2014 in paleontology
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Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2014.
Plants
Angiosperms
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Sp. nov |
In press |
Sakala in Sakala & Vodrážka |
Late Cretaceous (Coniacian) |
An angiosperm of uncertain phylogenetic placement, a species of Antarctoxylon. |
Cnidarians
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Baliński, Sun & Dzik |
Ordovician (early Floian) |
A hydrozoan, a member of Hydroidolina. The type species is Sinobryon elongatum. |
Arthropods
Molluscs
Echinoderms
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen. et 2 sp. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Kroh, Lukeneder & Gallemí |
Early Cretaceous (Berriasian to Barremian) |
A collyritid atelostomate. Genus contains two new species: Absurdaster puezensis and Absurdaster hungaricus, as well as "Collyrites" meriani Ooster (1865). |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
In press |
Hess |
Late Jurassic (Oxfordian) |
A comatulid crinoid, a species of Andymetra. |
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|
Sp. nov |
In press |
Hess |
Late Jurassic (Oxfordian) |
An isocrinid crinoid, a species of Balanocrinus. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Bohatý, Hein & Webster |
Devonian (late Eifelian) |
A monobathrid camerate crinoid. The type species is Bohnerticrinus nilsjungi. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Scheffler, Fernandes & da Fonseca |
Devonian |
A crinoid, a species of Botryocrinus. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
In press |
Zhu, Zamora & Lefebvre |
Late Cambrian (Furongian) |
An edrioasteroid, a species of Cambroblastus. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Frey et al. |
Early Devonian (Pragian) |
A hexacrinitid monobathrid crinoid. The type species is Hexawacrinus claudiakurtae. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
In press |
Howells & Kammer |
Carboniferous (Mississippian) |
A cladid crinoid, a species of Hylodecrinus. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
In press |
Hess |
Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian) |
A comatulid crinoid, a species of Palaeocomaster. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
In press |
Hess |
Late Jurassic (Oxfordian) |
A comatulid crinoid, a species of Palaeocomaster. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
In press |
Hess |
Early or Middle Jurassic (Toarcian or Aalenian) |
A comatulid crinoid, a species of Palaeocomaster. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
In press |
Hess |
Late Jurassic (Oxfordian) |
A paracomatulid crinoid, a species of Paracomatula. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Bohatý, Hein & Webster |
A disparid crinoid, a species of Storthingocrinus. |
|||||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Bohatý, Hein & Webster |
Devonian (Eifelian) |
A disparid crinoid, a species of Storthingocrinus. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Bohatý, Hein & Webster |
Devonian (earliest Givetian) |
A disparid crinoid, a species of Storthingocrinus. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
In press |
Hess |
Late Jurassic (Oxfordian) |
A cyrtocrinid crinoid, a species of Tetracrinus. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
In press |
Klug et al. |
Devonian (late Emsian) |
A zophocrinid disparid crinoid, a species of Tiaracrinus. |
Conodonts
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
In press |
Männik, Miller & Hairapetian |
Silurian |
A member of Prioniodontida, possibly a balognathid. The type species is Arianagnathus jafariani. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
In press |
Bagnoli & Stouge |
Cambrian (late Furongian) |
A species of Furnishina. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
In press |
Männik, Miller & Hairapetian |
Silurian |
A member of Ozarkodinida, a spathognathodontid; a species of Ozarkodina. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Martínez-Pérez & Valenzuela-Ríos |
Early Devonian |
A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Martínez-Pérez & Valenzuela-Ríos |
Early Devonian |
A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Martínez-Pérez & Valenzuela-Ríos |
Early Devonian |
A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
In press |
Bagnoli & Stouge |
Cambrian (late Furongian) |
A species of Westergaardodina. |
Fishes
Amphibians
Newly named temnospondyls
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid[17] |
Schoch, Milner & Witzmann |
Middle Triassic |
A plagiosaurid. The type species is Megalophthalma ockerti. |
Anapsids
Newly named turtles
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
de Lapparent de Broin et al. |
Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) |
Oulad Abdoun Basin |
A sea turtle, a member of Dermochelyoidae. The type species is Alienochelys selloumi. |
|||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Weems & Sanders |
Oligocene |
A pancheloniid sea turtle. The type species is Ashleychelys palmeri. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
In press |
Pérez-García, Gasulla & Ortega |
Early Aptian |
A xinjiangchelyid, a species of Brodiechelys. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Pérez-García, Gasulla & Ortega |
Early Cretaceous (Aptian) |
A dortokid, a member of the clade Pan-Pleurodira (containing living pleurodirans and all turtles that are more closely related to them than to cryptodirans). The type species is Eodortoka morellana. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. et comb. nov |
Valid[23] |
Danilov et al. |
Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian to Maastrichtian) |
Barun Goyot Formation |
A trionychine trionychid. Genus contains new species Gobiapalone breviplastra, as well as "Amyda" orlovi Khosatzky (1976). |
|||
|
Sp. nov |
In press |
Pérez-García & Ortega |
Late Jurassic (Tithonian) |
A basal member of Eucryptodira, a species of Hylaeochelys. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
In press |
Danilov et al. |
Late Cretaceous (Santonian or early Campanian) |
A trionychine trionychid, a species of Khunnuchelys. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid[23] |
Danilov et al. |
Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) |
A cyclanorbine trionychid. The type species is Nemegtemys conflata. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Weems & Sanders |
Oligocene |
A pancheloniid sea turtle; a species of Procolpochelys. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid[23] |
Danilov et al. |
Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian to Santonian) |
A trionychine trionychid, a species of Trionyx sensu lato. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid[23] |
Danilov et al. |
Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) |
A trionychine trionychid, a species of Trionyx sensu lato. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid[23] |
Danilov et al. |
Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) |
A trionychine trionychid, a species of Trionyx sensu lato. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid[23] |
Danilov et al. |
Late Cretaceous (Campanian) |
A trionychine trionychid, a species of Trionyx sensu lato. |
Ichthyopterygians
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Fischer et al. |
Early Cretaceous (early Aptian) |
An ophthalmosaurine ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur. The type species is Leninia stellans. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Fischer et al. |
Cretaceous (early Albian to early Cenomanian) |
A platypterygiine ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur. The type species is Sisteronia seeleyi. |
Sauropterygians
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Otero et al. |
Late Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian) |
A plesiosaur, a species of Aristonectes. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Renesto, Binelli & Hagdorn |
Middle Triassic (Anisian) |
A pachypleurosaur. The type species is Odoiporosaurus teruzzii. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
In press |
Klein & Scheyer |
Middle Triassic (early Anisian) |
A placodont. The type species is Pararcus diepenbroeki. |
Lepidosaurs
Newly named lizards
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Sp. nov |
In press |
Klembara |
Early Miocene |
A glass lizard. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
In press |
Klembara |
Early Miocene |
A relative of the sheltopusik. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Bolet & Augé |
Late Eocene |
A member of Scincoidea, possibly a skink. The type species is Pyrenasaurus evansae. |
Newly named snakes
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
In press |
Hsiou et al. |
Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) |
A snake of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a relative of Najash rionegrina. The type species is Seismophis septentrionalis. |
Archosauromorphs
Newly named basal archosauromorphs
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Ezcurra, Scheyer & Bulter |
Late Permian (Wuchiapingian) |
A non-archosauriform archosauromorph, probably a protorosaurian. The type species is Aenigmastropheus parringtoni. |
Newly named pseudosuchians
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Roberto-da-Silva et al. |
Late Triassic |
An aetosaur. The type species is Polesinesuchus aurelioi. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Kellner, Pinheiro & Campos |
Paleocene (Itaboraian) |
A sebecid crocodylomorph. The type species is Sahitisuchus fluminensis. |
Non-avian dinosaurs
Research
- Zhongornis haoae, initially thought to be a bird, is argued to be a non-avian maniraptoran by O'Connor and Sullivan (2014).[37]
New taxa
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Tortosa et al. |
Late Cretaceous (late Campanian) |
An abelisaurid theropod. The type species is Arcovenator escotae. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
In press |
Sánchez-Hernández & Benton |
Early Cretaceous (early Barremian) |
A basal ceratosaurian. The type species is Camarillasaurus cirugedae. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Tsuihiji et al. |
Late Cretaceous (Campanian) |
A troodontid theropod. The type species is Gobivenator mongoliensis. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
In press |
Xing et al. |
Middle Jurassic (Aalenian or Bajocian) |
An eusauropod sauropod. The type species is Nebulasaurus taito. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
González Riga & Ortiz David |
Late Cretaceous (Turonian) |
A titanosaur sauropod related to Mendozasaurus and Futalognkosaurus. The type species is Quetecsaurus rusconii. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Li et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
A titanosaur sauropod. The type species is Yongjinglong datangi. |
Newly named birds
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Mayr & Scofield |
Early Paleocene |
A non-sphenisciform member of Neognathae of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Australornis lovei. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Meijer |
Miocene |
A member of Anseriformes. The type species is Garganornis ballmanni. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
In press |
De Pietri & Scofield |
Late Oligocene |
A stone-curlew. The type species is Genucrassum bransatensis. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Wang et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
A member of Enantiornithes related to Bohaiornis. The type species is Longusunguis kurochkini. |
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|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Wang et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
A member of Enantiornithes related to Bohaiornis. The type species is Parabohaiornis martini. |
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|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Wang, Zhou & Xu |
Late Cretaceous (Turonian to Santonian) |
A member of Enantiornithes. The type species is Parvavis chuxiongensis. |
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|
Gen. et sp. nov |
In press |
Zhou, Zhou & O'Connor |
Early Cretaceous |
A basal member of Ornithuromorpha. The type species is Piscivoravis lii. |
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|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Mayr & De Pietri |
Late Eocene |
A relative of the hoatzin. The type species is Protoazin parisiensis. |
Other diapsids
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Cheng et al. |
Middle Triassic (Anisian) |
A marine reptile, probably a relative of sauropterygians. The type species is Atopodentatus unicus. |
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|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Li et al. |
Triassic |
A member of Saurosphargidae, a species of Largocephalosaurus. |
Synapsids
Newly named non-eutherian mammals
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
In press |
Beck |
Early Eocene |
A metatherian of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Archaeonothos henkgodthelpi. |
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|
Sp. nov |
In press |
Codrea et al. |
Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) |
Haţeg Basin |
A kogaionid multituberculate, a species of Barbatodon. |
|||
|
Sp. nov |
In press |
Cifelli, Davis & Sames |
Late Berriasian or Valanginian |
A plagiaulacid multituberculate, a species of Bolodon. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
In press |
Cifelli, Davis & Sames |
Late Berriasian or Valanginian |
A spalacotheriid symmetrodontan. The type species is Infernolestes rougieri. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
In press |
Cifelli, Davis & Sames |
Late Berriasian or Valanginian |
A dryolestid trechnotherian. The type species is Lakotalestes luoi. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
In press |
Cifelli, Davis & Sames |
Late Berriasian or Valanginian |
An allodontoid multituberculate. The type species is Passumys angelli. |
Newly named eutherians
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Koretsky & Domning |
Early to middle Miocene |
A monachine earless seal. The type species is Afrophoca libyca. |
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|
Sp. nov |
In press |
Carlini et al. |
Late Miocene |
An armadillo, a species of Anadasypus. |
||||
|
Subsp. nov |
Valid |
Garrido & Arribas |
Early Pleistocene |
A gomphothere, a subspecies of Anancus arvernensis. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Khan & Akhtar |
Late Pliocene |
|||||
|
Subsp. nov |
In press |
Dong et al. |
Early Pleistocene |
|||||
|
Gen. et 3 sp. nov |
Valid[62] |
Zijlstra et al. |
Late Pliocene or early Pleistocene to Holocene |
A cricetid rodent. Genus contains three species: Cordimus hooijeri, Cordimus debuisonjei and Cordimus raton. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Furió, van Dam & Kaya |
Late Miocene |
A member of Talpidae, a species of Desmanodon. |
||||
|
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Solé et al. |
Earliest Eocene |
A member of Carnivoramorpha and Carnivoraformes; a new genus for "Miacis" latouri Quinet, 1966. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
In press |
Mansino et al. |
Late Miocene (late Turolian) |
A dormouse, a species of Eliomys. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
In press |
Suraprasit et al. |
Late Middle Miocene (13.4-13.2 Ma) |
A bovid, a species of Eotragus. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
In press |
Solé et al. |
Eocene (late Ypresian or middle Lutetian) |
A hyainailourine hyaenodontid. The type species is Furodon crocheti. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Daxner-Höck, Badamgarav & Maridet |
Oligocene to early Miocene |
|||||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Daxner-Höck, Badamgarav & Maridet |
Oligocene |
|||||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
El Adli, Deméré & Boessenecker |
Late Pliocene |
A cetotheriid baleen whale, a species of Herpetocetus. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lazaridis & Tsoukala |
A member of Equidae, a species of Hipparion. |
|||||
|
Sp. nov |
In press |
Souron, Boisserie & White |
Late Pliocene or early Pleistocene (ca. 2.5 Ma) |
A suid, a species of Kolpochoerus. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Suraprasit et al. |
Late middle Miocene |
Mae Moh Basin |
A lagomerycine deer, a species of Lagomeryx. |
|||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid[74] |
Lihoreau et al. |
Late Miocene |
A member of Anthracotheriidae, a species of Libycosaurus. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lofgren et al. |
A plesiadapid, a species of Nannodectes. |
|||||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Gheerbrant in Gheerbrant et al. |
Paleocene (Thanetian) |
Ouled Abdoun Basin |
An afrotherian of uncertain phylogenetic placement, probably related to the clade Paenungulata; a species of Ocepeia. |
|||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
In press |
Maridet et al. |
Late Miocene |
An eomyid rodent. The type species is Omboomys builstynensis. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Daxner-Höck, Badamgarav & Maridet |
Early Oligocene |
|||||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Tseng et al. |
Late Miocene to early Pliocene |
A pantherine felid, a species of Panthera. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Aguirre-Fernández & Fordyce |
Early Miocene |
A dolphin. The type species is Papahu taitapu. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
In press |
Solé et al. |
Eocene (late Ypresian or middle Lutetian) |
A hyainailourine hyaenodontid. The type species is Parvavorodon gheerbranti. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Daxner-Höck, Badamgarav & Maridet |
Early Miocene |
|||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Castro et al. |
Middle Pliocene |
An armadillo related to the species assigned to the genus Dasypus. The type species is Pliodasypus vergelianus. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
In press |
Maridet et al. |
Early Miocene |
A microtoid cricetid. The type species is Primoprismus fejfari. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lofgren et al. |
A hyopsodontid, a species of Promioclaenus. |
|||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Ravel et al. |
Middle Eocene |
A horseshoe bat. The type species is Protorhinolophus shanghuangensis. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lofgren et al. |
A hyopsodontid, a species of Protoselene. |
|||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
In press |
Arnal & Vucetich |
Miocene |
An acaremyid octodontoid rodent. The type species is Pseudoacaremys kramarzi. |
||||
|
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Machado et al. |
Pleistocene |
An oryzomyine rodent; a new genus for "Holochilus" primigenus Steppan (1996). |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
In press |
Yan et al. |
Early Pleistocene |
A rhinoceros, a species of Rhinoceros. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Morlo et al. |
Eocene |
A hyaenodontid, a species of Sinopa. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Gingerich & Cappetta |
Eocene (middle Lutetian) |
A protocetid cetacean. The type species is Togocetus traversei. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Ruiz-Sánchez et al. |
Late Oligocene |
A dormouse, a species of Vasseuromys. |
||||
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
In press |
Averianov & Archibald in Averianov, Archibald & Dyke |
Santonian or Campanian |
A zhelestid. The type species is Zhalmouzia bazhanovi. |
Other animals
| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Taylor & Wilson in Frey et al. |
Early Devonian (Pragian) |
A reptariid hederellid. The type species is Filihernodia buccina. |
||||
|
Sp. nov |
In press |
Kouchinsky in Kouchinsky et al. |
Early Cambrian |
A member of Hyolitha (a group of animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly molluscs), a species of Triplicatella. |
References
- ^ Gini-Newman, Garfield; Graham, Elizabeth (2001). Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ISBN 9780070887398. OCLC 46769716.
- ^ Jakub Sakala and Radek Vodrážka (2014). "A new species of Antarctoxylon: a contribution to the early angiosperm ecosystem of Antarctica during the late Cretaceous". Antarctic Science. in press. doi:10.1017/S095410201300076X.
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