Albania–Greece relations: Difference between revisions

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After Albanian declaration of independence in 1912 land division between Albania and Greece was finally solved under the force of the Great Powers ([[Austria–Hungary]] and [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]]) with the Florence Protocol. Relations did not improve until 1939 with the [[Italian invasion of Albania|occupation of Albania]] by [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]]. Greek and Albanian forces came into conflict during the [[Greco-Italian War]] even though during the [[Axis Occupation of Greece]] the Greek and Albanian resistance groups were in close contact and even exchanged information about the Nazi occupation forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ahistoryofgreece.com/worldwarII.htm|title=Greece in the Second World War|publisher=|accessdate=8 April 2016}}</ref>
After Albanian declaration of independence in 1912 land division between Albania and Greece was finally solved under the force of the Great Powers ([[Austria–Hungary]] and [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]]) with the Florence Protocol. Relations did not improve until 1939 with the [[Italian invasion of Albania|occupation of Albania]] by [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]]. Greek and Albanian forces came into conflict during the [[Greco-Italian War]] even though during the [[Axis Occupation of Greece]] the Greek and Albanian resistance groups were in close contact and even exchanged information about the Nazi occupation forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ahistoryofgreece.com/worldwarII.htm|title=Greece in the Second World War|publisher=|accessdate=8 April 2016}}</ref>


Following a freeze lasting more than 30 years, the two countries re-established diplomatic relations in 1971, at an instance where economic cooperation and strategic calculations made [[Enver Hoxha]] and the right-wing [[Greek military junta of 1967–1974]] explore paths of cooperation.<ref name="Nafpliotis2009">{{cite book|author =Nafpliotis, Alexandros |title=Greece in the Balkans: Memory, Conflict and Exchange; "The 1971 Re-establishment of Diplomatic Relations between Greece and Albania: Cooperation and Strategic Partnership within Cold War Bipolarity?" in Anastasakis, Bechev and Vrousalis (eds.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yH8fQAAACAAJ&dq=Greece+in+the+Balkans:+Memory,+Conflict+and+Exchange&hl=en&sa=X&ei=p7uQUcqhMory4QSiqIHgCw&redir_esc=y|year=2009|publisher=Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn= 9781443813150}}</ref>
Following a freeze lasting more than 30 years, the two countries re-established diplomatic relations in 1971, at an instance where economic cooperation and strategic calculations made [[Enver Hoxha]] and the right-wing [[Greek military junta of 1967–1974]] explore paths of cooperation.<ref name="Nafpliotis2009">{{cite book|author =Nafpliotis, Alexandros |title=Greece in the Balkans: Memory, Conflict and Exchange; "The 1971 Re-establishment of Diplomatic Relations between Greece and Albania: Cooperation and Strategic Partnership within Cold War Bipolarity?" in Anastasakis, Bechev and Vrousalis (eds.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yH8fQAAACAAJ&dq=Greece+in+the+Balkans:+Memory,+Conflict+and+Exchange&hl=en&sa=X&ei=p7uQUcqhMory4QSiqIHgCw&redir_esc=y|year=2009|publisher=Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn= 9781443813150}}</ref>

===Cham issue===
{{main|Cham issue}}
The ''Cham issue'' refers to a controversy which has been raised by [[Albania]] since the 1990s over the [[Right of Return|repatriation]] of the [[Cham Albanians]], who were [[Expulsion of Cham Albanians|expelled]] from the Greek region of [[Epirus (region)|Epirus]] between 1944 and 1945, at the end of [[World War II]], citing the [[Axis-Cham Albanian collaboration|collaboration of the majority of them]] with the [[Axis Occupation of Greece|occupying forces]] of the [[Axis powers]].<ref>[[#Meyer|Meyer 2008]]: 705 "The Albanian minority of the Chams collaborated in large parts with the Italians and the Germans".</ref><ref name="RoudometofRobertson2001">{{cite book|author1=Victor Roudometof|author2=Roland Robertson|title=Nationalism, Globalization, and Orthodoxy: The Social Origins of Ethnic Conflict in the Balkans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9p_m7oXQ00C&pg=PA190|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-31949-5|pages=190–}} "During World War II, the majority of Chams sided with the Axis forces..."</ref> While Albania presses for the issue to be re-opened, Greece considers the matter closed. However, it was agreed to create a bilateral commission, only about the property issue, as a technical problem. The commission was set up in 1999, but has not yet functioned.<ref name = "Vickers, Miranda 2002"/>


==Confederation aspirations==
==Confederation aspirations==

Revision as of 02:51, 25 June 2017

Albanian-Greek relations
Map indicating locations of Albania and Greece

Albania
Greece

Albanian–Greek relations are the bilateral foreign relations between Albania and Greece. Due to the strong presence of Albanian communities in Greece and the Greek communities in Albania, and the frequent high-level contacts between the governments of Albania and Greece, the two countries today enjoy warm diplomatic relations. Both countries are members of many international organizations, including the Council of Europe and NATO, and share common political views about the Balkans and the world, with Greece being a strong supporter of the EU candidacy of Albania, by proposing "Agenda 2014"[1] for promoting the integration of all the Western Balkan states into the European Union.[2] Under the Greek EU Presidency, Albania, on 24 June 2014 was granted official EU candidate status[3][4] which coincided with the 10th anniversary of "Agenda 2014".

Greece is Albania's largest investor and main trading partner, and along with Italy, Greece strongly supported Albania's NATO entry, which was achieved in 2009. The governments of the two countries cooperate in many fields, from market and energy, to military, tourism and culture, with large projects such as the Trans Adriatic Pipeline and the Hydroelectric power plants. The Greek government also is one of Albania's largest donors and the main foreign donor of the National Theater of Albania.[5]

Modern diplomatic relations between the two countries were established in 1971 and today are regarded as good.[6] Current issues in the agenda of the two NATO members include the abolition of the status of war that is still in effect between Greece and Albania, since the Second World War when the Italian forces attacked Greece in October 1940.[7][8][9] and the human right issues the Greek minority faces in Albania.[10][11]

There is a great degree of historical, cultural, linguistic and anthropological similarities between Albanians and Greeks which has aided cultural relations greatly.[citation needed]

History

Further information: Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus and Cham Albanians
Foreign Minister of Albania Edmond Panariti and Foreign Minister of Greece Dimitris Avramopoulos in October 2012.

After Albanian declaration of independence in 1912 land division between Albania and Greece was finally solved under the force of the Great Powers (Austria–Hungary and Italy) with the Florence Protocol. Relations did not improve until 1939 with the occupation of Albania by Italy. Greek and Albanian forces came into conflict during the Greco-Italian War even though during the Axis Occupation of Greece the Greek and Albanian resistance groups were in close contact and even exchanged information about the Nazi occupation forces.[12]

Following a freeze lasting more than 30 years, the two countries re-established diplomatic relations in 1971, at an instance where economic cooperation and strategic calculations made Enver Hoxha and the right-wing Greek military junta of 1967–1974 explore paths of cooperation.[13]

Cham issue

Main article: Cham issue

The Cham issue refers to a controversy which has been raised by Albania since the 1990s over the repatriation of the Cham Albanians, who were expelled from the Greek region of Epirus between 1944 and 1945, at the end of World War II, citing the collaboration of the majority of them with the occupying forces of the Axis powers.[14][15] While Albania presses for the issue to be re-opened, Greece considers the matter closed. However, it was agreed to create a bilateral commission, only about the property issue, as a technical problem. The commission was set up in 1999, but has not yet functioned.[16]

Confederation aspirations

There had been numerous discussions, research and attempts by Albanians and Greeks to form a confederation during the Ottoman period.[17] In the 19th century there were plans to create a Greek-Albanian confederation, which was revived from the earlier 18th century plans. In 1907 a special protocol and memorandum of understanding was signed by Neoklis Kazazis and Ismail Qemali, the first Prime Minister of Albania. Furthermore, Arvanite author Aristides Kollias in his book "The proclamation of the Association of Arvanites" states "from 1881 to 1907 we have sustained efforts and repeated consultations between Greeks and Albanians to create a Greek-Albanian state." In addition, Thanos Paleologos-Anagnostopoulos in his book "Greece and Albania in the early 20th century (1995)" stated that Ismail Qemali, a philhellene, worked with numerous Greek politicians and lobbyists, including Arvanite leaders, on a possible Greek-Albanian federation, one that "maintains national and religious independence of the two peoples."[18] Likewise, Neoklis Kazazis saw this as a way of Greece quashing Italian influence in the region. [19]

Overview

Albania maintains an embassy in Athens and consulates in Ioannina and Thessaloniki. Greece maintains an embassy in Tirana and consulates in Gjirokastër and Korçë.

Modern relations

Greek PM Papandreou meets Unity for Human Rights Party leader Vangjel Dule and Omonoia leader Vasil Bollano.

After the fall of communism in Albania in 1992, a large number of economic refugees and immigrants from Albania (and other formerly Communist countries including Bulgaria, Republic of Macedonia, Romania, Russia, Ukraine, Armenia and Georgia) arrived in Greece, mostly as illegal immigrants, to seek employment. Albanians in Greece comprise 60-65% of the total number of immigrants in Greece. According to the 2001 census, there are officially 443,550 holders of Albanian citizenship in Greece.[20][21]

In the 1990s, Greece preferred and assisted Fatos Nano as Albanian leader due to him being Orthodox over Sali Berisha a Muslim, as Nano was seen as being friendlier to Greek interests.[22] During the Albanian Rebellion of 1997, Greece participated in the multinational peacekeeping and humanitarian Operation Alba. Also, before the Operation Alba, Greece participated in the "Operation Kosmas" at March 15, 1997 which was the evacuation of 240 Foreign dignitaries from Albania. Today, both nations have described their relations as 'excellent' with Albania considering Greece one of its 'strongest and most important allies', as both are NATO member-states and are enjoying close relations nowadays.[6] Greece opposed for the route of the Trans Adriatic Pipeline passing through Albanian territory, as it would allow Albania to become transmission hub for gas in the Western Balkans.[23]

Kosovo Issue

Albania was the first state to recognize Kosovo as an independent state, meanwhile Greece maintains a neutral position on the issue, stating that it would make a decision whether to recognise independent Kosovo or not after examining the issue in depth and that its decision would come as a result of close cooperation with European and neighboring countries, bearing in mind Serbia's role in maintaining regional stability.[24]

Bilateral relations and cooperation

The two socialist leaders of Albania and Greece in 2011, Edi Rama and George Papandreou

The relations have significantly improved since 1991; Greece and Albania signed a Friendship, Cooperation, Good Neighborliness and Security Agreement on 21 March 1996. Additionally, Greece is Albania's main foreign investor, having invested more than 400 million dollars in Albania, Albania's second largest trading partner, with Greek products accounting for some 21% of Albanian imports, and 12% of Albanian exports coming to Greece, and Albania's fourth largest donor country, having provided aid amounting to 73.8 million euros.[25]

Greece is a staunch supporter of the Euro-Atlantic integration of the Republic of Albania, and since Albania's NATO entry in May 2009, Albanian-Greek relations have been developing on all fronts. The relations, particularly after the election victory of Edi Rama in 2013, have seen massive improvement and warming of relations between the two nations[26] for a short period of time, with the Albanian Chief of Foreign Policy, Ralf Gjoni, describing the diplomatic relations between two countries as "excellent". However, during the year 2014, only a year after Rama's election, Albania and Greece relations deteriorated and became increasingly strained, due to Rama's refusal of the agreement that defined the Maritime borders and set the Exclusive Economic Zone between the two countries, which Albania's previous government signed with Greece in 2009.[27] Despite the difficulties in the relations between the two countries, Greece, is regarded as Albania's most important European Union ally and partner.[28]

Both states are co-operating in many fields, such as political, judicial, energy and tourism. There are regular high-level visits between the two countries, and frequent contacts between the two countries' governments, parliaments and the local authorities on various matters concerning individual sectors and mutual interests. Big projects currently in running between the two countries include the touristic development of the Ionian coastline shared between the two countries, and the Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP). Official meetings between the two governments and the parliaments are frequent and the armies of both states are conducting co-training in a regular basis as part of the NATO training programme for the modernization of the Albanian Army Forces.

Under the Greek EU Presidency, Albania, on 24 June 2014 was granted the official EU candidate status which coincides with the 10th anniversary of the "Agenda 2014" proposed by the Greek Government for boosting the integration of Albania and all the Western Balkan states into the European Union.

Notable visits

Guest Host Place of visit Date of visit
Greece Foreign Minister Nikos Kotzias Albania Foreign Minister Ditmir Bushati Tirana, Albania July 2015
Albania Foreign Minister Ditmir Bushati Greece Foreign Minister Nikos Kotzias Athens, Greece May 2016

State visit by Nikos Kotzias

In July 2015, Greek Foreign Minister Nikos Kotzias visited Albania for two days (14-16) as part of his Western Balkans tour.[29] During his visit both nations reaffirmed their close ties, saying there are no open issues or taboo topics between the two. They agreed the sea issue will be sorted in due course, but both Ministers stressed the close, strategic and friendly ties of the people. Kotzias made note of the Greek National Minority, Albanians in Greece and their common past and future as bridges to sustainable, strong and fruitful relations.[30]

Bilateral agreement on maritime borders

The Greek Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis and the Albanian Prime Minister Sali Berisha signed the agreement in 2004 for the protection of their maritime borders allowing the two countries to further enhance their cooperation on the economic aspect. Following the agreement Kostas Karamanlis expressed his firm support for the integration of Albania in the European Union together with other Balkan countries.[31]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Agenda 2014" (PDF). mfa.gr. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
  2. ^ "Greece's EU Presidency and the Challenge of Western Balkan Enlargement Policies in Light of the Crisis" (PDF). suedosteuropa.uni. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
  3. ^ "EU candidate status for Albania". European Commission. 24 June 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  4. ^ "European Union - EEAS (European External Action Service) | EU candidate status for Albania". European Union Delegation to Albania. 24 June 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  5. ^ "Greece gives 2.5 mil. Euro to Albania for National Theater". albanians.gr. 17 November 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  6. ^ a b "Albanian official: 'We are much more pro-European than several EU members'". EurActiv.com. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  7. ^ "Albania Asks Greece to Declare War Finally Over". Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  8. ^ http://www.balkaneu.com/war-peace-albanian-grek-relations/
  9. ^ "Albania Asks Greece to End State of War". Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  10. ^ "Albania: The Greek Minority". Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  11. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 15 November 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-15. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. ^ "Greece in the Second World War". Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  13. ^ Nafpliotis, Alexandros (2009). Greece in the Balkans: Memory, Conflict and Exchange; "The 1971 Re-establishment of Diplomatic Relations between Greece and Albania: Cooperation and Strategic Partnership within Cold War Bipolarity?" in Anastasakis, Bechev and Vrousalis (eds.). Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781443813150.
  14. ^ Meyer 2008: 705 "The Albanian minority of the Chams collaborated in large parts with the Italians and the Germans".
  15. ^ Victor Roudometof; Roland Robertson (2001). Nationalism, Globalization, and Orthodoxy: The Social Origins of Ethnic Conflict in the Balkans. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 190–. ISBN 978-0-313-31949-5. "During World War II, the majority of Chams sided with the Axis forces..."
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference Vickers, Miranda 2002 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ http://www.academia.edu/3475296/Historical_Greek-Albanian_Relations_Some_Mysteries_and_Riddles
  18. ^ http://www.himara.gr/prosopa/974-ismail-kemal-filellinas
  19. ^ http://www.greeks-albanians.com/eng-m-ga/eng-m-ga-fed/126-efforts-for-the-creation-of-a-greek-albanian-federation-19th-20th-century
  20. ^ Greencard1998_ ResPerm2004v4correctedFINAL.xls Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ "Η σελίδα της Αλβανικής Κοινότητας Στην Ελλάδα". Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  22. ^ Konidaris, Gerasimos (2005). "Examining policy responses to immigration in the light of interstate relations and foreign policy objectives: Greece and Albania". In King, Russell; Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie (eds.). The new Albanian migration. Brighton: Sussex Academic. ISBN 9781903900789. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help) pp. 80–81. "Greece's favorite candidate in these elections was clearly MR. Nano. As emerges from the interview material, he –unlike Berisha- was held in high esteem by the Greek side. It should not escape notice that Nano was by origin Orthodox Christian from Southern Albania, whereas Berisha was a northern Muslim... Greece's favour towards Nano was clearly demonstrated in June, when he was allowed to speak to a crowd of Albanian citizens at a pre-election rally in one of Athens' central squares. The police did not interfere and no arrests of illegal immigrants were made."
  23. ^ Mejdini, Fatjona (31 March 2017). "Albania Spies Gold in Projects Linked to TAP". Balkan Insight.
  24. ^ Statements of FM Ms. Bakoyannis following the EU General Affairs and External Relations Council (GAERC, Brussels), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece, 2008-02-18 Archived May 3, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ Greek Ministry for Foreign Affairs: Bilateral relations between Greece and Albania.
  26. ^ Maria Papathanasiou (4 November 2013). "Karolos Papoulias visits Albania - GreekReporter.com". Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  27. ^ Kathimerini Newspaper: Albania-Greece EEZ agreement to suffer setback, strain relations.
  28. ^ "Albeu.com - Greece supports EU candidate status for Albania". Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  29. ^ http://www.balkaneu.com/greek-foreign-minister-announces-tour-visits-balkan-visit-albania
  30. ^ "Joint statements of Foreign Minister Kotzias and Albanian Foreign Minister Ditmir Bushati during their press conference (Tirana, 15 July 2015)". Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  31. ^ http://www.greekembassy.org/Embassy/content/en/Article.aspx?office=2&folder=1013&article=24712

Further reading

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