Casualties of the September 11 attacks: Difference between revisions

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During the [[September 11 attacks]], 2,996 people were killed: 2,977 victims and 19 of the perpetrators.<ref name="Flags">{{Cite news|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20100916051327/http://media.www.theonlinerocket.com/media/storage/paper601/news/2008/09/12/News/Lost-Lives.Remembered.During.911.Ceremony-3427598.shtml|title=Lost lives remembered during 9/11 ceremony|publisher=The Online Rocket|accessdate=August 29, 2010|date=September 12, 2008}} Retrieved from Internet Archive 15 February 2014.</ref> These immediate deaths included 246 victims on the four planes, 2,606 victims inside the [[World Trade Center]] and in the surrounding area, and 125 victims at [[the Pentagon]].<ref name="edition.cnn.com">{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/11/13/khalid.sheikh.mohammed/index.html|title=Accused 9/11 plotter Khalid Sheikh Mohammed faces New York trial|date=November 13, 2009|work=Cabne News Network|accessdate=August 29, 2010}}</ref><ref name="cnn.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/05/16/pentagon.video/index.html|title=First video of Pentagon 9/11 attack released|date=May 16, 2006|work=Cable News Network|accessdate=September 10, 2006}}</ref> The event on September 11, 2001, was the deadliest [[terrorism|terrorist attack]] in world history and the most devastating foreign attack on American soil ever.
During the [[September 11 attacks]], 2,996 people were killed: 2,977 victims and 19 of the perpetrators.<ref name="Flags">{{Cite news|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20100916051327/http://media.www.theonlinerocket.com/media/storage/paper601/news/2008/09/12/News/Lost-Lives.Remembered.During.911.Ceremony-3427598.shtml|title=Lost lives remembered during 9/11 ceremony|publisher=The Online Rocket|accessdate=August 29, 2010|date=September 12, 2008}} Retrieved from Internet Archive 15 February 2014.</ref> These immediate deaths included 246 victims on the four planes, 2,606 victims inside the [[World Trade Center]] and in the surrounding area, and 125 victims at [[the Pentagon]].<ref name="edition.cnn.com">{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/11/13/khalid.sheikh.mohammed/index.html|title=Accused 9/11 plotter Khalid Sheikh Mohammed faces New York trial|date=November 13, 2009|work=Cabne News Network|accessdate=August 29, 2010}}</ref><ref name="cnn.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/05/16/pentagon.video/index.html|title=First video of Pentagon 9/11 attack released|date=May 16, 2006|work=Cable News Network|accessdate=September 10, 2006}}</ref> The event on September 11, 2001, was the deadliest [[terrorism|terrorist attack]] in world history and the most devastating foreign attack on American soil ever.


All of those killed were [[civilian]]s excepting 71 [[law enforcement officers]] and 343 [[firefighters]] who died in the World Trade Center and on the ground in [[New York City]], [[New York]],<ref>[http://www.orgsites.com/va/asis151/Sep11Memorial.pdf September 11 Memorial]</ref> one law enforcement officer who died when [[United Airlines 93]] crashed into the field in [[Shanksville]], [[Pennsylvania]],<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/flni/learn/historyculture/richard-j-guadagno.htm Richard J. Guadagno]</ref> and 55 [[military personnel]] who died at the Pentagon in [[Arlington County]], [[Virginia]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stone|first=Andrea |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/sept11/2002-08-20-pentagon_x.htm |title=Military's aid and comfort ease 9/11 survivors' burden |work=USA Today |date=August 20, 2002 |accessdate=2011-09-02}}</ref> Overall, 2,605 U.S. citizens, including 2,190 civilians, died in the attacks but an additional 372 non-U.S. citizens (excluding the 19 perpetrators) also perished, which represented about 12% of the total.<ref name="edition.cnn.com"/> More than 90 countries lost citizens in the attacks,<ref>{{cite web|last=Walker|first=Carolee|title=Five-Year 9/11 Remembrance Honors Victims from 90 Countries| url=http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/September/20060911141954bcreklaw0.9791071.html| publisher=[[United States Department of State]]| date=September 11, 2006|accessdate=May 18, 2008}}</ref> including the [[United Kingdom]] (including the [[British overseas territory]] of [[Bermuda]]) (67 deaths), the [[Dominican Republic]] (47 deaths), and [[India]] (41 deaths).
All of those killed were [[civilians]] excepting 71 [[law enforcement officers]] and 343 [[firefighters]] who died in the World Trade Center and on the ground in [[New York City]], [[New York]],<ref>[http://www.orgsites.com/va/asis151/Sep11Memorial.pdf September 11 Memorial]</ref> one law enforcement officer who died when [[United Airlines 93]] crashed into the field in [[Shanksville]], [[Pennsylvania]],<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/flni/learn/historyculture/richard-j-guadagno.htm Richard J. Guadagno]</ref> and 55 [[military personnel]] who died at the Pentagon in [[Arlington County]], [[Virginia]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stone|first=Andrea |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/sept11/2002-08-20-pentagon_x.htm |title=Military's aid and comfort ease 9/11 survivors' burden |work=USA Today |date=August 20, 2002 |accessdate=2011-09-02}}</ref> Overall, 2,605 U.S. citizens, including 2,190 civilians, died in the attacks but an additional 372 non-U.S. citizens (excluding the 19 perpetrators) also perished, which represented about 12% of the total.<ref name="edition.cnn.com"/> More than 90 countries lost citizens in the attacks,<ref>{{cite web|last=Walker|first=Carolee|title=Five-Year 9/11 Remembrance Honors Victims from 90 Countries| url=http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/September/20060911141954bcreklaw0.9791071.html| publisher=[[United States Department of State]]| date=September 11, 2006|accessdate=May 18, 2008}}</ref> including the [[United Kingdom]] (including the [[British overseas territory]] of [[Bermuda]]) (67 deaths), the [[Dominican Republic]] (47 deaths), and [[India]] (41 deaths).


Originally, 2,973 victims were confirmed to have died during the initial attacks. However, in 2007, the New York City medical examiner's office began to add people who died of illnesses caused by exposure to dust from the site or went missing in the years after the attacks to the official death toll. The first such victim was a woman, a civil rights lawyer, who had died from a lung condition in February 2002.<ref name="dunn-jones">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/24/nyregion/24dust.html |title=For the First Time, New York Links a Death to 9/11 Dust|author=DePalma, Anthony|publisher=The New York Times|date=May 24, 2007}}</ref> In July 2008, a [[Sneha Anne Philip|missing female doctor]] was added.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/07/10/the-toll-from-911-grows-again/|title=The Toll From 9/11 Grows Again, to 2,751|date=July 10, 2008 |publisher=New York Times|accessdate=May 14, 2015|first=David W. |last=Dunlap}}</ref> In September 2009, the office added a man who died in October 2008,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/12/nyregion/12groundzero.html|title=9/11's Litany of Loss, Joined by Another Name|date= September 2009|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=September 12, 2009|first=Lisa W.|last=Foderaro}}</ref> and in 2011, a man, an accountant, who died in December 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9801E3DF163EF93BA25755C0A9679D8B63|title=New Death Is Added To the Toll From 9/11|date=June 18, 2011|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=September 11, 2011|first=Anemona|last=Hartocollis}}</ref> This raises the number of victims at the [[World Trade Center site]] to 2,753 and the overall 9/11 victim death toll to 2,977.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/27/us/september-11-anniversary-fast-facts/|title=September 11th Fast Facts |date=March 27, 2015 |publisher=CNN|accessdate=May 14, 2015}}</ref>
Originally, 2,973 victims were confirmed to have died during the initial attacks. However, in 2007, the New York City medical examiner's office began to add people who died of illnesses caused by exposure to dust from the site or went missing in the years after the attacks to the official death toll. The first such victim was a woman, a civil rights lawyer, who had died from a lung condition in February 2002.<ref name="dunn-jones">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/24/nyregion/24dust.html |title=For the First Time, New York Links a Death to 9/11 Dust|author=DePalma, Anthony|publisher=The New York Times|date=May 24, 2007}}</ref> In July 2008, a [[Sneha Anne Philip|missing female doctor]] was added.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/07/10/the-toll-from-911-grows-again/|title=The Toll From 9/11 Grows Again, to 2,751|date=July 10, 2008 |publisher=New York Times|accessdate=May 14, 2015|first=David W. |last=Dunlap}}</ref> In September 2009, the office added a man who died in October 2008,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/12/nyregion/12groundzero.html|title=9/11's Litany of Loss, Joined by Another Name|date= September 2009|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=September 12, 2009|first=Lisa W.|last=Foderaro}}</ref> and in 2011, a man, an accountant, who died in December 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9801E3DF163EF93BA25755C0A9679D8B63|title=New Death Is Added To the Toll From 9/11|date=June 18, 2011|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=September 11, 2011|first=Anemona|last=Hartocollis}}</ref> This raises the number of victims at the [[World Trade Center site]] to 2,753 and the overall 9/11 victim death toll to 2,977.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/27/us/september-11-anniversary-fast-facts/|title=September 11th Fast Facts |date=March 27, 2015 |publisher=CNN|accessdate=May 14, 2015}}</ref>

Revision as of 09:02, 14 July 2015

Russian President Vladimir Putin writes a message of consolation at a makeshift memorial wall to the international victims of the September 11 attacks near the World Trade Center site in November 2001.

During the September 11 attacks, 2,996 people were killed: 2,977 victims and 19 of the perpetrators.[1] These immediate deaths included 246 victims on the four planes, 2,606 victims inside the World Trade Center and in the surrounding area, and 125 victims at the Pentagon.[2][3] The event on September 11, 2001, was the deadliest terrorist attack in world history and the most devastating foreign attack on American soil ever.

All of those killed were civilians excepting 71 law enforcement officers and 343 firefighters who died in the World Trade Center and on the ground in New York City, New York,[4] one law enforcement officer who died when United Airlines 93 crashed into the field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania,[5] and 55 military personnel who died at the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia.[6] Overall, 2,605 U.S. citizens, including 2,190 civilians, died in the attacks but an additional 372 non-U.S. citizens (excluding the 19 perpetrators) also perished, which represented about 12% of the total.[2] More than 90 countries lost citizens in the attacks,[7] including the United Kingdom (including the British overseas territory of Bermuda) (67 deaths), the Dominican Republic (47 deaths), and India (41 deaths).

Originally, 2,973 victims were confirmed to have died during the initial attacks. However, in 2007, the New York City medical examiner's office began to add people who died of illnesses caused by exposure to dust from the site or went missing in the years after the attacks to the official death toll. The first such victim was a woman, a civil rights lawyer, who had died from a lung condition in February 2002.[8] In July 2008, a missing female doctor was added.[9] In September 2009, the office added a man who died in October 2008,[10] and in 2011, a man, an accountant, who died in December 2010.[11] This raises the number of victims at the World Trade Center site to 2,753 and the overall 9/11 victim death toll to 2,977.[12]

As of August 2013, medical authorities concluded that 1,140 people who worked, lived, or studied in Lower Manhattan at the time of the attack have been diagnosed with cancer as a result of "exposure to toxins at Ground Zero".[13] Over 1,400 9/11 rescue workers who responded to the scene in the days and months after the attacks have since died.[14] Eleven unborn babies also died on 9/11.[15]

Evacuation

At the time of the attacks, media reports suggested that tens of thousands might have been killed, as on any given day upwards of 100,000 people could be inside the towers. Estimates of the number of people in the Twin Towers when attacked on September 11, 2001 range between 14,000 and 19,000. NIST estimated that approximately 17,400 civilians were in the World Trade Center complex at the time of the attacks.[16] Turnstile counts from the Port Authority indicate that the number of people typically in the Twin Towers by 10:30 am was 14,154.[17]

In the moments after Flight 11 struck the North Tower, the roughly 8,000 people on the floors below the point of impact (the 93rd to 99th floors) were faced with a harrowing scenario. The towers of the World Trade Center complex had not been designed to facilitate a mass evacuation of everybody in the buildings, and in each tower there were only three narrow stairwells descending to the ground level. Many people began to evacuate via the stairs on their own, while others chose to wait for instructions from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Another hindrance to the evacuation of the World Trade Center was that as the planes struck, the force of the impact caused the buildings to shift enough to jam doors in their frames, trapping dozens of people throughout the building, mostly on the floors closer to the impact zone. As evacuees descended down the staircases in the North Tower, they were directed to descend to the concourse level beneath the World Trade Center complex, where the mall was located.

Within moments of Flight 11's impact, the Port Authority issued a complete evacuation of the North Tower. Meanwhile, in the South Tower, many people saw what had happened in the North Tower and chose to evacuate as a precaution. However, the major hindrance to this process was that for the seventeen minutes between the impacts of Flight 11 and Flight 175, it had not yet been determined that a terrorist attack was unfolding, and as a result the Port Authority in the South Tower spread the word via the building's intercom system and security guards for workers in the South Tower to remain in their offices.

This was done in order to avoid overcrowding on the plaza and concourse levels, which was feared would slow the evacuation and rescue operations in the North Tower. Regardless, thousands of people continued to evacuate the South Tower anyway. For example, in the uppermost section of the South Tower between the 78th Floor Sky Lobby and the Observation Deck on the 107th and 110th Floors, there were an estimated 2,000 employees on those floors, including 1,100 on the floors occupied by AON Insurance, those being the 92nd, and 98th-105th. One of AON's executives, Eric Eisenberg, initiated the evacuation of their floors within moments of the impact of Flight 11.[18]

A similar evacuation was carried out on the floors occupied by Fiduciary Trust, on the 90th, 94th-97th floors, as well as in the offices of Fuji Bank (on floors 79-82) and Euro Brokers on floor 84, which occupied the floors directly above the 78th Floor Sky Lobby. Executives such as Eisenberg instructed their employees to take the stairs down to the 78th floor Sky Lobby, where they could take an express elevator to the ground level and exit the building. Within a window of roughly 17 minutes, between 8:46 AM and 9:03 AM, an estimated 1,400 people successfully evacuated the upper floors of the South Tower, while roughly 600 people did not. At the moment of the impact of Flight 175, an estimated 200 people had packed into the Sky Lobby on the 78th Floor and were waiting for the express elevators. Almost all of these people then died, as the lobby was in the lower section of Flight 175's impact zone.

Once both towers had been struck, the order to evacuate the North Tower quickly spread to encompass not only the entire World Trade Center complex, but most high rise buildings in Lower Manhattan and surrounding areas as well. The evacuation of employees from the North and South towers continued past the plaza and through the concourse. Evacuees from the North Tower were directed across the full length of the concourse to 5 World Trade Center, from where they exited the complex onto Church Street. Evacuees from the South Tower were provided with a separate route in order to deter congestion, with theirs leading them to 4 World Trade Center and exiting onto Liberty Street.

Survivors

Only 14 people escaped from the impact zone of the South Tower (floors 77 to 85) after it was struck by United Airlines Flight 175, and only four people from the floors above it. Individuals escaped from the South Tower as high up as the 84th floor using stairwell A in the northwest corner, the only stairwell left intact after the impact. Investigators believe that stairwell A remained passable until the South Tower collapsed at 9:59 am. Because of communication difficulties between 911 operators and FDNY and NYPD responders, most of them were unaware that stairwell A was passable and instructed survivors above the impact zone to wait for assistance by rescue personnel.[19]

After the towers collapsed, only 23 individuals in or below the towers escaped from the debris, including 15 rescue workers. The last survivor removed from the WTC collapse debris was found in the ruins of the North Tower 27 hours after its collapse.[20] A total of 6,294 people were treated in area hospitals for injuries related to the 9/11 attacks in New York City.[citation needed]

Fatalities

World Trade Center

A total of 2,606 victims in New York City who were in the towers and on the ground perished in the attacks on and the subsequent collapse of the World Trade Center.[2][21] This figure includes 343 members of the New York City Fire Department (including the FDNY fire chaplain, Franciscan Fr. Mychal Judge);[22] 71 law enforcement officers including 23 members of the New York City Police Department; 37 members of the Port Authority Police Department; five members of the New York State Department of Taxation and Finance; three members of the New York State Office of Court Administration; one law enforcement member of the New York City Fire Department; one member of the FBI; and one member of the U.S. Secret Service.[23] In addition, eight EMTs and paramedics from private hospital units died in the attacks, and approximately 2,000 first responders were injured (see Emergency workers killed in the September 11 attacks).[24]

1,366 people died at or above the floors of impact in the North Tower. According to the Commission Report, hundreds were killed instantly by the impact while the remainder of the fatalities were trapped above the impact zone and died after the tower collapsed. Although a few people would subsequently be found alive in the rubble following the collapse of the towers, none of these individuals were from above the impact zone.[25] John P. O'Neill was a former assistant director of the FBI who assisted in the capture of 1993 World Trade Center bomber Ramzi Yousef and was the head of security at the World Trade Center when he was killed trying to rescue people from the North Tower.[26] An additional 24 people officially remain listed as missing.[27] Cantor Fitzgerald L.P., an investment bank on the 101st–105th floors of One World Trade Center, lost 658 employees, considerably more than any other employer.[28] Marsh Inc., located immediately below Cantor Fitzgerald on floors 93–100 (the location of Flight 11's impact), lost 295 employees and 63 consultants.[29][30] Risk Waters, a business organization, was holding a conference in Windows on the World at the time, with 81 people in attendance.[31][32]

As many as 600 people were killed at or above the floors of impact in the South Tower. Only 18 people are known to have managed to escape using staircase A before the South Tower collapsed; a further 110 people killed in the attacks are known to have been below the impact zone when United Airlines Flight 175 struck the South Tower. The 9/11 Commission notes that this fact strongly indicates that evacuation below the impact zones was a success, allowing most to safely evacuate before the collapse of the World Trade Center.[33]

A USA Today report estimated that approximately 200 people perished inside the elevators, while only 21 escaped the elevators. Many elevators did not plunge, but were destroyed due to the crash and subsequent fires, or were stranded in the shafts. A locking mechanism prevented escapees and rescuers, except on one elevator, from opening the doors on stranded elevators.[34] This included a bomb sniffing dog named Sirius,[35] which was not included in the official death toll.

Before the Twin Towers collapsed, an estimated 200 people fell to their deaths from the burning towers, landing on the streets and rooftops of adjacent buildings hundreds of feet below at a speed of almost 150 miles per hour—sufficient to cause instantaneous death upon impact, but insufficient to cause unconsciousness throughout the actual fall. Most of those who had fallen from the World Trade Center had jumped from the North Tower.[36] To witnesses upon the ground, many of the people falling from the towers seemed to have deliberately jumped to their deaths,[37] including the person whose photograph became known as the Falling Man. The NIST report officially describes the deaths of 104 jumpers, but states that this figure likely understates the true number of those who had died in this manner. The sight and sound of these individualls falling from the towers, then "smashing like eggs on the ground" horrified and traumatized many witnesses. The jumpers' death certificates state the cause of death as homicide due to "blunt trauma".[38] Some of the occupants of each tower above its point of impact made their way upward toward the roof in hope of helicopter rescue, only to find the roof access doors locked. Port Authority officers attempted to unlock the doors but control systems would not let them; in any case, thick smoke and intense heat would have prevented rescue helicopters from landing.[39]

The average age of the dead in New York City was 40.[40] In the buildings, the youngest victim was 18 and the oldest was 79.[41][42]

Contrary to some conspiracy theories about Jews being warned not to go to work that day, the number of Jews who died in the attacks is variously estimated at between 270 and 400.[43][44][45][46]

The following list details the number of deaths reported by companies in business premises at the World Trade Center. The list includes WTC tenants (all buildings), vendors, visitors, independent emergency responders, and some hijacked passenger-related firms.[47]

Pentagon

A total of 125 victims were killed in the Pentagon, most of them who worked for the United States Army or the United States Navy.[48] Of the 125 victims, 70 were civilians, including 47 Army employees, six Army contractors, six Navy employees, three Navy contractors, seven Defense Intelligence Agency employees, and one Office of the Secretary of Defense contractor;[49] and 55 were members of the U.S. military, including 33 Navy sailors and 22 Army soldiers.[50] Lieutenant General Timothy Maude, an Army Deputy Chief of Staff, was the highest-ranking military official killed at the Pentagon.[51]

Aboard the four planes

265 fatalities aboard the four planes including the following:[52] 87 civilians (including 11 crew members) and the five hijackers aboard American Airlines Flight 11; 60 civilians (including 9 crew members) and the five hijackers aboard United Airlines Flight 175;[53] 59 civilians (including 6 crew members) and the five hijackers aboard American Airlines Flight 77; and 39 civilians (including 7 crew members), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service officer Richard Jerry Guadagno,[54] and the four hijackers aboard United Airlines Flight 93.[55][56] The dead included eight children: five on American Airlines Flight 77 ranging in age from 3 to 11[57] and three on United Airlines Flight 175 ages 2, 3, and 4.[58] The youngest victim was a 2+1⁄2-year-old child on Flight 175 and the oldest was an 85-year-old passenger on Flight 11.[59]

Foreign deaths

Excluding the 19 perpetrators, 372 foreign nationals[60][failed verification] representing more than 12% of the total number of deaths in the attacks, the majority being British, Dominican, Indian, South Korean, Canadian and Japanese. Without accounting for some cases of dual citizenship, here is a list of their nationalities:

Forensic identification

As of September 11, 2012, 2,753 death certificates were filed relating to the attacks.[96] Of these, 1,588 (58%) were forensically identified from recovered physical remains.[97][98] The Associated Press reported that the medical examiner's office possesses "about 10,000 unidentified bone and tissue fragments that cannot be matched to the list of the dead."[99] Bone fragments were still being found in 2006 as workers prepared the damaged Deutsche Bank Building for demolition.[100]

On April 17, 2013, five possible remains were recovered after being sifted at Fresh Kills on Staten Island. The medical examiner said evidence of a possible victim of the attacks was recovered as well two days later.[101]

On June 21, 2013, the medical examiner's office matched its 1,637th victim, a 43-year-old woman, to its list of victims as a result of DNA testing of debris collected from the site. By family request, her name was not released.[102]

On July 5, 2013, the medical examiner's office identified the remains of FDNY firefighter Lt. Jeffrey P. Walz, 37, after they were retested. His remains were recovered just months after the attack and is now the 1,638th victim recorded.[103]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Lost lives remembered during 9/11 ceremony". The Online Rocket. September 12, 2008. Retrieved August 29, 2010. Retrieved from Internet Archive 15 February 2014.
  2. ^ a b c "Accused 9/11 plotter Khalid Sheikh Mohammed faces New York trial". Cabne News Network. November 13, 2009. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  3. ^ "First video of Pentagon 9/11 attack released". Cable News Network. May 16, 2006. Retrieved September 10, 2006.
  4. ^ September 11 Memorial
  5. ^ Richard J. Guadagno
  6. ^ Stone, Andrea (August 20, 2002). "Military's aid and comfort ease 9/11 survivors' burden". USA Today. Retrieved September 2, 2011.
  7. ^ Walker, Carolee (September 11, 2006). "Five-Year 9/11 Remembrance Honors Victims from 90 Countries". United States Department of State. Retrieved May 18, 2008.
  8. ^ DePalma, Anthony (May 24, 2007). "For the First Time, New York Links a Death to 9/11 Dust". The New York Times.
  9. ^ Dunlap, David W. (July 10, 2008). "The Toll From 9/11 Grows Again, to 2,751". New York Times. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
  10. ^ Foderaro, Lisa W. (September 2009). "9/11's Litany of Loss, Joined by Another Name". New York Times. Retrieved September 12, 2009.
  11. ^ Hartocollis, Anemona (June 18, 2011). "New Death Is Added To the Toll From 9/11". New York Times. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
  12. ^ "September 11th Fast Facts". CNN. March 27, 2015. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
  13. ^ Evans, Heidi (September 8, 2013). "1,140 WTC 9/11 responders have cancer — and doctors say that number will grow". New York Daily News. New York City, New York: Daily News, L.P. Retrieved September 11, 2013.
  14. ^ "The death toll from 9/11 continues to rise". Retrieved September 24, 2014.
  15. ^ "9/11 memorial honors unborn babies". Newsday. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
  16. ^ Averill, Jason D.; et al. (2005). "Occupant Behavior, Egress, and Emergency Communications". Final Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster (PDF). National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
  17. ^ Dwyer, Jim and Kevin Flynn (2005). 102 Minutes. Times Books. p. 266.
  18. ^ Dwyer, Jim and Flynn, Kevin, 102 Minutes: pg. 23
  19. ^ National Commission on Terrorist Attacks (July 22, 2004). The 9/11 Commission Report (PDF) (first ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. p. 294. ISBN 0-393-32671-3.
  20. ^ Cloud, John (September 1, 2002). "A Miracle's Cost". Time. Retrieved September 14, 2010.
  21. ^ "September 11 by the Numbers". NewYorkMag.com. September 5, 2002. Retrieved September 10, 2006.
  22. ^ Wakin, Daniel J. (September 27, 2002). "Killed on 9/11, Fire Chaplain Becomes Larger Than Life". The New York Times.
  23. ^ "Deadliest Days in Law Enforcement History". National Law Enforcement Memorial Fund.
  24. ^ NIST NCSTAR1-8
  25. ^ "Heroism and Honor". National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. U.S. Congress. August 21, 2004. Retrieved September 8, 2006.
  26. ^ "FBI terrorist fighter's body found at WTC". Cable News Network. September 22, 2002. Retrieved April 16, 2007.
  27. ^ "24 Remain Missing". September 11 Victims. August 12, 2006. Retrieved September 7, 2006. [dead link]
  28. ^ "Cantor Fitzgerald, which lost 658 of 960 workers on 9/11, thrives ... but for the boss the nightmare remains". Daily Mail. London: Associated Newspapers. September 9, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
  29. ^ "Marsh & McLennan Companies 9/11 Memorial". Retrieved September 7, 2011.
  30. ^ "Milestones of Marsh & McLennan Companies". Retrieved September 7, 2011.
  31. ^ Citizens of the World, on Time for a Meeting in Harm's Way, The New York Times, September 11, 2001
  32. ^ Field, Peter, Remembering September 11 The Day I'll Never Forget, Risk Waters website
  33. ^ 9/11 Commission. "Chapter 9". 9/11 Commission Report. Government Printing Office.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  34. ^ Dennis Cauchon and Martha T. Moore. Elevators were disaster within disaster. USA Today September 4, 2002.
  35. ^ "WTC Police Dog Remembered". CBS News. February 11, 2009. Retrieved December 25, 2012.
  36. ^ USAToday Sep. 2, 2002
  37. ^ Cauchon, Dennis and Martha Moore (September 2, 2002). "Desperation forced a horrific decision". USATODAY. Retrieved September 9, 2006.
  38. ^ Smith, David James (September 10, 2011). "Twin Towers jumpers that Americans will not talk about". Daily Nation. Nairobi, Kenya. Archived from the original on September 12, 2011. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
  39. ^ "Poor Info Hindered 9/11 Rescue". CBS News. May 18, 2004. Retrieved September 11, 2006.
  40. ^ Beveridge, Andrew. "9/11/01-02: A Demographic Portrait Of The Victims In 10048". Gotham Gazette.
  41. ^ "Victims of the World Trade Center attack, listed by age". Lewis Mumford Center for comparative urban and regional research. Retrieved September 11, 2006.
  42. ^ USA Today: People killed in plane attacks. September 25, 2011.
  43. ^ "The 4,000 Jews Rumor: Rumor surrounding Sept. 11th proved untrue. Internet Archive – which appeared in the September 12 internet edition of the "Jerusalem Post". It stated, "The Foreign Ministry in Jerusalem has so far received the names of 4,000 Israelis believed to have been in the areas of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon at the time of the attacks."". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on April 8, 2005. Retrieved October 15, 2010.
  44. ^ A survey of the 1,700 victims whose religion was listed found approximately 10% were Jewish indicating around 270 in total. A survey based on the last names of victims found that around 400 (15+1⁄2%) were possibly Jewish. A survey of 390 Cantor Fitzgerald employees who had public memorials (out of the 658 who died) found 49 were Jewish (12+1⁄2%). According to the 2002 American Jewish Year Book, New York State's population was 9% Jewish. Sixty-four percent of the WTC victims lived in New York State.
  45. ^ The Mitzvah To Remember (09/05/2002) Gary Rosenblatt, August 3, 2007[dead link]
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  47. ^ September 11: One Year After. The Boston Globe; September 11, 2002.
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  49. ^ Goldberg et al., pp. 208–212.
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  56. ^ Flight 93 Memorial Effort Gains Over 900 Acres, The New York Times, March 19, 2008
  57. ^ American Flight 77 victims at a glance., USA Today, September 25, 2011.
  58. ^ USA Today: United Flight 175 victims at a glance. September 25, 2011.
  59. ^ Susman, Tina (September 11, 2011). "At Sept. 11 sites, a powerful day of remembrance". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
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  61. ^ Template:Es icon 11-S: A cinco años. Las familias de los argentinos aún buscan respuestas, Clarín 9 de septiembre de 2006
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  64. ^ Belarusian embassy[dead link]
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  67. ^ "Lembranças de dor e perplexidade: Emoção marca cerimônia pelos mortos em 11 de setembro". Jornal do Brasil (in Portuguese). September 11, 2003. Retrieved September 19, 2003. Dentre eles, os de três brasileiros: Anne Marie Sallerin Ferreira, Sandra Fajardo Smith e Ivan Kyrillos Barbosa
  68. ^ "Canoe - C NEWS - Canada: List of the Canadian victims of 9/11". cnews.canoe.ca. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
  69. ^ "Canadians who died in the September 11, 2001 Disaster". members.shaw.ca.
  70. ^ a b c d Atkins, Stephen E. (2011). "International Reactions to September 11". The 9/11 Encyclopedia: Second Edition. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 248. ISBN 978-1-59884-921-9. Retrieved April 26, 2014. Although the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, targeted the United States, many other countries throughout the world were also affected. In addition to the 2,657 Americans killed, 316 foreign nationals from 84 different countries also died in the attacks, including 67 Britons, 28 South Koreans, 26 Japanese, and 25 Canadians. The shock and horror engendered by the attacks were truly international in scope.
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  72. ^ a b c d e "Highest percentage of Hispanics killed in 9 /11 were Dominican". Dominican Today. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic: The Dominican Republic News Source. September 10, 2009. Retrieved September 17, 2009.
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  77. ^ RTÉ (Irish TV station) news.
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  79. ^ Template:It icon Consulate General of the United States in Milan, Italy Opening of the World Trade Center Memorial in Padua, Italy
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Further reading

External links

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