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Bengalis

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Bengalis
বাঙালি
Total population
~250,000,000
(as of the year 2011)
Regions with significant populations
~ Diaspora populations only of Bangladeshis
 Bangladesh156,050,883[1]
 India70,000,000[2]
 Pakistan3,000,000[3] [4]
 Saudi Arabia~ 1,000,000
 United Arab Emirates~ 1,090,000[5]
 United Kingdom~ 500,000[6]
 Malaysia~ 230,000[7]
 Kuwait~ 150,000[8]
 United States~ 143,619[9]
 South Korea~ 130,000[10]
 Bahrain~ 120,000
 Oman~ 115,000[10]
 Canada~ 24,595[11]
 Italy~ 35,000[12]
   Nepal~ 23,000[13]
 Australia~ 20,000[14]
 Japan~ 11,000[15]
Languages
Bengali and Bengali dialects
Religion
Islam – Bangladesh 89%, India 21%[16]
Hinduism – India 88%, Bangladesh 9%
Buddhism Bahá'í Faith and Christianity – 1%[17][18]
Related ethnic groups
Assamese people, Other Indo-Aryan peoples, Other Mongoloid peoples

Template:Contains Bangla text The Bengali people (Template:Lang-bn Bangali, Template:Lang-bn Bangali jati) are the principal ethnic group native to the region of Bengal, which is politically divided between Bangladesh and India. The Bengali language (বাংলা Bangla) is associated with the Bengali people as the predominant native tongue. They are mostly concentrated in Bangladesh and the states of West Bengal and Tripura in India. There are also a number of Bengali communities scattered across North-East India, New Delhi, and the Indian states of Assam, Jharkhand, Bihar, Maharastra, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Orissa. A huge Bengali community also resides in Pakistan.[20] In addition, there are significant Bengali communities beyond South Asia; some of the most well established Bengali communities are in the United Kingdom and United States. Large numbers of Bengalis have settled in Britain, mainly living in the East boroughs of London, numbering from around 300,000;[21] in the USA there are about 150,000 living across the country, mainly in New York.[22] There are also millions living across the Gulf States, majority of whom are living as foreign workers. There are also many Bengalis in Malaysia, South Korea, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore and many other countries.

History

Main articles: History of Bengal, History of West Bengal, and History of Bangladesh

Ancient history

Further information: Anga, Gangaridai, Magadha, Pundra Kingdom, Suhma Kingdom and Vanga Kingdom
Mahasthangarh is the oldest archaeological site in Bangladesh. It dates back to 700 BCE and was the ancient capital of the Pundra Kingdom.

Remnants of civilisation in the greater Bengal region date back 4,000 years,[23][24] when the region was settled by Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman and Austroasiatic peoples. The origin of the word Bangla ~ Bengal is unknown, though it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang that settled in the area around the year 1000 BCE.[25]

After the arrival of Indo-Aryans, the kingdoms of Anga, Vanga and Magadha were formed in and around Bengal and were first described in the Atharvaveda around 1000 BCE. From the 6th century BCE, Magadha expanded to include most of the Bihar and Bengal regions. It was one of the four main kingdoms of India at the time of Buddha and was one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas. Under the Maurya Empire founded by Chandragupta Maurya, Magadha extended over nearly all of South Asia, including parts of Persia and Afghanistan, reaching its greatest extent under the Buddhist emperor Ashoka the Great in the 3rd century BCE. One of the earliest foreign references to Bengal is the mention of a land ruled by the king Xandrammes named Gangaridai by the Greeks around 100 BCE. The word is speculated to have come from Gangahrd (Land with the Ganges in its heart) in reference to an area in Bengal.[26] Later from the 3rd to the 6th centuries CE, the kingdom of Magadha served as the seat of the Gupta Empire.

Middle Ages

See also: Pala Empire and Sena Empire

One of the first recorded independent king of Bengal was Shashanka, reigning around the early 7th century.[27] After a period of anarchy, Gopala came to power in 750 by democratic election.[28] He founded the Bengali Buddhist Pala Empire which ruled the region for four hundred years, and expanded across much of Southern Asia, from Assam in the northeast, to Kabul in the west, to Andhra Pradesh in the south. Atisha was a renowned Bengali Buddhist teacher who was instrumental in revival of Buddhism in Tibet and also held the position of Abbot at the Vikramshila university. Tilopa was also from Bengal region.

The Pala dynasty was later followed by a shorter reign of the Hindu Sena Empire. Islam was introduced to Bengal in the twelfth century by Sufi missionaries. Subsequent Muslim conquests helped spread Islam throughout the region.[29] Bakhtiar Khilji, an Afghan general of the Slave dynasty of Delhi Sultanate, defeated Lakshman Sen of the Sena dynasty and conquered large parts of Bengal. Consequently, the region was ruled by dynasties of sultans and feudal lords under the Delhi Sultanate for the next few hundred years. Islam was introduced to the Sylhet region by the Muslim saint Shah Jalal in the early 14th century. In the early 17th century, Mughal general Islam Khan conquered Bengal. However, administration by governors appointed by the court of the Mughal Empire gave way to semi-independence of the area under the Nawabs of Murshidabad, who nominally respected the sovereignty of the Mughals in Delhi. After the weakening of the Mughal Empire with the death of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707, Bengal was ruled independently by the Nawabs until 1757, when the region was annexed by the East India Company after the Battle of Plassey.

Bengal Renaissance

The Bengal Renaissance refers to a social reform movement during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the region of Bengal in undivided India during the period of British rule. The Bengal renaissance can be said to have started with Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1775–1833) and ended with Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941), although there have been many stalwarts thereafter embodying particular aspects of the unique intellectual and creative output.[30] Nineteenth century Bengal was a unique blend of religious and social reformers, scholars, literary giants, journalists, patriotic orators and scientists, all merging to form the image of a renaissance, and marked the transition from the 'medieval' to the 'modern'.[31]

Main article: Bengal Renaissance
File:Raja Ram Mohan Roy.jpg
Raja Ram Mohan Roy is regarded as the "Father of the Bengal Renaissance."
Rabindranath Tagore is Asia's first Nobel laureate and a versatile genius, also composer of Jana Gana Mana the national anthem of India as well as Amar Shonar Bangla the national anthem of Bangladesh.
Swami Vivekananda is considered a key figure in the introduction of Vedanta and Yoga in Europe and America[32] and is also credited with raising interfaith awareness, bringing Hinduism to the status of a world religion during the 1800's.[33]
Jagadish Chandra Bose was a Bengali polymath: a physicist, biologist, botanist, archaeologist, and writer of science fiction.[34] He pioneered the investigation of radio and microwave optics, made very significant contributions to plant science, and laid the foundations of experimental science in the Indian subcontinent.[35] He is considered one of the fathers of radio science,[36] and is also considered the father of Bengali science fiction.
Satyendra Nath Bose was a Bengali physicist, specializing in mathematical physics. He is best known for his work on quantum mechanics in the early 1920s, providing the foundation for Bose-Einstein statistics and the theory of the Bose-Einstein condensate. He is honoured as the namesake of the boson.
File:FRKhan-scultpure-willis-tower.jpg
The Willis Tower in USA was designed by Fazlur Rahman Khan. To honor his contributions a sculpture of him was placed at the Willis Tower. He has been called the "Einstein of structural engineering" and the greatest structural engineer of the 20th century for his innovative use of structural systems that remain fundamental to modern skyscraper construction.[37][38][39][40][41]

Independence movement

See also: Freedom fighters from Bengal
Subhas Chandra Bose s one of the most prominent leaders and highly respected freedom fighters from Bengal in the Indian independence movement against the British Raj.
Sri Aurobindo is one of the most respected freedom fighters from Bengal and also a poet, philosopher, and yogi.
Surya Sen was a Bengali freedom fighter (against British rule) who is noted for leading the 1930 Chittagong armoury raid In Chittagong of Bengal in British India (now in Bangladesh).

Bengal played a major role in the Indian independence movement, in which revolutionary groups such as Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar were dominant. Bengalis also played a notable role in the Indian independence movement. Many of the early proponents of the freedom struggle, and subsequent leaders in movement were Bengalis such as Chittaranjan Das, Khwaja Salimullah, Surendranath Banerjea, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, Titumir (Sayyid Mir Nisar Ali), Prafulla Chaki, A. K. Fazlul Huq, Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani, Bagha Jatin, Khudiram Bose, Surya Sen, Binoy-Badal-Dinesh, Sarojini Naidu, Aurobindo Ghosh, Rashbehari Bose and many more. Some of these leaders, such as Netaji, did not subscribe to the view that non-violent civil disobedience was the best way to achieve Indian Independence, and were instrumental in armed resistance against the British force. Netaji was the co-founder and leader of the Indian National Army (distinct from the army of British India) that challenged British forces in several parts of India. He was also the head of state of a parallel regime, the Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind, that was recognized and supported by the Axis powers. Bengal was also the fostering ground for several prominent revolutionary organisations, the most notable of which was Anushilan Samiti. A large number of Bengalis were martyred in the freedom struggle and many were exiled in Cellular Jail, the much dreaded prison located in Andaman.

Partitions of Bengal

Main articles: 1905 Partition of Bengal and 1947 Partition of Bengal

Bangladesh Liberation War

Main article: Bangladesh Liberation War

Religion

Religions in Bengal Region
Religion Percent
Muslim
 
 57.65%
Hindu
 
 40.1%
Others
 
 2.25%
Religions in West Bengal
Religion Percent
Hindu
 
 72%
Muslim
 
 25.2%
Others
 
 2%
Religions in East Bengal
Religion Percent
Muslim
 
 88.3%
Hindu
 
 9.6%
Others
 
 2.5%
Main articles: Demographics of Bangladesh, Demographics of West Bengal, Demographics of Tripura, and Demographics of Andaman and Nicobar Islands
See also: Religion in Bangladesh
Further information: Islam in Bangladesh, Hinduism in Bangladesh, Buddhism in Bangladesh, and Christianity in Bangladesh
Baitul Mukarram in Dhaka is the National Mosque of Bangladesh.
Dakshineswar Kali Temple in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

Two major religions practiced in Bengal are Islam and Hinduism. In Bangladesh 88.3% of the population follow Islam (US State Department est. 2007) while 9.6% follow Hinduism. In West Bengal, Hindus are the majority with 72% of the population while Muslims comprise 25.2%. Other religious groups include Buddhists and Christians.[18]

Culture

Further information: Culture of Bengal
Satyajit Ray is regarded as one of the greatest auteurs of 20th century cinema
Ravi Shankar, a multiple Grammy Winner

Noted Bengali saints, authors, scientists, researchers, thinkers, music composers, painters and film-makers have played a significant role in the development of Bengali culture . The Bengal Renaissance of the 19th and early 20th centuries was brought about after the British introduced Western education and ideas. Among the various Indian cultures, the Bengalis were relatively quick to adapt to the British rule and actually used its principles (such as the judiciary and the legislature) in the subsequent political struggle for independence. The Bengal Renaissance contained the seeds of a nascent political Indian nationalism and was the precursor in many ways to modern Indian artistic and cultural expression.

The Bengali poet and novelist, Rabindranath Tagore, became the first Nobel laureate from Asia when he won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Literature. Other Bengali Nobel laureates include Amartya Sen (1999 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences) and Muhammad Yunus (2006 Nobel Peace Prize). Other famous figures in literature include Ram Mohan Roy, D L Roy, Kazi Nazrul Islam, Premen Mitra, Sunil Ganguly, Bimal Mitra, Syed Mujtaba Ali, Sakti Chattopadhyay Arundhati Roy, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Amitav Ghosh and Bengali science fiction writers such as Muhammed Zafar Iqbal, Humayun Ahmed, Jagadananda Roy and Roquia Sakhawat Hussain (Begum Rokeya). Famous Bengali musicians include Lalan Fakir, Baba Alauddin Khan, Rajani Kanta Sen, Atul Prasad Sen, Ali Akbar Khan, Ravi Shankar, Nikhil Banerjee, Jnan Prakash Ghosh, Ajoy Chakrabarty, Pankaj Mullick, R. C. Boral, Anil Biswas, Sachin Dev Burman, Rahul Dev Burman, Salil Chowdhury. Famous Bengali singers include Krishna Chandra Dey, Pankaj Mullick, Debabrata Biswas, Suchitra Mitra, Ritu Guha, Kanika Banerjee, Kishore Kumar, Kumar Sanu, Chinmay Chattopadhyay, Abbas Uddin, Runa Laila, Dhananjay Bhattacharya, Pannalal Bhattacharya, Nirmalendu Choudhury, Manabendra Mukherjee,Hemanta Mukherjee, Manna Dey, Shyamal Mitra, Ram Kumar Chattopadhyay, Geeta Dutt, Sandhya Mukherjee, Srikanta Acharya, Nachiketa, Shreya Ghoshal, Shaan, Bappi Lahiri, Abhijeet, Kalim Sharafi, Kabir Suman and Rezwana Chowdhury Banya. Famous Bengali scientists include Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose, Meghnad Saha, Prafulla Chandra Roy, Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri and Satyendra Nath Bose; famous Bengali engineers include Fazlur Khan and Amar Bose; famous Bengali filmmakers include Satyajit Ray, Nitin Bose, Bimal Roy, Mrinal Sen, Ritwik Ghatak, Tapan Sinha, Zahir Raihan, Aparna Sen, Rituporno Ghosh and Tareque Masud and stage and screen artistes Girish Ghose, Sisir Bhaduri, Devika Rani, Chhabi Biswas, Pahari Sanyal, Ashok Kumar, Uttam Kumar, Durgadas, P C Baruah, Tulsi Chakrabarty, Kali Banerjee, Bhanu Banerjee, Jahar Roy, Basanta Choudhury, Santosh Dutta, Utpal Dutt, Shambhu Mitra, Tripti Mitra, Suchitra Sen, Kanan Devi, Sabitri Chatterjee, Supriya Chowdhury, Soumitra Chatterjee, Anil Chatterjee, Ajitesh Bandopadhyay, Sharmila Tagore, Madhabi Mukherjee; and famous Bengali entrepreneurs include B N Sircar, Sake Dean Mahomed, Amar Bose, Jawed Karim and Subrata Roy.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Population : Bangladesh: The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2010-09-08.
  2. ^ "Bengalis – Introduction, Location, Language, Folklore, Religion, Major holidays, Rites of passage, Relationships, Living conditions". Everyculture.com. Retrieved 2010-08-11.
  3. ^ The 3 Million Bengalis of Karachi - Daily Times
  4. ^ Five million illegal immigrants residing in Pakistan
  5. ^ "Labor Migration in the United Arab Emirates: Challenges and Responses". Migration Information Source. 18 September 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
  6. ^ "Channel S, working for the community". Chsuk.tv. Retrieved 2010-08-11.
  7. ^ [1][dead link]
  8. ^ "Bangladeshis storm Kuwait embassy". BBC News. 2005-04-24. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
  9. ^ US Census 2000 foreign born population by country
  10. ^ a b Hasan, Rafiq (November 20, 2003). "4,000 Bangladeshis to return from Oman in December". The Daily Star. 4 (176). Retrieved 2008-12-19.
  11. ^ "2006 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations | Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data". 2.statcan.ca. 2010-05-19. Retrieved 2010-08-11.
  12. ^ UNB, Dhaka (2004-05-19). "The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 4 Num 344". Thedailystar.net. Retrieved 2010-08-11.
  13. ^ "Ethnologue report for language code: ben". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 2010-08-11.
  14. ^ "2006 Census QuickStats : Ingleburn (State Suburb)". Censusdata.abs.gov.au. Retrieved 2010-08-11.
  15. ^ [国籍別外国人登録者数の推移]
  16. ^ Comparing State Polities: A Framework for Analyzing 100 Governments By Michael J. III Sullivan, pg. 119
  17. ^ Bangladesh- CIA World Factbook
  18. ^ a b "Data on Religion". Census of India (2001). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2006-08-26.
  19. ^ "Microsoft Word - Cover_Kapiszewski.doc" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-08-11.
  20. ^ Five million illegal immigrants residing in Pakistan
  21. ^ Ethnic Groups National Statistics Online (2001 census). April 2001. Retrieved on 2009-05-024.
  22. ^ Census Profile: New York City’s Bangladeshi American Population Asian American Federation of New York Census Information Center (2005). Retrieved on 2009-05-24.
  23. ^ "History of Bangladesh". Bangladesh Student Association @ TTU. Archived from the original on December 26, 2005. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
  24. ^ "4000-year old settlement unearthed in Bangladesh". Xinhua. 2006-03-12.
  25. ^ James Heitzman and Robert L. Worden, ed. (1989). "Early History, 1000 B.C.-A.D. 1202". Bangladesh: A country study. Library of Congress.
  26. ^ Chowdhury, AM. "Gangaridai". Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Retrieved 2006-09-08.
  27. ^ "Shashanka". Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
  28. ^ A. Shiefner, History of Buddhism in India.
  29. ^ "Islam (in Bengal)". Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Retrieved 2006-10-26.
  30. ^ History of the Bengali-speaking People by Nitish Sengupta, p 211, UBS Publishers' Distributors Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 81-7476-355-4.
  31. ^ Calcutta and the Bengal Renaissance by Sumit Sarkar in Calcutta, the Living City edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Vol I, p 95.
  32. ^ Georg, Feuerstein (2002). The Yoga Tradition. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 600. ISBN 3-935001-06-1. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  33. ^ Clarke, Peter Bernard (2006). New Religions in Global Perspective. Routledge. p. 209. ISBN 0-7007-1185-6.
  34. ^ A versatile genius, Frontline 21 (24), 2004.
  35. ^ Chatterjee, Santimay and Chatterjee, Enakshi, Satyendranath Bose, 2002 reprint, p. 5, National Book Trust, ISBN 81-237-0492-5
  36. ^ A. K. Sen (1997). "Sir J.C. Bose and radio science", Microwave Symposium Digest 2 (8-13), p. 557-560.
  37. ^ http://www.structuremag.org/article.aspx?articleID=1211
  38. ^ https://ialcce2012.boku.ac.at/keynote_details.php?profile=5
  39. ^ http://www.lehigh.edu/~infrk/2011.08.article.html
  40. ^ http://www.gostructural.com/magazine-article-gostructural.com-4-2011-fazlur_rahman_khan__ph.d.__1929_1982_-8285.html
  41. ^ Bayley, Stephen (05 Jan 2010). "Burj Dubai: The new pinnacle of vanity". The Telegraph. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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