Sandy Bridge
Sandy Bridge is the codename for a microarchitecture developed by Intel beginning in 2005 for central processing units in computers to replace the Nehalem microarchitecture. It was designed for the full range of applications from mobile devices, laptop and desktop computers, to large enterprise servers. Intel demonstrated a Sandy Bridge processor in 2009, and released first products in January 2011 based on the architecture.[1][2]
Originally, implementations targeted a 32 nanometer manufacturing process based on planar double-gate transistors. Subsequent products, codenamed Ivy Bridge, use a 22 nanometer process. The Ivy Bridge die shrink, known in the Intel Tick-Tock model as the "tick", is based on 3D tri-gate transistors. Intel demonstrated Ivy Bridge processors in 2011.[3]
Technology
Developed primarily in Israel, the codename was originally "Gesher" (meaning "bridge" in Hebrew). The name was changed to avoid being associated with the defunct Gesher political party,[4] the decision was lead by Ron Friedman, vice president of Intel managing the group at the time.[1] Intel demonstrated a Sandy Bridge processor with A1 stepping at 2 GHz during the Intel Developer Forum in September 2009.[5]
Some features of the technology include:
- 32 kB data + 32 kB instruction L1 cache (3 clocks) and 256 kB L2 cache (8 clocks) per core
- Shared L3 cache includes the processor graphics (LGA 1155)
- 64-byte cache line size
- Two load/store operations per CPU cycle for each memory channel
- Decoded micro-operation cache and enlarged, optimized branch predictor
- Improved performance for transcendental mathematics, AES encryption, and SHA-1 hashing
- 256-bit/cycle ring bus interconnect between cores, graphics, cache and System Agent Domain
- Advanced Vector Extensions (AVX) 256-bit instruction set with wider vectors, new extensible syntax and rich functionality
- Intel Quick Sync Video, hardware support for video encoding and decoding
- Up to 8 physical cores/16 logical cores (through Hyper-threading)
Ivy Bridge
Ivy Bridge is the codename for the 22 nm die shrink of Sandy Bridge planned for retail sale in 2012. Ivy Bridge processors will be backwards-compatible with the Sandy Bridge platform, but require a BIOS and firmware update.[6][7] Intel also plans a new 7-series Panther Point chipset with Ivy Bridge that will come with integrated USB 3.0.[8]
Due to having no significant obstacles during the new 3D gate development, Intel planned to begin sale of the processors in the last quarter of 2011,[9] with retail availability from March 2012.[10] Intel announced production of Ivy Bridge chips in volume, in preparation for the product launch, starting in the third quarter of 2011.[11][12]
Thermal design power (TDP), according to a October 2011 leaked Intel roadmap, will come in 77/65/55/45/35W options for desktop processors,[13] while Intel says that mobile processors will use variable TDP (for example normal at 15W TDP, which automatically rises to 35W TDP when the laptop is plugged into a docking bay; with a corresponding rise in performance).[14]
Ivy Bridge feature improvements from Sandy Bridge were expected to include:[15]
- Tri-gate transistor technology (up to 50% less power consumption).[16]
- PCI Express 3.0 support.[17]
- Max CPU multiplier of 63 (57 for Sandy Bridge).
- RAM support up to 2800MT/s in 200MHz increments.
- Intel HD Graphics with DirectX 11, OpenGL 3.1, and OpenCL 1.1 support.
- The built-in GPU is believed to have up to 16 execution units (EUs), compared to Sandy Bridge's maximum of 12.[18]
- The new random number generator and the RdRand instruction,[19] which is codenamed Bull Mountain.[20]
- Intel Quick Sync Video.[18]
- DDR3L low voltage for mobile processors.
- Multiple 4k video playback.
Performance
Sandy Bridge
- Up to 17% more CPU performance clock-for-clock compared to Lynnfield processors.[21]
- Around twice the integrated graphics performance compared to Clarkdale's (12 EUs comparison).
Ivy Bridge
Intel's performance targets (compared to Sandy Bridge):[22]
- 20% increase in CPU performance.
- Up to 60% increase in integrated graphics performance.[23]
CPU Specification Comparison
Sandy Bridge | Ivy Bridge | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Socket | Cores | Transistor count | Die size | Socket | Cores | Transistor count | Die size |
LGA 1155 | 4 | 995 Million[24] | 216 mm2 | LGA1155 | 4 | 1.4 Billion[25] | ~172 mm2[26] |
2 (6 EUs) | 504 Million | 131 mm2 | |||||
2 (12 EUs) | 624 Million | 149 mm2 | |||||
LGA 2011 | 4^/6^/8 | 2.27 Billion[27] | 435 mm2 |
^ Octa-core with cores disabled for yield purposes.[28]
List of Sandy Bridge processors
1 Processors featuring Intel's HD 3000 graphics are set in bold. Other processors feature HD 2000 graphics or no graphics core (Graphics Clock rate indicated by N/A).
Desktop platform
Target segment |
Logo | Socket | Cores (Threads) |
Processor Branding & Model |
CPU Clock rate | Graphics Clock rate | L3 Cache |
TDP | Interface | Supported Memory |
Release Date |
Price (USD) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Standard | Turbo | Standard | Turbo | ||||||||||||
Extreme / High-End |
File:Intel i7 EE SB 2011.png | LGA 2011 |
6 (12) | Core i7 Extreme |
3960X | 3.3 GHz | 3.9 GHz | — | 15 MB | 130 W | 6.4 GT/s QPI DMI 2.0 PCIe 3.0 |
Up to quad channel DDR3-1600[32] |
2011-11-14[33] | $990 | |
Core i7 | 3930K | 3.2 GHz | 3.8 GHz | 12 MB | $555 | ||||||||||
File:Intel i7 SB 2011.png | 4 (8) | 3820 | 3.6 GHz | 3.9 GHz | 10 MB | 4.8 GT/s QPI DMI 2.0 PCIe 3.0 |
Q1 2012[34] | $294 | |||||||
Performance | LGA 1155 |
2700K | 3.5 GHz | 850 MHz | 1350 MHz | 8 MB | 95 W | DMI 2.0 PCIe 2.0 |
Up to dual channel DDR3-1333 |
2011-10-24 | $332 | ||||
2600K | 3.4 GHz | 3.8 GHz | 2011-1-9 | $317 | |||||||||||
2600 | $294 | ||||||||||||||
2600S | 2.8 GHz | 65 W | $306 | ||||||||||||
File:Intel i5 SB 2011.png | 4 (4) | Core i5 | 2500K | 3.3 GHz | 3.7 GHz | 1100 MHz | 6 MB | 95 W | $216 | ||||||
2500 | $205 | ||||||||||||||
2500S | 2.7 GHz | 65 W | $216 | ||||||||||||
2500T | 2.3 GHz | 3.3 GHz | 650 MHz | 1250 MHz | 45 W | ||||||||||
2400 | 3.1 GHz | 3.4 GHz | 850 MHz | 1100 MHz | 95 W | $184 | |||||||||
2405S | 2.5 GHz | 3.3 GHz | 65 W | 2011-5-22 | $205 | ||||||||||
2400S | 2011-1-9 | $195 | |||||||||||||
2320 | 3.0 GHz | 95 W | 2011-9-4 | $177 | |||||||||||
2310 | 2.9 GHz | 3.2 GHz | 2011-5-22 | ||||||||||||
2300 | 2.8 GHz | 3.1 GHz | 2011-1-9 | ||||||||||||
Mainstream | 2 (4) | 2390T | 2.7 GHz | 3.5 GHz | 650 MHz | 3 MB | 35 W | 2011-2-20 | $195 | ||||||
File:Intel i3 SB 2011.png | Core i3 | 2130 | 3.4 GHz | — | 850 MHz | 65 W | 2011-9-4 | $138 | |||||||
2125 | 3.3 GHz | $134 | |||||||||||||
2120 | 2011-2-20 | $138 | |||||||||||||
2120T | 2.6 GHz | 650 MHz | 35 W | 2011-9-4 | $127 | ||||||||||
2105 | 3.1 GHz | 850 MHz | 65 W | 2011-5-22 | $134 | ||||||||||
2102 | Q2 2011 | ||||||||||||||
2100 | 2011-2-20 | $117 | |||||||||||||
2100T | 2.5 GHz | 650 MHz | 35 W | $127 | |||||||||||
![]() |
2 (2) | Pentium | G860 | 3.0 GHz | 850 MHz | 65 W | 2011-9-4 | $86 | |||||||
G850 | 2.9 GHz | 2011-5-24 | |||||||||||||
G840 | 2.8 GHz | $75 | |||||||||||||
G632 | 2.7 GHz | Q3 2011 | |||||||||||||
G630 | 2011-9-4 | $75 | |||||||||||||
G622 | 2.6 GHz | Q2 2011 | |||||||||||||
G620 | 2011-5-24 | $64 | |||||||||||||
G630T | 2.3 GHz | 650 MHz | 35 W | 2011-9-4 | $70 | ||||||||||
G620T | 2.2 GHz | 2011-5-24 | |||||||||||||
File:Intel Celeron 2009.png | Celeron | G540 | 2.5 GHz | 850 MHz | 1000 MHz | 2 MB | 65 W | 2011-9-4 | $52 | ||||||
G530 | 2.4 GHz | $42 | |||||||||||||
G530T | 2.0 GHz | 650 MHz | 35 W | $47 | |||||||||||
1 (1) | G440 | 1.6 GHz | 1 MB | $37 |
Suffixes to denote:
- K - Unlocked, the CPU ratio can be set up to 54
- S - Performance-optimized lifestyle (TDP reduced to 65W)
- T - Power-optimized lifestyle (TDP reduced to 35W)
- X - Extreme performance, the CPU ratio is freed of limitations
Server platform
Target Segment |
Socket | Cores (Threads) |
Processor Branding & Model |
CPU Clock rate | Graphics Clock rate | L3 Cache |
Interface | Supported Memory |
TDP | Release Date |
Price (USD) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Standard | Turbo | Standard | Turbo | |||||||||||
4P Server | LGA 2011 |
8 (16) 6 (12) 4 (4/8) 2 (2/4) |
Xeon E5 | 46xx | — | 2× QPI DMI 2.0 PCIe 3.0 |
Up to quad channel DDR3-1600 |
Q1 2012 | ||||||
2P Server | 8 (16) | 2687W | 3.1 GHz | 20 MB | 4x DDR3-1600 | 150 W | Q1 2012 | $1885 | ||||||
2690 | 2.9 GHz | 135 W | $2057 | |||||||||||
2680 | 2.7 GHz | 130 W | $1723 | |||||||||||
2670 | 2.6 GHz | 115 W | $1552 | |||||||||||
2665 | 2.4 GHz | $1440 | ||||||||||||
2660 | 2.2 GHz | 95 W | $1329 | |||||||||||
2650 | 2.0 GHz | $1106 | ||||||||||||
2650L | 1.8 GHz | 70 W | $1106 | |||||||||||
6 (12) | 2667 | 2.9 GHz | 15 MB | 130 W | $1552 | |||||||||
2640 | 2.5 GHz | 4x DDR3-1333 | 95 W | $884 | ||||||||||
2630 | 2.3 GHz | $612 | ||||||||||||
2620 | 2.0 GHz | $406 | ||||||||||||
2630L | 2.0 GHz | 60 W | $662 | |||||||||||
4 (8) | 2643 | 3.3 GHz | 10 MB | 4x DDR3-1600 | 130 W | $884 | ||||||||
4 (4) | 2609 | 2.4 GHz | 4x DDR3-1066 | 80 W | $294 | |||||||||
2603 | 1.8 GHz | $202 | ||||||||||||
2 (4) | 2637 | 3.0 GHz | 5 MB | 4x DDR3-1600 | $884 | |||||||||
LGA 1356 |
8 (16) 6 (12) 4 (4/8) 2 (2/4) |
24xx | 1× QPI DMI 2.0 PCIe 3.0 |
Up to triple channel DDR3-1600 |
Q1 2012 | |||||||||
1P Server | LGA 2011 |
6 (12) | 1660 | 3.3 GHz | 3.9 GHz | 15 MB | 2× QPI DMI 2.0 PCIe 3.0 |
Up to quad channel DDR3-1333 |
130 W | Q4 2011 | $1080 | |||
1650 | 3.2 GHz | 3.8 GHz | 12 MB | $583 | ||||||||||
4 (8) | 1620 | 3.6 GHz | 3.9 GHz | 10 MB | $294 | |||||||||
LGA 1155 |
4 (8) | Xeon E3 | 1290 | 4.0 GHz | 8 MB | DMI 2.0 PCIe 2.0 |
Up to dual channel DDR3-1333 |
95 W | 2011-5-29 | $885 | ||||
1280 | 3.5 GHz | 3.9 GHz | 2011-3-15 | $612 | ||||||||||
1275 | 3.4 GHz | 3.8 GHz | 850 MHz | 1350 MHz | $339 | |||||||||
1270 | — | 80 W | $328 | |||||||||||
1260L | 2.4 GHz | 3.3 GHz | 650 MHz | 1250 MHz | 45 W | $294 | ||||||||
1245 | 3.3 GHz | 3.7 GHz | 850 MHz | 1350 MHz | 95 W | $262 | ||||||||
1240 | — | 80 W | $250 | |||||||||||
1235 | 3.2 GHz | 3.6 GHz | 850 MHz | 1350 MHz | 95 W | $240 | ||||||||
1230 | — | 80 W | $215 | |||||||||||
4 (4) | 1225 | 3.1 GHz | 3.4 GHz | 850 MHz | 1350 MHz | 6 MB | 95 W | $194 | ||||||
1220 | — | 8 MB | 80 W | $189 | ||||||||||
2 (4) | 1220L | 2.2 GHz | 3 MB | 20 W |
Mobile platform
- Core i5-2515E and Core i7-2715QE processors have support for ECC memory and PCI express port bifurcation.
- All mobile processors, except Celeron and Pentium, use Intel's Graphics sub-system HD 3000 (12 EUs).
Target Segment |
Cores / Threads |
Processor Branding & Model |
CPU Clock rate | Graphics Clock rate | L3 Cache |
TDP | Interface | Release Date |
Price (USD) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Standard | Turbo (1C/2C/4C) |
Standard | Turbo | |||||||||
Extreme | 4 (8) | Core i7 Extreme |
2960XM | 2.7 GHz | 3.7/3.6/3.4 GHz | 650 MHz | 1300 MHz | 8 MB | 55 W | *DMI 2.0 *Memory: Up to dual channel DDR3-1600 MHz PCIe 2.0 |
2011-9-4 | $1096 |
2920XM | 2.5 GHz | 3.5/3.4/3.2 GHz | 2011-1-5 | |||||||||
Performance | Core i7 | 2860QM | 2.5 GHz | 3.6/3.5/3.3 GHz | 45 W | 2011-9-4 | $568 | |||||
2820QM | 2.3 GHz | 3.4/3.3/3.1 GHz | 2011-1-5 | |||||||||
2760QM | 2.4 GHz | 3.5/3.4/3.2 GHz | 6 MB | 2011-9-4 | $378 | |||||||
2720QM | 2.2 GHz | 3.3/3.2/3.0 GHz | 2011-1-5 | |||||||||
2715QE | 2.1 GHz | 3.0/2.9/2.7 GHz | 1200 MHz | OEM | ||||||||
2710QE | ||||||||||||
2675QM | 2.2 GHz | 3.1/3.0/2.8 GHz | 1200 MHz | *DMI 2.0 *Memory: Up to dual channel DDR3-1333 MHz PCIe 2.0 |
2011-10-2 | |||||||
2670QM | 1100MHz | |||||||||||
2635QM | 2.0 GHz | 2.9/2.8/2.6 GHz | 1200 MHz | 2011-1-5 | ||||||||
2630QM | 1100 MHz | |||||||||||
Mainstream | 2 (4) | 2640M | 2.8 GHz | 3.5/3.3 GHz | 1300 MHz | 4 MB | 35 W | 2011-9-4 | $346 | |||
2620M | 2.7 GHz | 3.4/3.2 GHz | 2011-2-20 | |||||||||
2649M | 2.3 GHz | 3.2/2.9 GHz | 500 MHz | 1100 MHz | 25 W | |||||||
2629M | 2.1 GHz | 3.0/2.7 GHz | $311 | |||||||||
2655LE | 2.2 GHz | 2.9/2.7 GHz | 650 MHz | 1000 MHz | OEM | |||||||
2677M | 1.8 GHz | 2.9/2.6 GHz | 350 MHz | 1200 MHz | 17 W | 2011-6-20 | $317 | |||||
2637M | 1.7 GHz | 2.8/2.5 GHz | $289 | |||||||||
2657M | 1.6 GHz | 2.7/2.4 GHz | 1000 MHz | 2011-2-20 | $317 | |||||||
2617M | 1.5 GHz | 2.6/2.3 GHz | 950 MHz | $289 | ||||||||
2610UE | 2.4/2.1 GHz | 850 MHz | OEM | |||||||||
Core i5 | 2557M | 1.7 GHz | 2.7/2.4 GHz | 1200 MHz | 3 MB | 2011-6-20 | $250 | |||||
2537M | 1.4 GHz | 2.3/2.0 GHz | 900 MHz | 2011-2-20 | ||||||||
2467M | 1.6 GHz | 2.3/2.0 GHz | 1150 MHz | 2011-6-19 | OEM | |||||||
2540M | 2.6 GHz | 3.3/3.1 GHz | 650 MHz | 1300 MHz | 35 W | 2011-6-20 | $266 | |||||
2520M | 2.5 GHz | 3.2/3.0 GHz | $225 | |||||||||
2515E | 3.1/2.8 GHz | 1100 MHz | OEM | |||||||||
2510E | ||||||||||||
2435M | 2.4 GHz | 3.0/2.7 GHz | 1300MHz | 2011-10-2 | ||||||||
2430M | 1200 MHz | |||||||||||
2410M | 2.3 GHz | 2.9/2.6 GHz | 2011-6-20 | |||||||||
Core i3 | 2350M | — | 1150 MHz | 2011-10-2 | $225 | |||||||
2330E | 2.2 GHz | 1050 MHz | 2011-6-19 | OEM | ||||||||
2330M | 1100 MHz | |||||||||||
2310E | 2.1 GHz | 1050 MHz | 2011-2-20 | |||||||||
2310M | 1100 MHz | |||||||||||
2367M | 1.4 GHz | 350 MHz | 1000 MHz | 17 W | 2011-10-2 | |||||||
2357M | 1.3 GHz | 950 MHz | 2011-6-19 | |||||||||
2340UE | 800 MHz | |||||||||||
2 (2) | Pentium | 967 | 1.3 GHz | 1000 MHz | 2 MB | 2011-10-2 | ||||||
957 | 1.2 GHz | 800 MHz | 2011-6-19 | |||||||||
B960 | 2.2 GHz | 650 MHz | 1100 MHz | 35 W | 2011-10-2 | |||||||
B950 | 2.1 GHz | 2011-6-19 | ||||||||||
B940 | 2.0 GHz | |||||||||||
Celeron | B840 | 1.9 GHz | 1000 MHz | 2011-9-4 | $86 | |||||||
B815[35] | 1.6 GHz | 1050 MHz | Q1 2012 | |||||||||
B810E | 1000 MHz | 2011-6-19 | OEM | |||||||||
B810 | 950 MHz | 2011-3-13 | $86 | |||||||||
B800 | 1.5 GHz | 1000 MHz | 2011-6-19 | $80 | ||||||||
857 | 1.2 GHz | 350 MHz | 17 W | 2011-7-3 | $134 | |||||||
847 | 1.1 GHz | 800 MHz | 2011-6-19 | |||||||||
847E | OEM | |||||||||||
1 (1) | 827E | 1.4 GHz | 1.5 MB | 2011-7-3 | ||||||||
787 | 1.3 GHz | $107 | ||||||||||
B720[36] | 1.7 GHz | 650 MHz | 1000 MHz | 35 W | Q1 2012 | |||||||
B710 | 1.6 GHz | 2011-6-19 | $70 |
Suffixes to denote:
- M - Mobile processors
- XM - Unlocked
- QM - Quad-core
- E - Embedded mobile processors
- QE - Quad-core
- LE - Performance-optimized
- UE - Power-optimized
Cougar Point chipset flaw
On January 31, 2011, Intel issued a recall on all 67-series motherboards due to a flaw in the Cougar Point Chipset.[37] A hardware issue, in which the chipset's SATA-II ports may fail over time, cause failure of connection to SATA-II devices, though data is not at risk.[38] Intel claims that this problem will only affect 5% of users over 3 years, however, heavier I/O workloads can exacerbate the problem.
Intel stopped production of flawed B2 stepping chipsets and began producing B3 stepping chipsets with the silicon fix. Shipping of these new chipsets started on 14 February, 2011 and Intel estimated full recovery volume in April 2011.[39] Motherboard manufacturers (such as ASUS and Gigabyte Technology) and computer manufacturers (such as Dell and Hewlett-Packard) stopped selling products that involved the flawed chipset and offered support for affected customers. Options ranged from swapping for B3 motherboards to product refunds.[40][41]
Sandy Bridge processor sales were temporarily on hold, as one cannot use the CPU without a motherboard. However, processor release dates are not affected.[42] After two weeks, Intel continued shipping some chipsets, but manufacturers had to agree to a set of terms that will prevent customers from encountering the bug.[43]
Limitations
Overclocking
Due to a single clock generator controlling the speed of all electrical buses, overclocking of LGA-1155 compatible processors beyond the default 100 MHz base clock speed is very limited, up to 5-7% without other hardware components failing.[44] However, Intel has made available K-edition processors which feature unlocked multipliers; the highest multiplier for Sandy Bridge is 57.[45]
Intel has demonstrated a Sandy Bridge CPU running stably overclocked at 4.9 GHz on air cooling.[46][47]
Intel Sandy Bridge E-series Processors will come with "Performance OverClocking" support.[48]
Chipset
Non-K edition CPUs can overclock up to four bins from its turbo multiplier. Refer here for chipset support.
Intel Insider and remote-control
The processors include a "service" called Intel Insider, which the company claims is "an extra layer of content protection",[49] and despite claims, is a form of hardware restrictions and Digital rights management (a technology that inhibits uses of digital content not desired or intended by the content provider). This protection technology is only intended for streaming services at the moment. [citation needed]
Sandy Bridge processors with Vpro capability have security features that can remotely disable a PC or erase information from hard drives. This can be useful in the case of a lost or stolen PC. The commands can be received through 3G signals, ethernet, or internet connections. AES encryption acceleration will be available, which can be useful for video conferencing and VoIP applications.[50]
Successor
Intel demonstrated the Haswell architecture in September 2011, planned for release in 2013 as the successor to Sandy Bridge and Ivy Bridge.[51]
See also
- Accelerated Processing Unit
- x86
- x86-64
- P5
- P6
- NetBurst
- Core
- Nehalem
- List of Intel CPU microarchitectures
- AMD Fusion
References
- ^ a b "The Man Behind 'Sandy Bridge'". December 28, 2010. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
- ^ Brooke Crothers (December 15, 2010). "CES: First Intel next-gen laptops will be quad core". The Circuits Blog. CNET.com. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
- ^ "Intel 22nm 3-D Tri-Gate Transistor Technology". News release and press materials. Intel. May 2, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
- ^ "'Sandy Bridge' Breaks the Mold for Chip Codenames". December 28, 2010. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
- ^ Anand Lal Shimpi (September 22, 2009). "IDF 2009 - Intel Shows off 22nm & 32nm, Sandy Bridge Demoed". AnandTech. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
- ^ Cole (May 27, 2011). "Ivy Bridge's Backwards Compatibility Explained". Retrieved November 11, 2011.
- ^ LG Nilson (February 5, 2011). "Ivy Bridge should work in H67 and P67 motherboards". VR-Zone Technology beats. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
- ^ Anand Lal Shimpi (June 1, 2011). "Correction: Ivy Bridge and Thunderbolt - Featured, not Integrated". AnandTech. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
- ^ Wolfgang Gruener (October 19, 2011). "Intel to Sell Ivy Bridge Late in Q4 2011". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
- ^ http://wccftech.com/intels-22nm-ivy-bridge-processors-launching-march-2012-flagship-quad-core-feature-77w-tdp/
- ^ "Intel's CEO Discusses Q3 2011 Results - Earnings Call Transcript".
- ^ Sylvie Barak (October 21, 2011). "Intel Ivy Bridge CPUs may launch in March". EE Times. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
- ^ LG Nilson (October 18, 2011). "Ivy Bridge to have 77W max TDP, backwards and forwards compatibility explained". VR-Zone Technology beats. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
- ^ http://www.nordichardware.com/news/69-cpu-chipset/43332-intel-ivy-bridge-gets-variable-tdp-and-thunderbolt.html
- ^ http://www.bit-tech.net/hardware/cpus/2011/10/10/all-about-ivy-bridge/6
- ^ "Intel Reinvents Transistors Using New 3-D structure". Intel. Retrieved 5/4/2011.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - ^ James Delahunty (March 30, 2011). "Intel Ivy Bridge chips feature PCI Express 3.0". After Dawn news. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
- ^ a b Kristian Vättö (May 6, 2011). "Intel's Roadmap: Ivy Bridge, Panther Point, and SSDs". AnandTech. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
- ^ http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/hardware/behind-intels-new-randomnumber-generator/0
- ^ http://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/download-the-latest-bull-mountain-software-implementation-guide/?wapkw=%28bull+mountain%29
- ^ AnandTech - The Sandy Bridge Review: Intel Core i7-2600K, i5-2500K and Core i3-2100 Tested
- ^ LG Nilson (February 3, 2011). "Ivy Bridge to have 20 percent performance advantage over Sandy Bridge". VR-Zone Technology beats. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
- ^ Ivy Bridge GPU Performance: Up to 60% Faster than SNB & Better QuickSync
- ^ Counting Transistors: Why 1.16B and 995M Are Both Correct, by Anand Lal Shimpi on 14/9/2011, www.anandtech.com
- ^ Ivy Bridge: 1.4B Transistors
- ^ Intel Mobile Ivy Bridge CPU Pictured, Compared with Sandy Bridge , by Hardcore-Hardware 3/9/2011
- ^ Xie Ping. "第3页:Sandy Bridge-E架构Core i7型号". INPAI.com.cn website (in Chinese). Retrieved November 14, 2011.
- ^ http://www.brightsideofnews.com/news/2011/3/30/intels-next-gen-platforms-leaked-lga-13562c-lga-20112c-z682c-x79-chipsets.aspx
- ^ "Intel's Sandy Bridge E-Series in Q4 2011". Tom's Hardware. 2011-02-11. Retrieved 2011-02-13.
- ^ "Additional Details on Sandy Bridge-E Processors, X79, and LGA2011". Anandtech. 2011-04-26. Retrieved 2011-04-30.
- ^ "Products (Formerly Sandy Bridge)". Official product web site. Intel. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
- ^ Chris Angelini (September 12, 2011). "Intel Core i7-3960X (Sandy Bridge-E) And X79 Platform Preview". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
- ^ "Intel Refreshes Ultimate Enthusiast Processor Lineup with Six-Core Offerings". News release. Intel. November 14, 2011. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
- ^ LG Nilson (October 31, 2011). "Sandy Bridge-E and X79 available for (pre-)order". VR-Zone Technology beats. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
- ^ http://www.cpu-world.com/CPUs/Celeron_Dual-Core/Intel-Mobile%20Celeron%20B815.html
- ^ http://www.cpu-world.com/CPUs/Celeron_Dual-Core/Intel-Mobile%20Celeron%20B720.html
- ^ Sandy Bridge، راه حلها، بازار ایران
- ^ Tom's Hardware,Intel Identifies Cougar Point Chipset Error, Halts Shipments http://www.tomshardware.com/news/cougar-point-sandy-bridge-sata-error,12108.html
- ^ "Intel Identifies Chipset Design Error, Implementing Solution" (Press release). Intel Corporation. January 31, 2011.
- ^ "Intel chip bug affects HP, Dell, Samsung and Lenovo". BBC News. 2011-02-03.
- ^ "HP to offer refund for PCs with flawed Intel chip". Reuters. 2011-02-02.
- ^ Intel to Ship Dual-core Sandy Bridge Chips on Feb. 20 | PCWorld
- ^ Intel to continue shipping flawed Sandy Bridge chipsets | Expert Reviews
- ^ Intel to limit Sandy Bridge Overclocking, Bit-Tech, July 22, 2010
- ^ Anand Lal Shimpi (September 14, 2010). "Intel's Sandy Bridge Architecture Exposed". AnandTech. p. 8. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
- ^ YouTube - Intel demos Sandy Bridge running at 4.9GHz
- ^ "IDF Intel 2010: Intel Overclocks Sandy Bridge CPU to 4.9 GHz, outpaces 12-core AMD Opteron". ZDNet.
- ^ Intel to launch X79 Express chipset for Sandy Bridge E enthusiast processors | ZDNet
- ^ Knupffer, Nick. "Intel Insider - What Is It? (IS it DRM? And yes it delivers top quality movies to your PC)". Retrieved 2011-02-02.
- ^ Hachman, Mark (2010-09-14). "Intel's 'Sandy Bridge' Chip to Include vPro Business Features". PC Magazine.
- ^ Haswell chip completes Ultrabook 'revolution' (September 14, 2011). The Circuits Blog. CNET.com http://news.cnet.com/8301-13924_3-20106098-64/haswell-chip-completes-ultrabook-revolution/. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
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External links
- Intel's AVX page
- Marco Chiappetta (January 2, 2011). "Intel Core i7-2600K and i5-2500K Processors Debut". HotHardware.com. Retrieved January 2, 2011.
- David Kanter (September 25, 2010). "Intel's Sandy Bridge Microarchitecture". realworldtech.com. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
- David Kanter (August 8, 2011). "Intel's Sandy Bridge Graphics Architecture". realworldtech.com. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
- Gabriel Torres (December 30, 2010). "Inside the Intel Sandy Bridge Microarchitecture". hardwaresecrets.com. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
- Andrew Van Til (January 3, 2011). "Intel Sandy Bridge: Core i5-2500K and DH67BL Motherboard". www.missingremote.com. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
- "Video Animation: Mark Bohr Gets Small: 22nm Explained". Video presentation. Intel. Retrieved November 11, 2011.