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Varuna

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For other uses, see Varuna (disambiguation).
Varuna
God of Water
Member of the Pancha Bhoota
The God Varuna on his mount Makara, 1675–1700
Painted in: India, Rajasthan, Bundi, placed in LACMA museum
Devanagariवरुण
Sanskrit transliterationVaruṇa
AffiliationĀdityas
Deva
AbodeJalloka, Ocean
MantraOm Varunaaya Namah
Weaponnoose
MountMakara
Genealogy
ParentsKashyapa, Aditi
SiblingsAgni, Vayu, Indra, Samudra, Brihaspati
ConsortVaruni

Varuna (/ˈvɜːrʊnə, ˈvɑːrə-/;[1] Sanskrit: वरुण, IAST: Váruṇa, Malay: Baruna) is a Vedic deity associated first with sky, later with waters as well as with Ṛta (justice) and Satya (truth).[2][3] He is found in the oldest layer of Vedic literature of Hinduism, such as the hymn 7.86 of the Rigveda.[3] He is also mentioned in the Tamil grammar work Tolkāppiyam, as the god of sea and rain.[4]

In the Hindu Puranas, Varuna is the god of oceans, his vehicle is a Makara (part fish, sea creature) and his weapon is a Pasha (noose, rope loop).[2][5] He is the guardian deity of the western direction.[3] In some texts, he is the father of Vedic sage Vasishtha.[2]

Varuna is found in Japanese Buddhist mythology as Suiten.[5] He is also found in Jainism.[6][7].

Etymology

Varuna iconography at the 11th-century Rajarani Hindu temple.[8]

The theonym Varuṇa is a derivation from the verbal vṛ ("to surround, to cover" or "to restrain, bind") by means of a suffigal -uṇa-, for an interpretation of the name as "he who covers or binds", in reference to the cosmological ocean or river encircling the world, but also in reference to the "binding" by universal law or Ṛta .[5]

Georges Dumézil (1934) made a cautious case for the identity of Varuna and the Greek god Ouranos at the earliest Indo-European cultural level.[9] [10] The etymological identification of the name Ouranos with the Sanskrit Varuṇa is based in the derivation of both names from the PIE root *ŭer with a sense of "binding" – the Indic king-god Varuṇa binds the wicked, the Greek king-god Ouranos binds the Cyclopes. While the derivation of the name Varuṇa from this root is undisputed, this derivation of the Greek name is now widely rejected in favour of derivation from the root *wers- "to moisten, drip" (Sanskrit vṛṣ "to rain, pour").[11]

Texts

Vedas

In the earliest layer of the Rigveda, Varuna is the guardian of moral law, one who punishes those who sin without remorse, and who forgives those who err with remorse.[12][13] He is mentioned in many Rigvedic hymns, such as 7.86–88, 1.25, 2.27–30, 8.8, 9.73 and others.[12][5] His relationship with waters, rivers and oceans is mentioned in the Vedas.[14] Vedic poets describe him as an aspect and one of the plural perspectives of the same divine or spiritual principle.[15][16] For example, hymn 5.3 of the Rigveda states:

You at your birth are Varuna, O Agni.
When you are kindled, you are Mitra.
In you, O son of strength, all gods are centered.
You are Indra to the mortal who brings oblation.
You are Aryaman, when you are regarded as having
 the mysterious names of maidens, O Self-sustainer.

— Rigveda 5.3.1-2, Translator: Hermann Oldenberg[15][17]

Varuna and Mitra are the gods of the societal affairs including the oath, and are often twinned Mitra-Varuna.[18][19] Both Mitra and Varuna are classified as Asuras in the Rigveda (e.g. RV 5.63.3), although they are also addressed as Devas as well (e.g. RV 7.60.12).[20] Varuna, being the king of the Asuras, was adopted or made the change to a Deva after the structuring of the primordial cosmos, imposed by Indra after he defeats Vrtra.[21]

Varuna with Varunani. Statue carved out of basalt, dates back to 8th century CE, discovered in Karnataka. On display at the Prince of Wales museum, Mumbai.

According to Doris Srinivasan, a professor of Indology focusing on religion, Varuna-Mitra pair is an ambiguous deity just like Rudra-Shiva pair.[22] Both have wrathful-gracious aspects in Indian mythology.[23] Both Varuna and Rudra are synonymous with "all comprehensive sight, knowledge", both were the guardian deity of the north in the Vedic texts (Varuna later gets associated with west), both can be offered "injured, ill offerings", all of which suggest that Varuna may have been conceptually overlapping with Rudra.[22] Further, the Rigvedic hymn 5.70 calls Mitra-Varuna pair as rudra, states Srinivasan.[22] According to Samuel Macey and other scholars, Varuna had been the more ancient Indo-Aryan deity in 2nd millennium BCE, who gave way to Rudra in the Hindu pantheon, and Rudra-Shiva became both "timeless and the god of time".[23][24]

In Vajasaneyi Samhita 21.40 (Yajurveda), Varuna is called the patron deity of physicians, one who has "a hundred, a thousand remedies".[22] His capacity and association with "all comprehensive knowledge" is also found in the Atharvaveda (~1000 BCE).[25] Varuna also finds a mention in the early Upanishads, where his role evolves. In verse 3.9.26 of the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (~800 BCE), for example, he is stated to be the god of the western quarter, but one who is founded on "water" and dependent ultimately on "the heart" and the fire of soul.[26] In the Katha Upanishad, Aditi is identified to be same as the goddess earth. She is stated in the Vedic texts to be the mother of Varuna and Mitra along with other Vedic gods, and in later Hindu mythology she as mother earth is stated to be mother of all gods.[27][28]

In Yajurveda it is said: "In fact Varuna is Vishnu and Vishnu is Varuna and hence the auspicious offering is to be made to these deities." || 8.59 || [29]

Ramayana

Varuna himself arose from the depth of the ocean and begged Rama for forgiveness.

Rama interacts with Varuna in the Hindu epic Ramayana. For example, faced with the dilemma of how to cross the ocean to Lanka, where his abducted wife Sita is held captive by the demon king Ravana, Rama (an Avatar of Vishnu) performs a pravpavesha (prayer, tapasya) to Varuna, the Lord of Oceans, for three days and three nights, states Ramesh Menon.[30] Varuna does not respond, and Rama arises on the fourth morning, enraged. He states to his brother Lakshamana that "even lords of the elements listen only to violence, Varuna does not respect gentleness, and peaceful prayers go unheard".[30]

With his bow and arrow, Rama prepares to attack the oceans to burn up the waters and create a bed of sand for his army of monkeys to cross and thus confront Ravana. Lakshmana appeals to Rama, translates Menon, that he should return to "peaceful paths of our fathers, you can win this war without laying waste the sea".[30] Rama shoots his weapon sending the ocean into flames. As Rama increases the ferocity of his weapons, Varuna arises out of the oceans. He bows to Rama, stating that he himself did not know how to help Rama because the sea is deep, vast and he cannot change the nature of sea. Varuna asked Rama to remember that he is "the soul of peace and love, wrath does not suit him". Varuna promised to Rama that he will not disturb him or his army as they build a bridge and cross over to Lanka.[30]

In Tolkappiyam

The Tolkāppiyam, a Tamil grammar work from 3rd century BCE divides the people of ancient Tamilakam into 5 Sangam landscape divisions: kurinji, mullai, paalai, marutham and neithal.[31] Each landscape are designated with different gods. Neithal is described as a seashore landscape occupied by fishermen, with the god of sea and rain, Varunan or Kadalōn.[4] "Varuna" means water which donates the ocean in the Tamil language.[32]

Sindhi Hindus

Jhulelal is considered an incarnation of Varuna by Sindhi Hindus.

Jhulelal is believed by Sindhi Hindus to be an incarnation of Varuna.[33] They celebrate the festival of Cheti Chand in his honor. The festival marks the arrival of spring and harvest, but in Sindhi community it also marks the mythical birth of Uderolal in year 1007, after they prayed to Hindu god Varuna to save them from the persecution by tyrannical Muslim ruler named Mirkhshah.[34][35][36] Uderolal morphed into a warrior and old man who preached and reprimanded Mirkhshah that Muslims and Hindus deserve the same religious freedoms. He, as Jhulelal,[36] became the champion of the people in Sindh, from both religions. Among his Sufi Muslim followers, Jhulelal is known as "Khwaja Khizir" or "Sheikh Tahit" both refer of Lal Shahbaz Qalandar. The Hindu Sindhi, according to this legend, celebrate the new year as Uderolal's birthday.[36][34]

East Asian Buddhism

Suitengū (Tokyo) is a Shinto shrine to Varuna.

In East Asian Buddhism, Varuna is one of the twelve deities (Jūniten 十二天), guardian deities who are found in Buddhist temples.[37] Varuna was called Shuitian in Chinese or Suiten in Japanese (水天, lit. "Watery Sky").[38] Varuna joins the other eleven deities: Indra (Jap. Taishakuten), Agni (Katen), Yama (Emmaten), Nirrti (Rasetsuten), Vayu (Futen), Ishana (Ishanaten), Kubera (Tamonten), Brahma (Bonten), Prithvi (Chiten), Surya (Nitten), Chandra (Gatten).[39][40] From Buddhism, Suiten was also incorporated into the Shinto religion of Japan.

Shinto

Varuna is also worshipped in Japan's Shinto religion. One of the Shinto shrines dedicated to him is the Suitengū ("Palace of Suiten") in Tokyo. After the Japanese emperor issued the Shinbutsu bunri, the separation of Shinto and Buddhist practices as part of the Meiji Restoration, Varuna/Suiten was identified with the Japanese supreme God, Amenominakanushi.[41]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Varuna". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
  2. ^ a b c George Mason Williams (2003). Handbook of Hindu Mythology. ABC-CLIO. p. 294. ISBN 978-1-57607-106-9.
  3. ^ a b c James G. Lochtefeld (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 741. ISBN 978-0-8239-3180-4.
  4. ^ a b Journal of Tamil Studies. International Institute of Tamil Studies. 1969. p. 131.
  5. ^ a b c d Adrian Snodgrass (1992). The Symbolism of the Stupa. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 120–122 with footnotes. ISBN 978-81-208-0781-5.
  6. ^ Sehdev Kumar (2001). A Thousand Petalled Lotus: Jain Temples of Rajasthan : Architecture & Iconography. Abhinav Publications. p. 18. ISBN 978-81-7017-348-9.
  7. ^ Kristi L. Wiley (2009). The A to Z of Jainism. Scarecrow. p. 248. ISBN 978-0-8108-6821-2.
  8. ^ George Michell (1977). The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms. University of Chicago Press. pp. 4, 44–45 with Figure 15. ISBN 978-0-226-53230-1.
  9. ^ Dumézil, Ouranós-Váruna: Étude de mythologie comparée indo-européenne (Paris:Maisonneuve 1932).
  10. ^ Georges Dumézil, Ouranos-Varuna – Essai de mythologie comparée indo-européenne (Paris: G.-P. Maisonneuve, 1934).
  11. ^ Manfred Mayrhofer, Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen, vol. 2, s.v. "Váruṇa" (Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1996), 515–6. Edgar C. Polomé, "Binder-god", in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (London–Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997), 65.
  12. ^ a b Mariasusai Dhavamony (1982). Classical Hinduism. Gregorian. pp. 167–168 with footnotes. ISBN 978-88-7652-482-0.
  13. ^ John Gwyn Griffiths (1991). The Divine Verdict: A Study of Divine Judgement in the Ancient Religions. BRILL. pp. 132–133. ISBN 90-04-09231-5.
  14. ^ Hermann Oldenberg (1988). The Religion of the Veda. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 104. ISBN 978-81-208-0392-3.
  15. ^ a b Hermann Oldenberg (1988). The Religion of the Veda. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 51. ISBN 978-81-208-0392-3.
  16. ^ Moriz Winternitz (1996). A History of Indian Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 91–92. ISBN 978-81-208-0264-3.
  17. ^ See also, Griffith's translation of this hymn: Wikisource
  18. ^ Hermann Oldenberg (1988). The Religion of the Veda. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 95–98. ISBN 978-81-208-0392-3.
  19. ^ David Leeming (2005). The Oxford Companion to World Mythology. Oxford University Press. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-19-028888-4.
  20. ^ Bane, Theresa (2012). Encyclopedia of Demons in World Religions and Cultures. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 323. ISBN 978-0-7864-8894-0. OCLC 774276733. Retrieved 2018-12-06.
  21. ^ F. B. J. Kuiper (1975), The Basic Concept of Vedic Religion, History of Religions, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Nov., 1975), pp. 107-120
  22. ^ a b c d Doris Srinivasan (1997). Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art. BRILL Academic. pp. 48–49. ISBN 90-04-10758-4.
  23. ^ a b Samuel L. Macey (2010). Patriarchs of Time. University of Georgia Press. pp. 2–3, 165. ISBN 978-0-8203-3797-5.
  24. ^ J. P. Mallory; D. Q. Adams (2006). The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World. Oxford University Press. pp. 430–432. ISBN 978-0-19-928791-8.
  25. ^ Srinivasan, Doris (1978). "The Religious Significance of Divine Multiple Body Parts in the Atharva Veda". Numen. 25 (3). Brill Academic Publishers: 198–200, context: 193–225. doi:10.1163/156852778x00245.
  26. ^ The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text and Translation. Oxford University Press. 1998. pp. 98–101. ISBN 978-0-19-535242-9.
  27. ^ The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text and Translation. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 478. ISBN 978-0-19-535242-9.
  28. ^ Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1898). Vedic Mythology. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 120–124, 30–34, 45–46. ISBN 978-81-208-1113-3.
  29. ^ Pandey, R. Yajurveda. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Limited. p. 48. ISBN 978-81-288-2284-1. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  30. ^ a b c d Ramesh Menon (2004). The Ramayana: A Modern Retelling of the Great Indian Epic. Macmillan. pp. 376–379. ISBN 978-1-4668-2625-0.
  31. ^ Bate, Bernard (2010-06-01). Tamil Oratory and the Dravidian Aesthetic: Democratic Practice in South India. Columbia University Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-231-51940-3.
  32. ^ Manickam, Valliappa Subramaniam; Nadu, Academy of Tamil Scholars of Tamil (1968). A glimpse of Tamilology. Academy of Tamil Scholars of Tamil Nadu. p. 174.
  33. ^ Roshen Dalal (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books India. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
  34. ^ a b Mark-Anthony Falzon (2004). Cosmopolitan Connections: The Sindhi Diaspora, 1860–2000. BRILL. pp. 58–60. ISBN 90-04-14008-5.
  35. ^ P. Pratap Kumar (2014). Contemporary Hinduism. Routledge. pp. 120–124. ISBN 978-1-317-54636-8.
  36. ^ a b c S. Ramey (2008). Hindu, Sufi, or Sikh: Contested Practices and Identifications of Sindhi Hindus in India and Beyond. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 8, 36. ISBN 978-0-230-61622-6.
  37. ^ Twelve Heavenly Deities (Devas) Nara National Museum, Japan
  38. ^ Adrian Snodgrass (2007), The Symbolism of the Stupa, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120807815, pages 120-124, 298-300
  39. ^ Willem Frederik Stutterheim et al (1995), Rāma-legends and Rāma-reliefs in Indonesia, ISBN 978-8170172512, pages xiv-xvi
  40. ^ S Biswas (2000), Art of Japan, Northern, ISBN 978-8172112691, page 184
  41. ^ "Tokyo Suitengu monogatari" 1985 Kodansha, ISBN 406202117X
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