Taiwan (island)
Taiwan (traditional Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣; simplified Chinese: 台湾; pinyin: Táiwān; Wade–Giles: T'ai-wan; Taiwanese: Tâi-oân) is an island in East Asia, but the term Taiwan is also commonly used to collectively refer to the territories governed by the Republic of China (ROC), which include the island of Taiwan, Lanyu (Orchid Island) and Green Island in the Pacific coast off the Taiwan island, the Pescadores in the Taiwan Strait, and Kinmen and Matsu off the coast of mainland Fujian.
The main island of Taiwan, sometimes also reffered to as Formosa (from the Portuguese Ilha Formosa, meaning "beautiful island"), is located at 22°57′N 120°12′E, off the coast of mainland China, south of Japan and north of the Philippines. It is bounded to the east by the Pacific Ocean, to the south by the South China Sea and the Luzon Strait, to the west by the Taiwan Strait and to the north by the East China Sea. The island is 394 kilometers (245 miles) long and 144 kilometers (89 miles) wide and consists of steep mountains covered by tropical and subtropical vegetation.
The political status of Taiwan, the right of the ROC to exercise soverignty over Taiwan, and the right of Taiwan to declare itself independent are contested by the People's Republic of China (PRC), which considers Taiwan part of its own territory and believes it should be eventually reunified with mainland China.
Political status
In 1895, Taiwan, including the Pescadores, became a Japanese colony, a concession by the Qing Empire after it lost the First Sino-Japanese War. After Japan's defeat at the end of World War II in 1945, Allied Command ordered Japanese troops in Taiwan to surrender to the Republic of China (ROC) and the ROC has been the de facto ruler of Taiwan ever since. Supporters of Taiwanese independence claim that technically, documents and treaties left the legal sovereignty of Taiwan ambiguous, and the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) government of the Republic of China essentially only exercised de facto control over the island.[1] . However, the validity of this stewardship is disputed by the ROC, as well as by the PRC.
In 1949, upon losing the Chinese Civil War to the Communist Party of China (CPC), the Kuomintang (KMT) retreated from mainland China and moved the ROC government to Taipei, Taiwan's largest city, while continuing to claim sovereignty over all of China and Greater Mongolia. On the mainland, the Communists established the People's Republic of China (PRC), claiming to be the sole representative of China including Taiwan and portraying the ROC government on Taiwan as an illegitimate entity. [2]
Taiwan has been transformed into a major industrialized economy and is often touted as the Taiwan Miracle and one of the East Asian Tigers. Meanwhile, political reforms beginning in the late 1970s and continuing through the early 1990s liberalized Taiwan (also Republic of China) from an authoritarian one-party state into a multiparty democracy. In 2000, the KMT's monopoly on power ended after the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) won the ROC presidency. Besides groups seeking the reunification of Taiwan with the mainland, there is a Taiwan independence movement that seeks to establish a Taiwanese republic. The competing claims over the future of Taiwan have made and continue to make Taiwan's political status a contentious issue. For any particular resolution public favor shifts greatly with small changes in wording, illustrating the complexity of public opinion on the topic. [3]
The political environment is complicated by the potential for military conflict should overt actions toward independence or reunification be taken. It is the policy of the PRC to use force to ensure reunification if peaceful reunification fails as stated in its anti-secession law, and there are substantial military installations on the Fujian coast for this reason. [4] The US has provided military training and arms sales to the ROC. [5] However, the current status quo, as defined by the United States, is supported on a quid pro quo basis between Beijing and Taipei. The former is expected to "use no force or threat to use force against Taiwan," and the latter is to "exercise prudence in managing all aspects of cross-Strait relations." As such, both Beijing and Taipei are to refrain from performing actions or espousing statements "that would unilaterally alter Taiwan's status." [6]
The KMT supports the status quo for the indefinite future with a stated ultimate goal of reunification because unification with the PRC for the foreseeable future is unacceptable to its members and the public. Ma Ying-Jeou, current chairman of the KMT and current frontrunner for the 2008 presidential election, has set out democracy, economic development to a level near that of Taiwan, and equitable wealth distribution as the conditions that the mainland must fulfill in order for reunification to occur; these conditions mean that even the major party most open to unification believes it is a goal achievable only in the long term. The DPP, which supports an independent Taiwan, supports the status quo because the risk of declaring independence and provoking mainland China is unacceptable to its members. However, President Chen Shui-Bian has stated that no matter what, any said decision should be decided through a public referendum of the people of Taiwan. Both parties' current foreign policy positions support taking active steps to advocate the ROC's participation in international organizations and in fact, are actually quite similar, with the two exceptions being that the KMT is willing to accept "one-China" and the DPP encouraging economic ties with countries other than China for security reasons.
In accordance with the One-China policy and the PRC's view that the ROC government is illegitimate, the PRC requires that all countries that it conducts diplomatic relations with give no recognition to Taiwan, Republic of China. As a result, there are currently 25 states -- mostly small, developing nations in Africa and Central America -- that have diplomatic relations with Taiwan. However, many countries have representative offices in the ROC. For instance, the United States, maintains non-official relations with the ROC through the unofficial instrumentality of the American Institute in Taiwan as its representative office.[7] Reciprocally, ROC maintains similar representative offices in many countries, and are referred to as "Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Offices" (TECRO), with branch offices called "Taipei Economic and Cultural Offices" (TECO). Both TECRO and TECO are unofficial commercial entities of Taiwan in charge of maintaining bilateral relations, providing consular services, and serving the interests of the ROC in other countries in some ways that are similar to diplomatic offices.[8]
Also in accordance with the One-China policy, the PRC only participates in international organizations where the ROC is not recognized as a state. The United Nations, for example, was forced to expel the ROC when the PRC was admitted. Each year since 1992, the government of the Republic of China petitions the UN for entry but has so far been unsuccessful because most countries, including the United States, do not wish to discuss the issue of the ROC's political status for fears of souring diplomatic ties with the PRC, although both the US and Japan publicly support the ROC's bid for membership of the World Health Organization as an observer. [9] Similarly, the ROC uses the name Chinese Taipei in international events such as the Olympic Games, when PRC is also a party. The ROC is also barred from using its national anthem and national flag in international events due to PRC pressure, and Taiwanese spectators attending events such as the Olympics are barred from bringing ROC national flags into Olympic venues. [10] On the other hand, the ROC is able to participate as "China" in organizations that the PRC does not participate in, such as the World Organization of the Scout Movement.
History
Prehistory and early settlement
Evidence of human settlement in Taiwan dates back 30,000 years, although the first inhabitants of Taiwan may have been genetically distinct from any groups currently on the island. About 4,000 years ago, ancestors of current Taiwanese aborigines settled Taiwan. These aborigines are genetically related to Malay and Polynesians, and linguists classify their language as Austronesian. [11] Records indicate that Han Chinese settled in Penghu since the 1100s, but it was not until later that people other than aborigines permanently settled in the main island of Taiwan. [citation needed]
Records from ancient China indicate that Han Chinese might have known of the existence of the main island of Taiwan since the Three Kingdoms period (third century), having assigned offshore islands in the vicinity names like Greater and Minor Liuqiu (Ryukyu in Japanese), though none of these names have been definitively matched to the main island of Taiwan. It has been claimed but not verified that the Ming Dynasty admiral Zheng He visited Taiwan between 1403 and 1424.
In 1544, a Portuguese ship sighted the main island of Taiwan and dubbed it "Ilha Formosa", which means "Beautiful Island." The Portuguese made no attempt to colonize Taiwan.
Japanese invasions
Japan had sought to claim sovereignity over Taiwan (known as Takayama Koku) since 1592, when Toyotomi Hideyoshi undertook a policy of overseas expansion and extending Japanese influence southward[2]. Korea, to the west, was invaded and an attempt to invade Taiwan and subsequent invasion attempts were to be unsuccessful due mainly to disease and attacks by aborigines on the island. In 1609, the Tokugawa Shogunate sent Haruno Arima on an exploratory mission of the island. In 1616, Murayama Toan led an unsuccessful invasion of the island. In 1871, an Okinawan vessel shipwrecked on the southern tip of Taiwan and the crew of 54 were beheaded by the Paiwan aborigines. When Japan sought compensation from Qing China, the court rejected compensation on the grounds that parts of Taiwan were outside its jurisdiction. This was to lead to Japan testing the situation for colonizing the island and in 1874 a pacification campaign with an expedition force of 3,000 troops was sent to the island. The number of casualties for the Paiwan was about 30, and that for the Japanese was 543 (12 Japanese soldiers were killed in battle and 531 by disease). Not until the defeat of the Chinese navy during the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894-95 was Japan to finally realize possession of Taiwan and the shifting of Asian dominance from China to Japan. The Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed in 1895 ceding Taiwan and the Pescadores over to Japan, which would rule the island for 50 years until its defeat in World War II.
The Dutch & Spanish
In 1624, the Dutch established a commercial base on Taiwan and began to import workers from Fujian and Penghu as laborers, many of whom settled. The Dutch made Taiwan a colony with its colonial capital at Tayoan City (present day Anping, Tainan). The Dutch military presence was concentrated at a stronghold called Castle Zeelandia. [12] The Dutch colonists also started to hunt the native Formosan Sika deer (Cervus nippon taioanus) that inhabited Taiwan, contributing to the eventual extinction of the subspecies on the island. [13] The name Taiwan derives from Tayoan, meaning "I" in one of the Formosan languages.
Koxinga and imperial Chinese rule
Ming naval and troop forces defeated the Dutch in 1662, subsequently expelling the Dutch government and military from the island. They were led by Lord Zheng Chenggong (also known as Lord Koxinga or 鄭成功), a pirate turned Ming navy commander. Following the fall of the Ming dynasty, Zheng retreated to Taiwan as a self-styled Ming loyalist, and established the Kingdom of Tungning (1662–1683). Cheng established his capital at Tainan and he and his heirs, Zheng Jing (鄭經) who ruled from 1662-82 and his son Zheng Ke-Shuang (鄭克塽), who served less than a year, continued to launch raids on the east coast of mainland China well into the Qing dynasty in an attempt to recover the mainland.
In 1683, the Qing dynasty defeated the Zheng holdout, and formally annexed Taiwan, placing it under the jurisdiction of Fujian province. Following the defeat of Zheng's grandson by an armada led by Admiral Shi Lang, Zheng's followers were expatriated to the farthest reaches of the Qing Empire, leaving approximately 7,000 Han on Taiwan. The Qing government wrestled with its Taiwan policy to reduce piracy and vagrancy in the area, which led to a series of edicts to manage immigration and respect aboriginal land rights. Illegal immigrants from Fujian continued to enter Taiwan as renters of the large plots of aboriginal lands under contracts that usually involved marriage, while the border between taxpaying lands and "savage" lands migrated east, with some aborigines 'Sinicizing' while others retreated into the mountains. The bulk of Taiwan's population today claim descent from these immigrants. During this time, there were a number of conflicts involving Han Chinese from different regions of China, and between Han Chinese and aborigines.
In 1887, the Qing government upgraded Taiwan's status from that of being a prefecture of Fujian to one of province itself, the 20th in the country, with its capital at Taipei. The move was accompanied by a modernization drive that included the building of the first railroad and the beginning of a postal service in Taiwan. [14]
Japanese rule
Following its defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), by signing the Treaty of Shimonoseki, Qing China ceded Taiwan and Penghu (the Pescadores) to Japan in perpetuity, on terms dictated by the latter. Inhabitants wishing to remain Chinese subjects were given a 2-year grace period to sell their property and move to the mainland.[citation needed]
On May 25, 1895, the Republic of Formosa was formed with a dynastic name of "Forever Qing" ("Qing" or "Ch'ing" referring to the dynastic name of China at the time: Great Qing Empire) and with capital at Tainan, to resist impending Japanese rule. Japanese forces entered the capital and quelled this resistance on October 21, 1895. Unlike elsewhere in Asia, most notably Korea, Japan never tried to fully assimilate Taiwan culturally. According to Japanese public relations, the Japanese attempted to use Taiwan as a model colony and were instrumental in the industrialization of the island. The Japanese extended the railroads and other transportation networks that had just sprung up during late Qing rule, built an extensive sanitation system and revised the public school system, among other things. The Japanese motivation for these new infrastructures on Taiwan were primarily to tap the natural resources of the island. Much deforestation occured on Taiwan to supply Japan with timber and mining for the Japanese war efforts. Still, the ethnic Chinese and Taiwanese aborigines were classified as second- and third-class citizens. Large-scale violence continued in the first decade of rule. Chinese resistance was put down brutally and by 1920s, armed uprising had largely been put down. Aboriginal populations suffered hardship and massacres in the Japanese quest for natural resources. Around 1935, the Japanese began an island-wide assimilation project to bind the island more firmly to the Japanese Empire. By 1945, just before Japan lost World War II, desperate plans were put in place to incorporate popular representation of Taiwan into the Japanese Diet to make Taiwan an integral part of Japan proper. [citation needed]
Japan's rule of Taiwan came to an end with its defeat in World War II. The signing of the Instrument of Surrender on August 15, 1945, signaled that Taiwan was to be returned to China, one of the Allied objectives from the wartime declarations. On October 25, 1945, ROC troops, representing the Allied Command, accepted the formal surrender of Japanese military forces in Taihoku (today: Taipei). However, due to the Chinese Civil War between the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Chinese Communists, the 1951 San Francisco Peace Treaty between Japan and the Allies stipulated the United States as the main occupying power of Taiwan while not naming the recipient of Taiwan's sovereignty, which Chiang Kai-Shek, President of the ROC, refused to accept. The PRC was not invited to the treaty because of the Korean War. [citation needed]
Authoritarian rule under the Kuomintang
The ROC administration, led by Chiang Kai-shek, announced October 25, 1945, as "Taiwan Retrocession Day" (臺灣光復節). At first, they were greeted as liberators by the people of Taiwan. However, the ROC military administration on Taiwan under Chen Yi was generally unstable and corrupt; it seized property and set up government monopolies of many industries. These problems, compounded with hyperinflation, unrest due to the Chinese Civil War, and distrust due to political, cultural and linguistic differences between the Taiwanese and the Mainland Chinese, quickly led to the loss of popular support for the new administration. [15] This culminated in a series of severe clashes between the ROC administration and Taiwanese, in turn leading to the bloody 228 incident and the reign of White Terror. [16]
At the same time, the Chinese Civil War was in progress. In 1949, Chiang's Kuomintang (Nationalist Party or KMT), which at the time controlled the government of the ROC, retreated to Taiwan after its defeat on mainland China at the hands of the Communist Party of China. Some 1.3 million refugees from mainland China, consisting primarily of soldiers, KMT party members, and other wealthy mainlanders, arrived in Taiwan around that time. From this period on, Taiwan was governed by a party-state dictatorship, with the KMT as the ruling party. Military rule continued and little to no distinction was made between the government and the party, with "public property", government property, and party property being interchangeable. Government workers and party workers were also indistinguishable, with government workers, such as teachers, required to become KMT members, and party workers paid salaries and promised retirement benefits along the lines of government employees. In addition all other parties were outlawed, and political opponents were persecuted to the point of executions and incarceration.
Initially, the United States abandoned the KMT and expected that Taiwan would fall to the Communists. However, in 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea, and in the context of the Cold War, US President Harry S. Truman intervened again and dispatched the 7th Fleet into the Taiwan Straits to "neutralize" the Straits. [17] In the San Francisco Peace Treaty, which came into force on April 28, 1952, and the Treaty of Taipei, concluded hours before that date, Japan formally renounced all right, claim and title to Formosa (Taiwan) and the Pescadores (Peng-hu), and renounced all treaties signed with China before 1942. Both treaties remained silent about who would take control of the island, in part to avoid taking sides in the Chinese Civil War. Advocates of Taiwan independence have used this omission to call into question any legal claims on Taiwan, arguing that the future of Taiwan should be decided by self-determination.
During the 1960s and 1970s, Taiwan began to develop into a prosperous and dynamic economy, becoming one of the East Asian Tigers while maintaining the authoritarian, single-party government. Because of the Cold War, most Western nations and the United Nations regarded the Republic of China government on Taiwan as the sole legitimate government of China until the 1970s, when most nations began switching recognition to the Communist People's Republic of China on the mainland.[18]
Democratic transition
After Chiang Kai-shek's death in 1975, Vice President Yen Chia-kan briefly took over from 1975 to 1978 according to the Constitution, but actual power was in hands of the Premier of the Executive Yuan, Chiang Ching-kuo, who was KMT chairman and a son of Chiang Kai-shek. During the presidency of Chiang Ching-kuo from 1978 to 1988, Taiwan's political system began to undergo gradual liberalization. Martial law, which had been in effect since 1948, was lifted in 1987, and the opposition Democratic Progressive Party was formed and allowed to participate overtly in politics. After Chiang Ching-kuo died in 1988, Vice President Lee Teng-hui succeeded him as the first Taiwan-born president of the ROC and chairman of the KMT. One-party rule lost its effective dominance with the continuation of peaceful social and political reforms. Lee became the first ROC president elected by popular vote in 1996.
In 2000, Chen Shui-bian of the Democratic Progressive Party won the Presidential election, marking the first ever peaceful democratic transition of power to an opposition party in Chinese history and a decisive end to the KMT's monopoly in administration of the central government. [19] After surviving a politically controversial assassination attempt the night before the 2004 election, Chen was re-elected to his second four-year term by an extremely slim margin. [20] In the 2005 local elections, the KMT swept through the island and captured several traditionally DPP counties. Today, both parties have moderated their positions and appear to support maintenance of the status quo in the short term. However, Chen's recent executive order that the National Unification Council "cease to function" is criticized by some of his opponents as dangerous in terms of cross-strait policy and neglectful of the economic needs of Taiwan. See also
Geography
The island of Taiwan lies some 200 kilometers off the southeastern coast of China, across the Taiwan Strait, and has an area of 35,801 square kilometers (13,823 square miles), with the East China Sea to the north, the Philippine Sea to the east, the Luzon Strait directly to the south and the South China Sea to the southwest. The island is characterized by the contrast between the eastern two-thirds, consisting mostly of rugged mountains running in five ranges from the northern to the southern tip of the island, and the flat to gently rolling plains in the west that are also home to most of Taiwan's population. Taiwan's highest point is the Yu Shan at 3,952 meters, and there are five other peaks over 3,500 meters. This makes it the world's 7th highest island.
The shape of the main island of Taiwan is similar to a sweet potato seen in a south-to-north direction, and therefore, Taiwanese people, especially the Min-nan division, often call themselves 'children of the Sweet Potato'. There are also other interpretations of the island shape, one of which is a whale in the ocean (the Pacific Ocean) if viewed in a west-to-east direction, which is a common orientation in ancient maps, plotted either by Western explorers or the Ching Dynasty.
Taiwan's climate is marine tropical.[21] The Northern part of the island has a rainy season that lasts from January to late March during the southwest monsoon, and also experiences "Plum Rains" in May.[22] The entire island succumbs to hot humid weather from June until September, while October to December are arguably the most pleasant times of year. The middle and southern parts of the island do not have an extended monsoon season during the winter months, but can experience several weeks of rain, especially during and after Lunar New Year. Natural hazards such as typhoons and earthquakes[23] are common in the region.
Taiwan is a center of bird endemism. See Endemic Birds of Taiwan for further information.
Environment and Pollution
With its high population density and many factories, some areas in Taiwan suffer from heavy pollution. Most notable are the southern suburbs of Taipei and the eastern stretch from Tainan to Lin Yuan, south of Kaohsiung. In the past, Taipei suffered from extensive vehicle and factory air pollution, but with mandatory use of unleaded gasoline and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency, the air quality of Taiwan has improved dramatically.[24] The motor scooters which are ubiquitous in Taiwan, especially older or cheaper 2-stroke versions, also contribute disproportionately to air pollution in Taiwan.
Land and soil pollution has decreased as Taiwanese industry moves out of heavy industry; however, several toxic sites left mainly by foreign companies continue to pose challenges. Solid waste disposal has become less of a problem as a nation-wide recycling movement has taken hold, especially with support from Buddhist charity organizations.
Water pollution remains a problematic issue. Nearly 90% of sewage waste in Taiwan is dumped into waterways untreated. Several rivers are so heavily polluted that it would take billions of dollars to clean them, which is politically infeasible.
Natural resources
Taiwan has few natural resources. Fishing is a big industry, but its international quotas have been cut. Life depends on agriculture and trade. Taiwan's history includes some mining for gold and marble. The forests are not capable of significant timber production. Much of it was harvested during the Japanese occupation and has only recovered slightly since then.
Energy resources
Taiwan has significant coal deposits and some insignificant oil and gas deposits. Electrical power generation is nearly 50% oil-based, less than 10% natural gas, less than 10% nuclear power, and about 35% hydroelectric power, with the remainder from renewable energy sources. Nearly all oil and gas for transporation and power needs must be imported, making Taiwan particularly sensitive to fluctations in energy prices. Because of this, Taiwan's Executive Yuan is pushing for 10% of energy generation to come from renewable energy by 2010, double from the current figure of approximately 5%. In fact, several wind-farms built by American and German companies have come online or will in the near future. Taiwan is rich in wind-energy resources, both on-shore and off-shore, though limited land area favors offshore wind resources. Solar energy is also a potential resource to some extent. By promoting renewable energy, Taiwan's government hopes to also aid the nascent renewable energy manufacturing industry, and develop it into an export market.
Economy
The Taiwan Miracle
Because of the Taiwanese economy's quick industrialization and rapid growth during the latter half of the 20th century, the Taiwan Economy is often called the Taiwan Miracle (台灣奇蹟) or Taiwan Economic Miracle. Because of its rise with that of Singapore, South Korea and Hong Kong, Taiwan is known as one of the East Asian Tigers.
The Taiwan Miracle may have begun prior to the end of World War II. Japanese occupation prior to and during World War II brought forth changes in the public and private sectors of the economy, most notably in the area of public works, which enabled rapid communications and facilitated transport throughout much of the island. The Japanese also improved public education and made the system compulsory for all Taiwanese citizens during this time. After the Kuomintang government fled to Taiwan, it also brought the entire gold reserve to the island to stabilize prices and reduce hyperinflation. The Kuomintang government also instituted many laws and land reforms that it had never effectively enacted on mainland China. In 1962 Taiwan had a per capita gross national product (GNP) of $170, placing the island's economy squarely between Zaire and Congo. But, by 2005 Taiwan's per capita GNP, adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP), had soared to $27,572, contributing to a Human Development Index similar to that of European countries such as Greece.
According to economist Paul Krugman, the rapid growth was made possible by increases in capital and labor, but not an increase in efficiency. In other words, the savings rate increased, and work hours were both lengthened and many more people, such as women, entered the work force. [25]
But Dwight Perkins and others cite certain methodological flaws in Krugman's (and Alwyn Young's) research, and suggest that much of Taiwan's growth can be attributed to increases in productivity. These productivity boosts were achieved through land reform, structural change (urbanization and industrialization), and an economic policy of export promotion rather than import substitution.
Taiwan's economy today
Today, Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with gradually decreasing state involvement in investment and foreign trade. In keeping with this trend, the government is privatizing some large banks and industrial firms. Real growth in gross domestic product has averaged about 8 % during the past three decades. Exports have provided the primary impetus for industrialization. The trade surplus is substantial, and foreign reserves are the world's third largest. Taiwan's current GDP per capita(PPP) is $27,572, ranking 24th in the world.
The ROC has its own currency: the New Taiwan Dollar.
Agriculture constitutes only 2% of GDP, down from 35% in 1952. Traditional labor-intensive industries are moving steadily offshore, with more capital and technology-intensive industries replacing them. Taiwan has become a major investor in mainland China, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia and Vietnam. Around 50,000 Taiwanese businesses are established in mainland China. Taiwan is one of the largest foreign investors in mainland China.
Because of its conservative financial approach and its entrepreneurial strengths, Taiwan suffered little compared with many of its neighbors from the Asian financial crisis in 1998–1999. The global economic downturn, however, combined with poor policy coordination by the new administration and increasing bad debts in the banking system, pushed Taiwan into recession in 2001, the first whole year of negative growth since 1947. Due to the relocation of many manufacturing and labor-intensive industries to mainland China, unemployment also peaked at a level last seen during the 1970s oil crisis. This problem became one of the major issues in the presidential election of 2004. The unemployment rate eventually declined after the government adopted some economy-stimulating measures.
The ROC has entered the World Trade Organization under the name Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (台灣、澎湖、金門及馬祖個別關稅領域) and APEC under the name Chinese Taipei. Although the PRC objects to having other countries maintain diplomatic or official relations with the ROC, it made no objection to having the ROC maintain economic relations. However, under PRC pressure, the ROC joined governmental organizations under different names.
The opening of the Taipei Financial Center, also known as Taipei 101 due to its number of floors, on December 31, 2004, brought more world recognition to Taiwan and Taipei. Taipei 101, equipped with the world's fastest elevators, is the world's tallest building. The surrounding financial district is steadily becoming more recognized in the world market, and a trendy shopping district is rapidly growing around it as well.
Society
Demographics
The ROC's population was estimated in 2005 at 22.9 million, most of which are on Taiwan. About 98% of the population is of Han Chinese ethnicity. Of these people, 86% are descendants of early Han immigrants known as native Taiwanese (c: 本省人; p: Bensheng ren; lit. "home-province person"). This group contains two subgroups. The first subgroup is the Southern Fujianese (70% of the total population), who migrated from the coastal Southern Fujian region in the southeast of mainland China. The second subgroup is the Hakka (15% of the total population), who originally migrated south to Guangdong, its surrounding areas and Taiwan, intermarrying extensively with Taiwanese aborigines. The remaining 12% of Han Chinese are known as Mainlanders (外省人; Waisheng ren; lit. "external-province person") and are composed of and descend from immigrants who arrived after the Second World War. This group also includes those who fled mainland China in 1949 following the Nationalist defeat in the Chinese Civil War. Dalu ren (大陸人) refers to residents of Mainland China. This group excludes almost all Taiwanese, including the Mainlanders, except recent immigrants from mainland China, such as those made Republic of China citizens through marriage. It also excludes foreign brides from Vietnam, Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines or foreign grooms of which a greater number come from Western countries. One in seven marriages now involves a partner from another country. As Taiwan's birthrate is among the lowest in the world [26], this contingent is playing an increasingly important role in changing Taiwan's demographic makeup.
The other 2% of Taiwan's population, numbering about 440,000, are listed as the Taiwanese aborigines (原住民; yuánzhùmín; lit. "original inhabitants"), divided into 12 major groups: Ami, Atayal, Paiwan, Bunun, Puyuma, Rukai, Tsou, Saisiyat, Yami, Thao, Kavalan and Taroko. [27]
Religion
About half of the ROC population is religious, and most of these people identify themselves as Buddhists or Taoists. Most are Taoist but in Taiwan, belief in folk religion is also prevalent, and many people practice some combination of these faiths. Christian churches have been active on Taiwan for many years; a majority of these churches are Protestant, with Presbyterians and Baptists playing a particularly significant role. The Presbyterian church has facilitated the democratization of Taiwan.[28]
Besides formal religions, many in Taiwan also believe in the idea of destiny and will commonly go to fortune tellers to have their fortunes read. In addition, it is common for younger people today to establish common ground through their Western horoscope sign and their blood types.
Confucianism is an honored school of thought and ethical codes, but it is not typically considered a religion.
Education
![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. |
Public health
| This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. |
Language
Many people in Taiwan born after the early 1950s can speak Mandarin. It is the official language in Taiwan, and has been the medium of instruction in the schools for more than four decades. Under the Republic of China language policy in effect up to the 1980s, use of the local languages was forbidden from the airwaves and in official situations, and students sometimes received corporal punishment by their instructors, as they did for many other infractions, for speaking Taiwanese, Hakka, or Aboriginal languages in school or at home.
Although Mandarin is still the language of instruction in schools and predominate television and airwaves, today, non-Mandarin languages have undergone a revival in public life in Taiwan. Demographically, a large fraction of people speak Taiwanese, a variant of Min-nan, and a majority understand it. A large proportion also speak Hakka. Between 1900 and 1945, Japanese was the medium of instruction, so older people educated during that period can also speak Japanese. There are some cases where older generations only speak the Japanese they learned at school and the Taiwanese they spoke at home. This prevents communication with the modern generations who may only speak Mandarin.
Most aboriginal groups in Taiwan have their own languages which, unlike Taiwanese or Hakka, do not belong to the Chinese language family, but rather to the Austronesian language family.
Even now, the national phonetic system of the Republic of China is still used on Taiwan. That is Zhuyin Fuhao(Chinese: 注音符號; pinyin: Zhùyīn Fúhào; Wade–Giles: Chu-yin fu-hao), or "Symbols for Annotating Sounds", often abbreviated as Zhuyin, or known as Bopomofo (ㄅㄆㄇㄈ) after the first four letters of this Chinese phonemic alphabet (bo po mo fo). It is used for teaching the Chinese languages, especially Standard Mandarin, to people learning to read and write and/or to people learning to speak Mandarin.
The romanization of Mandarin Chinese in Taiwan is highly inconsistent. Although the national government officially adopted Tongyong Pinyin in 2002, it allowed local governments to make their own choices. Taipei, Taiwan's largest city, has adopted Hanyu Pinyin, replacing earlier signage, most of which had been in a bastardized version of Wade-Giles. Kaohsiung, Taiwan's second-largest city, has adopted Tongyong. Elsewhere in Taiwan, signs tend to be in a mixture of systems, with the most common overall being MPS2, which was official before the adoption of Tongyong Pinyin. Because romanization is not taught in Taiwan schools and there has been little political will to ensure that it is implemented correctly, romanization errors are common throughout Taiwan; at present the area with the fewest errors on official signage is Taipei. As the pan-blue bloc has largely aligned itself behind Hanyu Pinyin and the pan-green bloc has largely backed Tongyong Pinyin, pan-blue victories in the 2005 county elections are likely to result in an expansion of the use of Hanyu Pinyin, especially in northern and central Taiwan.
Most people in Taiwan have their names romanized using a bastardized version of Wade-Giles. This, however, is generally not out of personal preference but rather a tendency to use the system that most reference materials in Taiwan have employed to date.
Culture
Taiwan's culture is primarily derived from traditional Chinese culture, with some Japanese and American influences. Taiwanese aborigines each also have distinct cultures which are thought to share ethnic origins with the Pacific Islanders.
Most Taiwanese adhere to a mix of Buddhist/Taoist religions and Confucian teachings. Traditional Chinese holidays such as the Chinese New Year, the Lantern Festival, and the Dragon Boat Festival are celebrated regularly. One especially important deity for Taiwanese people is Matsu, symbolizing the seafaring spirit of Taiwan's ancestors from Fujian and Guangdong.
Many Japanese style houses can be found in Taiwan as relics of Japanese colonial rule. Common usage of Japanese words such as "obasan" and almost all baseball terminology can also be seen as a lasting Japanese effect on Taiwan.
Taiwanese culture also has influenced the West: Bubble tea and milk tea are popular drinks readily available around city centers in Europe, Canada and the United States. Ang Lee is the famous Taiwanese movie director of Brokeback Mountain, Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon and Eat Drink Man Woman, among other films. Mr. Lee also won the Best Director Academy Award for his directing in the film Brokeback Mountain.
About 80 % of the people in Taiwan belong to the Holo (河洛) ethnic group and speak both Mandarin and Taiwanese. Mandarin is the primary language of instruction in schools; however, most spoken media is split between Mandarin and Taiwanese. Speaking Taiwanese under the localization movement has become an emblem of expressing Taiwanese identity, and the language has undergone a resurgence since the early 1990s. The Hakka, about 10% of the population, have a distinct Hakka language. Aboriginal minority groups still speak their native languages, although most also speak Mandarin.
The Taiwanese localization movement continues to be a major driver of Taiwanese culture, as a reaction against both the previous repression by the once Kuomintang-controlled government and the hostility of the PRC. Thus, identity politics, along with the over 100 years of political separation from mainland China, 50 of which were under Japanese colonial rule, has led to distinct traditions in many areas, including cuisine, opera and music.
One of Taiwan's greatest attractions is the National Palace Museum, which houses more than 650,000 pieces of Chinese bronze, jade, calligraphy, painting and porcelain. The Kuomintang government moved this collection from the Forbidden City in Beijing in 1949 when it fled to Taiwan. The collection, estimated to be one-tenth of China's cultural treasures, is so extensive that only 1 % is on display at any time.
Popular sports in Taiwan include basketball and baseball. Cheerleading performances and pool are also quite fashionable. Less popular, but still common are badminton and golf.
References
- ^ Historical and Legal Aspects of the International Status of Taiwan (Formosa) - from World United Formosans for Independence
- ^ "The One-China Principle and the Taiwan Issue". PRC Taiwan Affairs Office and the Information Office of the State Council. 2005. Retrieved 2006-03-06. See Sec. 1: "Since the KMT ruling clique retreated to Taiwan, although its regime has continued to use the designations "Republic of China" and "government of the Republic of China," it has long since completely forfeited its right to exercise state sovereignty on behalf of China and, in reality, has always remained only a local authority in Chinese territory."
- ^ Swaine, Michael. "3". Tawian's Foreign and Defense Policies: Features and Determinants (PDF). RAND Corporation. p. 30. ISBN 0-8330-3094-9. Retrieved 2006-03-05.
Efforts to accurately measure and assess public and group views and interests on these and other issues are fraught with problems, however, such as political bias and the use of unscientific methodologies. A significant number of opinion polls are conducted each year by Taiwan's political parties, newspapers, and various politically-oriented private groups or foundations on a wide range of subjects. Many such polls arguably produce inaccurate results, either as a result of sampling errors, biased questions, or a subject's awareness of the highly partisan nature of the polling agency.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ "2004 National Defense Report" (PDF). ROC Ministry of National Defense. 2004. Retrieved 2006-03-05. Pages 89-90: "The PRC refusal to renounce using military power against Taiwan, its current emphasis on "enhancing preparation for military struggle," its obvious intention of preparing a war against Taiwan reflected in operational deployment, readiness efforts, and annual military exercises in the Southeast China coastal region, and its progress in aerospace operations, information warfare, paralyzation warfare, and non-conventional warfare, all of these factors work together so that the ROC Armed Forces face an increasingly complicated and difficult situation in terms of self-defense and counterattack. These multiple daunting challenges are testing our defense security."
- ^ "Executive Summary of Report to Congress on implementation of the Taiwan Relations Act". Report to Congress Pursuant to Public Law 106-113. U.S. Department of Defense. 2000. Retrieved 2005-03-05.
- ^ "Overview of U.S. Policy Towards Taiwan" (Press release). U.S. Department of State. 2004-04-21.
{{cite press release}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "The World Factbook". CIA. 2006-05-03.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "TECRO Profile & Mission". TECRO in the United States. 2006-05-03.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "WHO application: a question of health or politics?". The Taipei Times. 2004-05-19.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Taiwan flags in S.L. ruffle a few feelings". The Deseret News. 2002-02-10.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Trejaut, Jean (2005). "Traces of Archaic Mitochondrial Lineages Persist in Austronesian-Speaking Formosan Populations". PLoS Biology. 3 (8).
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ "Finding the Heritage - Reasons for the project". National Anping Harbor Historical Park. Retrieved 2006-03-08.
- ^ Hsu, Minna J. (1997). "Wildlife conservation in Taiwan". Conservation Biology. 11 (4): 834–836.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ "Build History of Main Routes of Taiwan Railway". Taiwan Railway Administration. 2006. Retrieved 2006-03-06.
- ^ ""This Is the Shame"". Time Magazine. 1946-06-10.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) (Subscription required) - ^ "Snow Red & Moon Angel". Time Magazine. 1947-04-07.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) (Subscription required) Full version at [1] - ^ U.S. Department of Defense (1950). "Classified Teletype Conference, dated June 27, 1950, between the Pentagon and General Douglas MacArthur regarding authorization to use naval and air forces in support of South Korea. Papers of Harry S. Truman: Naval Aide Files". Truman Presidential Library & Museum.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) Page 1: "In addition 7th Fleet will take station so as to prevent invasion of Formosa and to insure that Formosa not be used as base of operations against Chinese mainland." Page 4: "Seventh Fleet is hereby assigned to operational control CINCFE for employment in following task hereby assigned CINCFE: By naval and air action prevent any attack on Formosa, or any air or sea offensive from Formosa against mainland of China." - ^ See UN General Assembly Resolution 2758.
- ^ "Opposition wins Taiwan presidency". BBC. 2000-03-18.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Taiwan split after vote". BBC. 2004-03-20.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Field Listing - Climate". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2006-03-08.
- ^ "Monthly Mean Days of Precipitation". Climate Data. ROC Central Weather Bureau. Retrieved 2006-03-08.
- ^ "Rescuers hunt quake survivors". BBC. 1999-09-21.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Taiwan: Environmental Issues". Country Analysis Brief - Taiwan. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved 2006-03-08. "The government credits the APC system with helping to reduce the number of days when the country's pollution standard index score exceeded 100 from 7% of days in 1994 to 3% of days in 2001. "
- ^ "Paul Krugman". The Myth of Asia's Miracle: A Cautionary Fable. 2006. Retrieved 2006-04-02.
- ^ "Low birthrate a concern for nation's economic future". The Taipei Times. 2005-11-21.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Taiwan". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2006-03-05.
- ^ "Religion". ROC Tourism Bureau. Retrieved 2006-03-06.