The Economist Democracy Index
The Democracy Index is an index compiled by the Economist Intelligence Unit (a private business) that measures the state of democracy in 167 countries, of which 166 are sovereign states and 165 are United Nations member states. The Economist Intelligence Unit's Democracy Index is based on 60 indicators grouped in five different categories: electoral process and pluralism, civil liberties, functioning of government, political participation and political culture. The Index was first produced in 2006, with updated lists produced in 2008, 2010 and 2011.
According to the latest issue of the Index, for 2011 Norway scored a total of 9.80 on a scale from zero to ten, keeping its position from 2010, when it replaced Sweden as the highest ranked country in the index. North Korea scored the lowest with 1.08, remaining at the bottom in 167th place, the same as in 2010. The Democracy Index for 2011 highlights the impact of the Arab Spring and the greater effects it might have, as well as the impact of the global financial crisis in 2008–09 on politics throughout most of Europe. The Democracy Index score was lower in 2011 than in 2010 in 48 countries out of the 167 that are covered. It was higher in 41 ranked countries, and it stayed the same in 78.[1]
The countries are categorized into full democracies, flawed democracies, hybrid regimes and authoritarian regimes. In nine countries there was a change in regime type between 2010 and 2011; in four of these there was regression. Russia was downgraded from a hybrid regime to an authoritarian regime, which the report attributes to concerns over the December 4 legislative election and Vladimir Putin's decision to run again in the 2012 presidential election.[1] Portugal was also downgraded to the flawed democracy category, attributed to the effects of the global financial crisis. Tunisia, Mauritania, Egypt, and Niger were all upgraded to hybrid regimes, and Zambia moved up to the flawed democracy category.[1]
Methodology
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2010) |
As described in the report, the democracy index is a kind of weighted average based on the answers of 60 questions, each one with either two or three permitted alternative answers. Most answers are "experts' assessments"; the report does not indicate what kinds of experts, nor their number, nor whether the experts are employees of the Economist Intelligence Unit or independent scholars, nor the nationalities of the experts. Some answers are provided by public-opinion surveys from the respective countries. In the case of countries for which survey results are missing, survey results for similar countries and expert assessments are used in order to fill in gaps.
The questions are distributed into the five categories enumerated above. Each answer is translated to a mark, either 0 or 1, or for the three-answer alternative questions, 0.5. With the exceptions mentioned below, seemingly, the sums are added within each category, multiplied by ten, and divided by the total number of questions within the category. There are a few modifying dependencies, which are explained much more precisely than the main rule procedures. In a few cases, an answer yielding zero for one question voids another question; e.g., if the elections for the national legislature and head of government are not considered free (question 1), then the next question, "Are elections... fair?" is not considered, but automatically marked zero. Likewise, there are a few questions considered so important that a low score on them yields a penalty on the total score sum for their respective categories, namely:
- "Whether national elections are free and fair";
- "The security of voters";
- "The influence of foreign powers on government";
- "The capability of the civil servants to implement policies".
The five category indices, which all are listed in the report, are then averaged to find the democracy index for a given country. Finally, the democracy index, rounded to one decimal, decides the classification of the country, as quoted:
- Full democracies—scores of 8 to 10.
- Flawed democracies—scores of 6 to 7.9.
- Hybrid regimes—scores of 4 to 5.9.
- Authoritarian regimes—scores of 0 to 3.9.
The report discusses other indices of democracy, as defined e.g. by Freedom House, and argues for some of the choices made by the team from the Economist Intelligence Unit. In this comparison, a higher emphasis has been put on the public opinion and attitudes, as measured by public surveys, but on the other hand, economic living standard has not been weighted as one criterion of democracy (as seemingly some other investigators have done).[2][3]
The report is widely cited in the international press as well as cited in peer reviewed academic journals.[4]
Democracy index by regime type
The following table constitutes the number of countries in each category according to 2010 survey.[5]
| Type of regime | Countries | % of countries | % of world population |
|---|---|---|---|
| Full democracies | 25 | 15.0 | 11.3 |
| Flawed democracies | 53 | 31.7 | 37.1 |
| Hybrid regimes | 36 | 22.2 | 14.0 |
| Authoritarian regimes | 53 | 31.1 | 37.6 |
World population refers to the total population of the 167 countries that are covered. Since this survey excludes only a few countries, this is nearly equal to the entire actual estimated world population in 2010.
Democracy index average by region
The following table constitutes the index average in each region.[5][6][7]
| Rank | Region | 2006 | 2008 | 2010 | 2011 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Northern America | 8.64 | 8.64 | 8.63 | 8.59 |
| 2 | Western Europe | 8.60 | 8.61 | 8.45 | 8.40 |
| 3 | Latin America & the Caribbean | 6.37 | 6.43 | 6.37 | 6.35 |
| 4 | Asia & Australasia | 5.44 | 5.58 | 5.53 | 5.51 |
| 5 | Central and Eastern Europe | 5.76 | 5.67 | 5.55 | 5.50 |
| 6 | Sub-Saharan Africa | 4.24 | 4.28 | 4.23 | 4.32 |
| 7 | Middle East & North Africa | 3.53 | 3.54 | 3.43 | 3.62 |
| Total | 5.52 | 5.55 | 5.46 | 5.49 |
2011 ranking
Countries and territories not included in this list
United Nations member states
Andorra
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Brunei
Dominica
Grenada
Liechtenstein
Maldives
Marshall Islands
Federated States of Micronesia
Monaco
Nauru
Palau
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa
São Tomé and Príncipe
San Marino
Seychelles
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Sudan
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Dependencies
Akrotiri and Dhekelia
American Samoa
Anguilla
Argentine Antarctica
Aruba
Ashmore and Cartier Islands- Australian Antarctic Territory
Bajo Nuevo Bank- Baker Island
Bermuda
Bonaire
Bouvet Island
Brazilian Antarctica
British Antarctic Territory
British Indian Ocean Territory
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Chilean Antarctic Territory
Christmas Island
Clipperton Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Cook Islands- Coral Sea Islands Territory
Curaçao
Falkland Islands
Faroe Islands- French Guiana
French Polynesia
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Gibraltar
Greenland- Guadeloupe
Guam
Guernsey- Heard Island and McDonald Islands
- Howland Island
Isle of Man- Jarvis Island
Jersey- Johnston Atoll
- Kingman Reef
Kiribati
Macau
Martinique- Mayotte
- Midway Islands
Montserrat- Navassa Island
New Caledonia
Niue
Norfolk Island
Northern Mariana Islands
Saba- Saint Barthélemy
- Peter I Island
Pitcairn Islands
Puerto Rico- Queen Maud Land
- Réunion
Ross Dependency- Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
- Collectivity of Saint Martin
- Saint Pierre and Miquelon
- Serranilla Bank
Sint Eustatius
Sint Maarten
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Tokelau
Turks and Caicos Islands
United States Virgin Islands- Wake Island
Western Sahara
States with limited recognition
Abkhazia
Kosovo
Nagorno-Karabakh
Northern Cyprus- Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Somaliland
South Ossetia
Transnistria
Others
See also
- Democracy promotion
- Freedom House
- Gini coefficient
- Gender-related Development Index
- Gender Empowerment Measure
- Global Peace Index
- Living Planet Index
- Gross national happiness
- Happy Planet Index
- Physical Quality of Life Index
- Human development (humanity)
- Human Development Index
- List of freedom indices
References
- ^ a b c "Democracy Index 2011". Economist Intelligence Unit. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
- ^ "Democracy Index 2010". Direct Democracy. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
- ^ THE WORLD IN 2OO7: The Economist Intelligence Unit’s index of democracy By Laza Kekic, director, country forecasting services, Economist Intelligence Unit, Retrieved 13 June 2011.
- ^ e.g., Journal of International Affairs, More State Than Nation: Lukashenko's Belarus. (Inside the Authoritarian State), September 22, 2011: Manaev, Oleg, Manayeva, Natalie, and Yuran, Dzmitry.
- ^ a b "Democracy Index 2010" (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
- ^ "Democracy Index 2008" (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
- ^ http://www.eiu.com/Handlers/WhitepaperHandler.ashx?fi=Democracy_Index_Final_Dec_2011.pdf&mode=wp
External links
- www
.eiu .com /democracyindex2011 – The Economist Intelligence Unit's Democracy Index 2011