for 64% of the pre-orders, and fleet orders represented the remaining 36%. Among individuals, older consumers (age 50 and higher) accounted for 61% of the orders.[74] As of late May 2010, Nissan announced it had already received 6,000 pre-orders,[75] thus reaching their Japan's sales target for FY2010.[74]

China

Nissan plans to release the Leaf in limited quantities to government customers in China in 2011.[76][77]

Australasia

Leaf sales in Australia are scheduled for 2012.[78]

Europe

On July 2010 Nissan announced the final Leaf pricing for the first four European countries where the electric vehicle will be launched beginning in 2011.[10] European prices, including the cost of the battery, are almost €10,000 more expensive than the US price.[79] Most countries, except the Netherlands, have government incentives in the point of sale. Nissan also said that "the Leaf would allow owners to save €600 a year in fuel costs compared with an equivalent internal combustion model."[79] Nissan explained that its decision to launch in the selected four countries first is due to the existing government incentives for electric cars and the ongoing efforts to deploy charging infrastructure. They announced that the Leaf will be available in the other major Western European countries by late 2011.[16] According to Nissan, 12,000 European customers signed up to receive regular updates, and the company began taking orders in Portugal and Ireland on July 30, 2010. The process started in the U.K. in September 2010.[10]

Rear view of the Nissan Leaf exhibited at the 2009 Tokyo Motor Show.
Ireland

The Leaf will be launched in Ireland in February 2011 at a price of €29,995 after a €5,000 government incentive is applied.[10][79] Buyers will be exempted from the vehicle registration tax.[16]

Netherlands

According to Nissan, the Leaf roll-out in the Netherlands was rescheduled from December 2010 to June 2011 due to the high demand.[10] The announced price is €32,839.[16][80] Existing incentives include total exemption of the registration fee and road taxes, which result in savings of approximately €5,324 for private car owners over four years[80] and €19,000 for corporate owners over five years.[16] Leaf buyers will also have access to parking spaces in Amsterdam, which are reserved for battery electric vehicles, thus avoiding the wait for a parking place which can reach up to a 10-year in some parts of the city, and without which a car cannot be purchased.[79]

Portugal

Leaf deliveries in Portugal will begin in January 2011 at a price of €30,250 after a €5,000 government subsidy.[10] Some consumers might benefit from an additional €1,500 incentive if they turn in their used car as part of the down payment for the new electric car.[79][81] As of May 2010 there are only about a dozen recharging stations in the country, but the government expects to deploy 320 before the end of 2010 and 1,300 by the end of 2011.[81]

United Kingdom

The Leaf will go on sale in the United Kingdom in March 2011 at a price of £23,990 including the new 20% VAT and after the Plug-in Car Grant of £5,000 that comes into effect in January 2011.[10][82] Despite the government incentive, the Leaf will be £4,000 more expensive than the starting price of the Toyota Prius petrol-electric hybrid. This was ahead of announcements by Mitsubishi, Peugeot, Citroën and Renault – all of which are due to launch electric cars in Britain later in 2010.[82]

North America

United States

The Leaf will have two trim levels available, the SV and the SL. The SV trim level includes an advanced navigation system and Internet/smart phone connectivity to the vehicle. The SL trim level adds several convenience features, including rearview monitor, fast charge receptacle, solar panel spoiler, fog lights, and automatic headlights for an additional US$940. Additionally, Nissan will offer personal charging docks, which operate on a 240-volt supply, in tandem with the purchase process, that will be built and installed by AeroVironment. This one-stop-shop process includes a home assessment by a certified technician to ensure that the buyer's garage is plug-in ready.[83] Nissan is giving Leaf customers the option of buying a home charging station at an estimated cost, including installation, of US$2,200, which is eligible for a 50% federal tax credit up to US$2,000. This would bring the average cost for the charging dock, after the federal tax credit, to US$1,100.[15][83]

Nissan Leafs recharging

Nissan's base price in the US is US$32,780 before any applicable tax incentives (federal tax credit).[15][83] Nissan also has 36 month lease option for US$349 a month for the SV trim and US$379 a month for the SL trim, plus an initial payment of US$1,999 in both cases.[84] Considering the US$7,500 electric vehicle federal tax credit established by the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009, the net price can drop to US$25,280 for eligible customers, depending on exact tax circumstances. The federal tax credit shrinks by automaker after it has sold at least 200,000 vehicles in the U.S., and then it phases out over a year.[15] Nissan explained that it priced the Leaf lower in the US than in Japan because it wants to achieve higher sales in that market.[15]

Other state and local incentives are available and may further decrease the cost. California has a US$5,000 statewide rebate; Georgia has a US$5,000 tax credit, and Oregon has a US$1,500 tax credit.[83] However, in California, according to The New York Times, the US$4.1 million allocated for the program in 2010 might be exhausted in a few months, as the rebates are provided on a first-come, first-served basis; the program will exhaust the funds available after only 820 car owners have benefited, assuming an average US$5,000 rebate. As a result, the benefit might not be available by late 2010, when the Leaf is scheduled to be launched. According to staff from the California Center for Sustainable Energy, which is in charge of the program, additional funding will be allocated in 2011 in a similar order of magnitude as the funds allocated for 2010.[85]

Monroney label showing EPA's combined fuel economy rating of 99 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent for the 2011 Nissan Leaf.[6]

Following the announcement by General Motors that they were anticipating their Chevrolet Volt model to achieve a city fuel economy figure of 230 mpg‑US (1.0 L/100 km; 280 mpg‑imp) plus 25 kWh/100 mi (85mpgge combined), Nissan announced on August 11, 2009, via its "NissanEVs" Twitter account,[86] that they anticipated the Leaf to reach 367 mpg‑US (0.641 L/100 km; 441 mpg‑imp) using the Department of Energy's formula[87] plus 22.5 kWh/100 miles (150mpgge combined).[88]

According to Nissan, the Leaf expected all-electric range is 160 kilometres (100 mi) on the EPA city driving cycle and remains the same as the EV-11 prototype.[89] However, the United States Environmental Protection Agency official range is 117 kilometres (73 mi) based on the five-cycle tests using varying driving conditions and climate controls.[6][7] The Federal Trade Commission, which is supposed to label all alternative-fuel vehicles, disagrees with the EPA rating, and considers that the correct range is between 96 to 110 miles (154 to 177 km). Although the FTC does not conduct its own tests as EPA does, it relies on a standard set by SAE International and the results reported by automakers.[90] Based on third-party test drives carried out in the US, reviewers have found that the range available from a single charge can vary up to 40% in real-world situations; reports vary from about 100 kilometres (62 mi) to almost 222 kilometres (138 mi) depending on driving style, load, traffic conditions, weather (i.e. wind, atmospheric density), and accessory use.[91][92] Nissan tested the Leaf under several scenarios to estimate real-world range figures, obtaining a worst case scenario of 76 kilometres (47 mi) and a best case scenario of 222 kilometres (138 mi). The following table summarizes the results under each scenario tested using EPA's L4 test cycle:[93][94]

Summary of EPA's L4 test cycle results
operating the Leaf under different real-world scenarios
Driving
condition		 Speed Temperature Range Air
conditioner
mph km/h °F °C mi km
Cruising (ideal condition) 38 61 68 20 138 222 Off
City traffic 24 39 77 25 105 169 Off
Highway 55 89 95 35 70 110 In use
Winter, stop-and-go traffic 15 24 14 −10 62 100 Heater on
Heavy stop-and-go traffic 6 10 86 30 47 76 In use
EPA five-cycle tests[6] 73 117 Varying

In October 2009 Nissan announced the Zero Emission Tour, with stops in 22 North American cities.[95] At each stop on the tour, visitors were able to view the car and learn about the benefits of zero-emission driving. The first stop of the tour was in Los Angeles on November 13, 2009, marking the unveiling of the LEAF in North America.[96] Other stops on the tour included Berkeley, California; San Francisco; Seattle; Vancouver; Las Vegas; Houston; Washington, D.C.; and Orlando.[66][68][failed verification] The tour ended in February 2010 in New York City after visiting 24 cities, including two (Atlanta and Boston) that were added to the original itinerary due to requests. Nissan estimates that 100,000 people saw the company’s lithium-ion battery car.[66][68]

Nissan conducted a test drive tour—dubbed the Drive Electric Tour—in several cities in the initial U.S. launch markets. The tour began on October 1, 2010, at the AltCar Expo in Santa Monica, California, and continued in Anaheim, San Diego, Los Angeles, and San Jose. In November, the tour moved to Hillsboro, Oregon; Seattle, Washington; and San Francisco. The following month the tour continued in Tucson and Tempe, Arizona; and Austin, Texas. The cities to be visited in 2011 will be announced later, but the promotional tour is expected to end by March 2011.[97][98]

Nissan began the online-only reservation process on April 20, 2010, charging a fully refundable US$99 reservation fee that allowed customers to secure a place on the list to purchase or lease a Leaf. It limited reservations to one per household[11][12][13] and by July 2010 it had received approximately 17,000 reservations.[99] It reported that about 75% of U.S. reservations were for the premium model SL trim, and more than 55% of the reservations were from its primary launch markets in California, Washington, Oregon, Arizona, and Tennessee.[99][100] By September 2010 Nissan announced that it had reached 20,000 reservations, and it will not accept any more reservations for the remainder of 2010.[101]

Nissan Leaf at the Drive Electric Tour opening in Santa Monica, California.

Firm orders started in August, and deliveries are scheduled to start in select markets in limited quantities in December 2010, with more availability in 2011, and full U.S. market rollout in 2012.[11][12][99] Nissan announced that the Leaf will initially be sold only in California, Washington, Oregon, Arizona, and Tennessee. These areas were selected because they are home to the EV Project, which was awarded US$99.8 million from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009[failed verification] by the United States Department of Energy and is the largest electric vehicle and infrastructure deployment in the US.[99][102] The second roll-out is scheduled to follow in January 2011 and will include Texas and Hawaii. In April 2011, the Leaf will be launched in North Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Washington DC, Virginia, Maryland, South Carolina and Alabama. The roll-out to the rest of the US will begin in the third quarter of 2011 with nationwide availability by the end of 2011.[99]

The first Leaf customer delivery took place in a Nissan dealership in Petaluma, California on December 11, 2010, and it was followed by a commemoration event at San Francisco City Hall Plaza. Nissan explained that the first delivery went to the first person in the United States to place a Nissan Leaf on-line order.[2][103] During the following days similar first delivery events took place in San Diego, California; Arizona; Oregon; and Washington, and Tennessee.[104][105] The first Leaf was delivered in Nashville, Tennessee on December 21, 2010, completing the first delivery in each of the first launch markets.[106]

First Nissan Leaf delivered in the U.S. on the road south of San Francisco.

The Nissan Leaf will also be available through two car rental companies and carsharing services in selected markets.[107][108] Enterprise Rent-A-Car initially plans to offer about 500 vehicles at dealerships in Los Angeles, San Diego, Portland, and Seattle beginning in January 2011.[107][109] Hertz Rent-a-Car plans to offer the Leaf and other electric cars at select locations in the U.S. and Europe, including New York City; Washington, D.C.; and San Francisco in 2011.[110] The Leaf will also be available at some Connect by Hertz carsharing locations, a service with operations in London, Paris, Madrid, Berlin, and 150 locations in the United States.[108] The carsharing rental by the hour of the Leaf is scheduled to begin in New York City on December 15, 2010.[110][111]

On July 27, 2010, Nissan announced that the Leaf's battery will have a warranty for eight years or 160,000 kilometres (100,000 mi).[40][41] On July 16, 2010, Nissan conducted an e-mail survey among the 16,000 individuals that made a reservation in the U.S. and a sample of other potential customers regarding the terms of the battery pack guarantee. The survey was sent two days after General Motors announced that the Chevrolet Volt's battery will be guaranteed for eight years or 160,000 kilometres (100,000 mi).[112][113][114] The multiple-choice survey had a batch of battery warranty related questions focused on the responder's preference between a five-year or 97,000-kilometre (60,000 mi) warranty or an eight-year or 160,000-kilometre (100,000 mi) warranty.[112][113] A Nissan spokeswoman commented that the company wanted to hear from future Leaf drivers to ensure Nissan is meeting the expectations of the marketplace before deciding its warranty policy.[112][113]

Canada

The Leaf will go on sale in Canada in January 2012.[115] Ontario residents are eligible for a rebate of CA$8,500. The rebate is available for purchasing or leasing a plug-in electric vehicles to the first 10,000 applicants who qualify.[116][117] Communauto, the oldest carsharing service in North America, will add 50 Nissan Leaf to its fleet in Quebec when the vehicle becomes available to the Canadian market.[118]

Mexico

In October 2009, Nissan announced that it had reached an agreement with the local government of Mexico City, by which 500 units of the Leaf will be delivered by 2011 for use of government and corporate fleets. In exchange, recharging infrastructure will be deployed by the city government, and an exemption from the ownership tax is being pursued.[119][120] This agreement will allow Mexico to become the first Latin American market where the Leaf will be available.[121] The Leaf will be available for the general public starting in 2012.[122]

Reception

Since the initial series of announcements in 2009, a former Tesla Motors marketing manager criticized Nissan about the cooling system chosen for thermal management in lithium-ion battery packs,[123] which may be a factor to the long-term performance of the battery. There may also be an overestimation of the announced 160-kilometre (100 mi) range that was computed using LA-4 or "city" mode, which may underestimate the energy draw during highway driving conditions.[123][124]

Nissan Leaf with recharging station unit at the 2010 Washington Auto Show.

The American magazine Consumer Reports noted that while charger costs vary between US$700 and US$1,200, an at-home charger and its installation cost more than US$2,000 even for simple installations.[125] Nissan estimates a typical charger installation will cost US$2,200. The article did not mention that home charger installations are eligible for a 50% federal tax credit up to US$2,000.[126] Consumer Reports noted that the first 5,700 Leaf buyers will get free chargers with federal support in 13 cities. The consumer group also reminded that many older houses with only a 60–100 amp supply may need a panel upgrade to install a 240-volt circuit, which can cost several thousand dollars.[125] The additional 220–240-volt charger is only required for countries (mainly the North / South American continent) that do not have a 220–240-volt domestic grid or want faster charging than under 110–120-volt.

Consumer Reports also called buyers attention to the fact that the Leaf's total out-of-pocket costs include a US$595 acquisition fee and a US$395 disposition fee. The consumer group also emphasized that the announced lease price of US$349-a-month applies only to buyers with good credit (Tier 1, or a FICO score of 700 or above); for those with less than optimum credit, the monthly rate would increase. They reminded buyers that the lease comes with a 23,000 km/year (15,000-mile-per-year) allowance, but additional miles will cost extra.[127]

The Leaf has been awarded by multiple organizations. Notable awards include the inclusion by Time magazine as one of the 50 best inventions of 2009.[128] At the 2010 Washington Auto Show, the Leaf was given the 2010 Green Car Vision Award by the Green Car Journal (GCJ), who noted that the Leaf "will provide the features, the styling, and the driving experience that will meet the needs of a sophisticated and demanding market, while producing zero localized emissions and requiring no petroleum fuels."[19] Popular Mechanics, upon awarding the Leaf its 2010 Breakthrough Award, explained that the Nissan Leaf is "not the first pure EV, but [...] hits the mainstream like none of its predecessors." Popular Mechanics also alluded to the Leaf's 160 kilometres (100 mi) range, which is said to be "enough for most commuters for the price of an average vehicle – and with a much lower operating cost than gasoline-powered vehicles."[129] Other awards received by the Leaf include the 2011 European Car of the Year,[20] and being voted one of the three finalists for the 2011 North American Car of the Year award, to be announced at the 2011 North American International Auto Show.[130]

See also

References

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