List of adjectivals and demonyms for cities

The following is a list of adjectival forms of cities in English and their demonymic equivalents, which denote the people or the inhabitants of these cities.

Note: Demonyms are given in plural forms. Singular forms simply remove the final 's' or, in the case of -ese endings, are the same as the plural forms. The ending -men has feminine equivalent -women (e.g. an Irishman and a Scotswoman). The French terminations -ois / ais serve as both the singular and plural masculine; adding 'e' (-oise / aise) makes them singular feminine; 'es' (-oises / aises) makes them plural feminine. The Spanish termination "-o" usually denotes the masculine and is normally changed to feminine by dropping the "-o" and adding "-a". The plural forms are usually "-os" and "-as" respectively.

Adjectives ending -ish can be used as collective demonyms (e.g. the English, the Cornish). So can those ending in -ch / -tch (e.g. the French, the Dutch) provided they are pronounced with a 'ch' /tʃ/ sound (e.g. the adjective Czech in /k/ does not qualify).

Where an adjective is a link, the link is to the language or dialect of the same name. (Reference: Ethnologue, Languages of the World)

Many place-name adjectives and many demonyms refer also to various other things, sometimes with and sometimes without one or more additional words. (Sometimes, the use of one or more additional words is optional.) Notable examples are cheeses, cat breeds, dog breeds, and horse breeds. (See List of words derived from toponyms.)

Note: Many of these adjectivals and demonyms are not used in English as frequently as their counterparts in other languages. A common practice is to use a city's name as if it were an adjective, as in "Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra", "Melbourne suburbs", etc.

City	Country	Adjective	Demonym (colloquial)
Aberdeen	United Kingdom	Aberdonian	Aberdonians
Adelaide	Australia	Adelaidean	Adelaideans
Albany	United States	Albanian	Albanians
Alexandria	Egypt	Alexandrian	Alexandrines
Amalfi	Italy	Amalfitan	Amalfitans
Angeles	Philippines	Angelino	Angelinos
Aosta	Italy	Aostan, Aostain	Aostans, Aostains
Armagh	United Kingdom	Armachian	Armachians
Asheville	United States	Ashevillain	Ashevillains
Athens	Greece	Athenian	Athenians
Atlanta	United States	Atlantan	Atlantans
Auckland	New Zealand	Auckland	Aucklanders ("Jafas")
Austin	United States	Austonian	Austinites
Baltimore	United States	Baltimorean	Baltimoreans
Bangalore	India	Bangalorean	Bangaloreans
Bangkok	Thailand	Bangkokian	Bangkokians
Baton Rouge	United States	Baton Rougean	Baton Rougeans
Bedford	United Kingdom	Bedfordian (not Bedfordite)	Bedfordians
Beijing (Peking)	China	Pekinese	Beijinger, Pekinese
Belfast	UK	Belfast	Belfastite
Belo Horizonte	Brazil	Belo-Horizontino	Belo-Horizontinos
Belgrade	Serbia	Belgradian	Belgraders
Benevento	Italy	Beneventan	Beneventans
Bergamo	Italy	Bergamasque	Bergamasques
Berlin	Germany	Berliner	Berliners
Bern	Switzerland	Bernese	Bernese
Birmingham	United Kingdom	Birminghamian ("Brummie")	Birminghamians ("Brummies")
Birmingham	United States	Birminghamian	Birminghamians ("Birminghamsters")
Bologna	Italy	Bolognese	Bolognese
Bogota	Colombia	Bogotan	Bogotans
Bolton	United Kingdom	Boltonian	Boltonians
Bordeaux	France	Bordelais	Bordelais
Boston	United States	Bostonian	Bostonians
Brasilia	Brazil	Brasiliense	Brasilienses
Bratislava	Slovakia	Bratislavan	Bratislavan
Brescia	Italy	Brescian	Brescians
Brighton	United Kingdom	Brightonian	Brightonians
Brisbane	Australia	Brisbanian	Brisbanians (Brisbanites)
Bristol	United Kingdom	Bristolian	Bristolians
Brussels	Belgium		Bruxellois1, Brusselaar2, Brusseleer3
Budapest	Hungary	Budapesti	Budapesters
Buenos Aires	Argentina	Porteño	Porteños
Buffalo	United States	Buffalonian	Buffalonians
Cagayan de Oro	Philippines	Cagayanon	Cagayanons
Cairns	Australia	Cairnian	Cairnians
Cairo	Egypt	(Cairene)	Cairenes
Calgary	Canada	Calgarian	Calgarians
Cambridge	United Kingdom	Cantabrigian	Cantabrigians4
Cambridge	United States
Campinas	Brazil	Campineiro	Campineiros
Canberra	Australia	Canberran	Canberrans
Cape Town	South Africa	(Capetonian)	Capetonians
Caracas	Venezuela	Caraquenian	Caraquenians
Cardiff	United Kingdom	Cardiffian	Cardiffian
Carystus	Greece	Carystian	Carystians
Cebu	Philippines	Cebuano	Cebuanos
Charlotte	US	Charlottean	Charlotteans
Chelmsford	United Kingdom	Chelmsfordian	Chelmsfordians
Chennai	India	Chennaite	Chennaites
Chicago	United States	Chicagoan	Chicagoans
Christchurch	New Zealand	Cantabrian	Cantabrians
Cincinnati	United States	Cincinnatian	Cincinnatian
Cleveland	United States		Clevelander
Copenhagen	Denmark	Copenhagener	Copenhageners
Corinth	Greece	Corinthian	Corinthians
Cork	Republic of Ireland	Cork	Corkonians ("Leesiders")
Cracow (Kraków)	Poland	Cracovian (Krakovian)	Cracovians (Krakovians)
Curitiba	Brazil	Curitibano	Curitibanos
Dallas	United States		Dallasites
Da Lat	Vietnam	Dalatese	Dalatese
Darwin	Australia	Darwinian5	Darwinians
Davao	Philippines	Davaoeño	Davaoeños
Delhi	India	Delhiite	Delhiites
Denver	United States	Denverite	Denverites
Derry	United Kingdom	Derry	Derrian
Detroit	United States		Detroiters
Devonport	Australia	Devonportian	Devonportians
Dresden	Germany	Dresdener	Dresdeners
Dublin	Republic of Ireland	Dublin	Dubliners ("Dubs")
Dundee	United Kingdom	Dundonian	Dundonians
Dunedin	New Zealand	Dunedin	Dunedinites
Durban	South Africa	Durban	Durbanites
East Troy	United States	East Trojan	East Trojans
Edinburgh	United Kingdom	Edinburgensian	Edinburger
Edmonton	Canada	Edmontonian	Edmontonians
Epidaurus	Greece	Epidaurian	Epidaurians
Florence	Italy	Florentine	Florentines
Fort Lauderdale	United States		Fort Lauderdalers, Fort Lauderdalians
Fort Wayne	United States		Fort Wayniacs
Foz do Iguaçu	Brazil	Iguaçuense	Iguaçuenses
Frankfurt	Germany	Frankfurter	Frankfurters
Fredericton	Canada	Frederictonian	Frederictonians
Fresno	United States		Fresnans, Fresnoans
Galway	Republic of Ireland	Galway	Galwegians
Geneva	Switzerland	Genevan, Genevese	Genevans, Genevese
Genoa	Italy	Genoese	Genoese
Glasgow	United Kingdom	Glaswegian	Glaswegians
Gold Coast	Australia	Gold Coast	Gold Coasters
Grand Rapids	United States	Grand Rapidian	Grand Rapidians
Guadalajara	Mexico	Tapatío	Tapatíos
Halifax	Canada	Haligonian	Haligonians
Hamburg	Germany	Hamburger	Hamburgers
Hamilton	Canada	Hamiltonian	Hamiltonians
Hamilton	New Zealand
Hanoi	Vietnam	Hanoian	Hanoians
Hanover	Germany	Hanoverian	Hanoverians
Hartlepool	United Kingdom	Hartlepudlian	Hartlepudlian ("Monkey hanger")
Hastings	New Zealand	Hastingite	Hastingites
Helsinki	Finland	Helsinkian	Helsinkians
Ho Chi Minh City	Vietnam	Saigonese	Saigoners
Hong Kong	China	Hong Kong, Hongkongish	Hongkongers, Hongkongish, Honger
Honolulu	United States	Honolulan	Honolulans
Houston	United States	Houstonian	Houstonians
Hyderabad	India	Hyderabadi	Hyderabadis
Iloilo	Philippines	Ilonggo	Ilonggos
Invercargill	New Zealand	Invercargill	Invercargillites, Invercargillonians
Inverness	United Kingdom	Invernessian	Invernessians
Iqaluit	Canada		Iqalummiut (sing. Iqalummiuq)
Islamabad	Pakistan	Islamabadi	Islamabadians
Itabira	Brazil	Itabirano	Itabiranos
Istanbul	Turkey	Istanbulite	Istanbulites
Jacksonville	United States	Jacksonvillian; Jaxon	Jacksonvillians; Jaxons
Izmir	Turkey	Izmirian	Izmirians
Jerusalem	Israel	Jerusalemite, Yerushalmi ירושלמי (Hebrew)	Jerusalemites, Yerushalmim
Juiz de Fora	Brazil	Juiz-forano	Juiz-foranos
Juneau City/Borough	United States		Juneauites
Karachi	Pakistan	Karachiite	Karachiites
Kastoria	Greece	Kastorian	Kastorians
Kenosha	United States	Kenoshan	Kenoshans
Kiev	Ukraine	Kievan	Kievans
Kingston	United States	Kingstonian	Kingstonians
Knoxville	United States	Knoxvillian	Knoxvillians
Kota Kinabalu	Malaysia	Kota Kinabaluan	Kota Kinabaluans
Kuala Lumpur	Malaysia		("KL-ites"6)
Kuching	Malaysia	Kuchingite	Kuchingites
Lagos	Nigeria	Lagosian	Lagosians
Lahore	Pakistan	Lahori	Lahoris
La Paz	Bolivia	Paceño	Paceños
Las Vegas	United States	Las Vegan	Vegan
Leeds	United Kingdom	Leodensian	Leodensians
León	Spain	Leonese	Leoneses
Lima	Peru	Limeño	Limeños
Liverpool	United Kingdom	Liverpudlian	Liverpudlians ("Scousers")
Livorno	Italy	Leghornese, Livornese	Leghornese, Livornese
London	United Kingdom	Londoner	Londoners
Londrina	Brazil	Londrinense	Londrinenses
Los Angeles	United States	Angeleno	Angelenos
Lucca	Italy	Lucchese	Lucchesi
Lviv	Ukraine	Leopolitan	Lviviane
Lyon (Lyons)	France	Lyonese; Lyonnais (French)	Lyonese; Lyonnais (French)
Macau	China	Macanese	Macanese
Madrid	Spain	Madrilenian; Madrileño (Spanish)	Madrilenians; Madrileños (Spanish)
Malacca	Malaysia	Malaccan	Malaccans
Málaga	Spain	Malagan; Malagüeño (Spanish)	Malagans; Malagüeños (Spanish)
Manchester	United Kingdom	Mancunian	Mancunians ("Mancs")
Manila	Philippines	Manileño	Manileños
Mantua	Italy	Mantuan	Mantuans
Marathon	Greece	Marathonian	Marathonians
Marseille	France	Marseillais	Marseillais
Megara	Greece	Megarian	Megarians
Melbourne	Australia	Melburnian	Melburnians
Memphis	United States	Memphian	Memphians
Messina	Italy	Messinese	Messinese
Mexico City	Mexico	Capitalino	Capitalinos ("Chilangos"/"Defeños")
Milan	Italy	Milanese	Milanese
Milan	United States		Milanites, Milaners
Milwaukee	United States	Milwaukeean	Milwaukeeans
Misrata	Libya	Misratan	Misratans
Minneapolis	United States	Minneapolitan	Minneapolitans
Minot	United States	Minotian	Minoters
Modena	Italy	Modenese	Modenese
Monterrey	Mexico	Regiomontano	Regiomontanos
Montreal	Canada	Montreal	Montrealers/Montrealais
Moscow	Russia	Muscovite	Muscovites
Mumbai	India	Mumbaikar	Mumbaikars
Muncie	United States	Munsonian	Munsonian
Munich	Germany	Münchner	Münchner
Napier	New Zealand	Napieran	Napierans
Naples	Italy	Neapolitan	Neapolitans
Nashville	United States	Nashvillian	Nashvillians
Nassau	The Bahamas	Nassuvian	Nassuvians
Nelson	New Zealand	Nelson	Nelsonians
New Orleans	United States	New Orleanian	New Orleanians, New Orleaners ("Yats")
New York City	United States	New York	New Yorkers ("Gothamites"/"Knickerbockers")
• The Bronx		Bronx	Bronxites, Bronxers
• Brooklyn		Brooklyn	Brooklynites (archaic: "Trolley Dodgers")
• Manhattan		Manhattan	Manhattanites
• Queens		Queens	Queensites
• Staten Island7		Staten Island	Staten Islanders
Newcastle	Australia	Novocastrian	Novocastrians
Newcastle upon Tyne	United Kingdom	Novocastrian ("Geordie")	Novocastrians ("Geordies")
Nice	France	Niçois	Niçois
Nicosia	Cyprus	Nicosian	Nicosians
Northampton	United Kingdom	Northamptonian	Northamptonians
Oakbank	Canada	Oakbankian	Oakbankians
Oakland	United States	Oaklander	Oaklanders
Oamaru	New Zealand	Oamaru, Oamaruvian	Oamaruvians
Odessa	Ukraine	Odessit(e)	Odessites
Omak	United States	Omakian	Omakians
Oslo	Norway	Oslovian	Oslovians
Osaka	Japan	Osakan	Naniwakko (難波っ子/浪速っ子; Japanese), Osakans (English)
Ottawa	Canada	Ottawan	Ottawans
Oxford	United Kingdom	Oxonian	Oxonians8
Paddock Lake	United States	Paddock Laker	Paddock Lakers
Padua	Italy	Paduan	Paduans
Palermo	Italy	Palermitan	Palermitans
Palmerston North	New Zealand	Palmerstonian	Palmerstonians
Paris	France	Parisian	Parisians
Parma	Italy	Parmesan	Parmesans
Penang	Malaysia	Penangite	Penangites
Perth	Australia	Perth	Perthites, Perthians
Perugia	Italy	Perugian	Perugians
Peterborough	United Kingdom	Peterbourian	Peterbourians
Philadelphia	United States	(Philadelphian)	Philadelphians
Phoenix	United States	Phoenician, Phoenixer	Phoenicians, Phoenixers
Pisa	Italy	Pisan	Pisans
Pittsburgh	United States	Pittsburgher	Pittsburghers
Polmont	United Kingdom	Polmontarian	Polmontarians
Pompeii	Italy	Pompei(i)an	Pompei(i)ans
Ponferrada	Spain	Ponferradian	Ponferradians
Porto Alegre	Brazil	Porto-Alegrense	Porto-Alegrenses
Portland	United States	Portlander	Portlanders
Prague	Czech Republic	Praguer	Praguers
Pristina	Kosovo		Prishtinali, Prishtinas (Albanian) Prištinci, Prištevci (Serbian)
Providence	United States	Providentian	Providentians
Pylos	Greece	Pylian	Pylians
Quebec City	Canada	Quebec (City) (English); québécois (French)	Quebeckers, Quebecers (English); Québécois9 (French)
Randall	United States	Randallite	Randallites
Reading	United Kingdom	Readingite	Readingites	Regina	Canada	Regina (modifier), Reginan	Reginans
Rethymno	Greece	Rethymnian	Rethymnians
Reims (or Rheims)	France	Rémois (Cornichons)	Rémois
Richmond	United States	Richmonder	Richmonders
Riga	Latvia	Rigan	Rigans
Rio de Janeiro	Brazil	Carioca	Cariocas
Rhodes	Greece	Rhodian	Rhodians
Rochester	United States	(Rochesterian)	Rochesterians
Rome	Italy	Roman	Romans
Rotorua	New Zealand	Rotoruan	Rotoruans
St. Louis	United States	St. Louisan	St. Louisans
Sacramento	United States	Sacramentan	Sacramentans
Saint Petersburg	Russia	Saint Petersburgian	Saint Petersburgians
Salem	United States	Salemander	Salemanders
Salerno	Italy	Salernitan	Salernitans
Salt Lake City	United States		Salt Lakers
Salvador	Brazil	Soteropolitano	Soteropolitanos
San Antonio	United States	San Antonian	San Antonians
San Diego	United States	San Diegan	San Diegans
San Francisco	United States	San Franciscan	San Franciscans
Santa Clarita	United States	Santa Claritan	Santa Claritans
Santa Cruz de la Sierra	Bolivia	Cruceño	Cruceños
São Carlos	Brazil	Sãocarlense and Carlopolitano	Sãocarlenses and Carlopolitanos
São Paulo	Brazil	Paulistano	Paulistanos
Saskatoon	Canada	Saskatoon (modifier), Saskatonian	Saskatonians ("Saskabushers")
Savannah	United States	Savannaian	Savannians
Seattle	United States	Seattleite	Seattleites
Seoul	South Korea	Seoulite	Seoulites
Serres	Greece	Serrean	Serreans
Shanghai	China	Shanghainese	Shanghainese
Siena	Italy	Sien(n)ese	Sien(n)ese
Silver Lake	United States	Silver Laker	Silver Laker
Sheffield	United Kingdom		Sheffielders
Skopje	Macedonia	Skopjan	Skopjans
Slough	United Kingdom	Sluff	Sluffs
Sofia	Bulgaria	Sofian	Sofians
Solihull	United Kingdom	Silhillian	Silhillians
Somers	United States	Somersite	Somersites
Sorrento	Italy	Sorrentine	Sorrentines
Sparta	Greece	Spartan	Spartans
Spoleto	Italy	Spoletian	Spoletians
Stockholm	Sweden	Stockholmer	Stockholmers
Strasbourg	France	Strasbourgeois	Strasbourgeois
Stuttgart	Germany	Stuttgarter	Stuttgarters
Sunderland	United Kingdom		"Mackems"
Swindon	United Kingdom	Swindonian	Swindonians
Sydney	Australia	Sydney	Sydneysiders
Syracuse	Italy	Syracusan	Syracusans
Tallinn	Estonia	Tallinner	Tallinners
Taranto	Italy	Tarantine, Tarentine	Tarantines, Tarentines
Tbilisi	Georgia	Tbilisian	Tbilisians; Tbiliselebi (Georgian)
Thebes	Greece	Theban	Thebans
Thessaloniki	Greece	Thessalonian	Thessalonians
Tokyo	Japan		Edokko (江戸っ子; Japanese), Tokyoites (English)
Toowoomba	Australia	Toowoomban	Toowoombans
Toronto	Canada	Toronto, Torontonian	Torontonians
Tournai	Belgium	Tournaisian	Tournaisian
Townsville	Australia	Townsvillian	Townsvillians
Trevor	United States	Trevorite	Trevorites
Trent	Italy	Tridentine	Tridentines
Trieste	Italy	Triestine	Triestines
Tripoli	Libya	Tripolitan	Tripolitans
Trois-Rivières	Canada	Trifluvien, Trifluvienne (French); Trifluvian (English)	Trifluviens/Trifluviennes (French); Trifluvians (English)
Trois-Rivières	France	Trois-rivieran	Trois-rivieran
Tucson	United States	Tucsonan	Tucsonans
Tulsa	United States	Tulsan	Tulsans
Turin	Italy	Turinese	Turinese
Twin Lakes	United States	Twin Laker	Twin Lakers
Uberlândia	Brazil	Uberlandense	Uberlandenses
Valencia	Spain	Valencian	Valencians
Vancouver	Canada	Vancouverite	Vancouverites
Venice	Italy	Venetian	Venetians
Veracruz	Mexico	Veracruzano	Veracruzano (Jarocho)
Verona	Italy	Veronese	Veronese
Vicenza	Italy	Vicentine	Vicentines
Vichy	France	Vichyssois	Vichyssois
Vienna	Austria	Viennese	Viennese
Warsaw	Poland	Varsovian	Varsovians
Washington, D.C.	United States	Washingtonian	Washingtonians10
Wellington	New Zealand	Wellington, Wellingtonian	Wellingtonians
Wheatland	United States	Wheatlander	Wheatlanders
Wichita	United States	Wichitan	Wichitans
Wilmot	United States	Wilmotter	Wilmotters
Winchester	United Kingdom		Wintonians
Winnipeg	Canada		Winnipeggers, Winnipegers
Wolverhampton	United Kingdom		Wulfrunians
Xalapa	Veracruz	Xalapeño	Xalapeños
Xanthi	Greece	Xanthian	Xanthians
Yerevan	Armenia	Yerevani	Yerevanis
Zintan	Libya	Zintani	Zintanis
Used to identify those of Walloon descent Used to identify those of Flemish descent Used to identify those bi- or multilingual citizens merely belonging to Brussels Also used to identify graduates of the University of Cambridge. Not to be confused with the movements and concepts of English naturalist Charles Darwin. Pronounced "KAY-el-ites". Formerly Richmond. Also used to identify graduates of the University of Oxford. Often confused with residents of the Province of Québec. If it is necessary to distinguish between residents of the city and the province, French-speakers will use québécois/e de Québec for the city and québécois/e du Québec for the province. Not to be confused with the inhabitants of Washington State.

See also

• List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names
• Adjectivals and demonyms for countries and nations