Kazan

Edit links
Coordinates: 55°47′47″N 49°06′32″E / 55.79639°N 49.10889°E / 55.79639; 49.10889
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Gonzosft (talk | contribs) at 15:38, 30 October 2017 (→‎Soviet period). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For other uses, see Kazan (disambiguation).
Kazan
Казань
City of republic significance[1]
Other transcription(s)
 • TatarКазан
Left to right, top to bottom: Spasskaya Tower; Söyembikä Tower; Qol Sharif Mosque; Farmers' Palace; Epiphany Cathedral; View of Kazan
Left to right, top to bottom: Spasskaya Tower; Söyembikä Tower; Qol Sharif Mosque; Farmers' Palace; Epiphany Cathedral; View of Kazan
Flag of Kazan
Flag
Coat of arms of Kazan
Coat of arms
Location of Kazan
Map
Kazan is located in Russia
Kazan
Kazan
Location of Kazan
Kazan is located in Tatarstan
Kazan
Kazan
Kazan (Tatarstan)
Coordinates: 55°47′47″N 49°06′32″E / 55.79639°N 49.10889°E / 55.79639; 49.10889
CountryRussia
Federal subjectTatarstan[1]
Founded1005[2] (see text)
Government
 • BodyCity Duma[3]
 • Mayor[4]Ilsur Metshin[4]
Area
[5]
 • Total425.3 km2 (164.2 sq mi)
Elevation
60 m (200 ft)
Population
 (2010 Census)[6]
 • Total1,143,535
 • Estimate 
(2018)[7]
1,243,500 (+8.7%)
 • Rank8th in 2010
 • Density2,700/km2 (7,000/sq mi)
 • Subordinated tocity of republic significance of Kazan[1]
 • Capital ofRepublic of Tatarstan[8]
 • Capital ofcity of republic significance of Kazan[1]
 • Urban okrugKazan Urban Okrug[9]
 • Capital ofKazan Urban Okrug[9]
Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK Edit this on Wikidata[10])
Postal code(s)[11]
420xxx
Dialing code(s)+7 843[12]
OKTMO ID92701000001
City DayAugust 30[13]
Websitewww.kzn.ru

Kazan (Russian: Каза́нь, IPA: [kɐˈzanʲ]; Tatar: Казан, Qazan) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. With a population of 1,143,535, it is the eighth most populous city in Russia.[6] Kazan lies at the confluence of the Volga and Kazanka Rivers in European Russia. The Kazan Kremlin is a World Heritage Site.

In April 2009, the Russian Patent Office granted Kazan the right to brand itself as the "Third Capital" of Russia.[15] In 2009 it was chosen as the "Sports capital of Russia"[16] and it still is referred to as such.[17] The city hosted the 2013 Summer Universiade, 2014 World Fencing Championships, the 2015 World Aquatics Championships, and is one of the host cities for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

In 2015, Kazan was visited by 2.1 million tourists, which is a 20% increase in comparison with 2014. The Kazan Kremlin was visited by 1.5 million tourists in 2015, and the city's hotel and entertainment complex with an aquapark called "Kazan Riviera" was visited by 1 million tourists.[18]

Etymology

The origin of the name Kazan is uncertain. The most accepted legends derive it from the Bulgar (and also modern Tatar) word qazan, which means 'boiler' or 'cauldron'. One legend claims that the city was named after the river Kazanka, which was named after the son of a Bulgar governor dropped a copper cauldron into it.[19] Other local legends, including research by the Tatar scholar Shigabetdin Marjani, claim that the city was named for the resemblance of the hill on which it sits to an upturned cauldron.

History

Main articles: History of Kazan and Timeline of Kazan

Middle Ages

There is a long-running dispute as to whether Kazan was founded by the Volga Bulgars in the early Middle Ages or by the Tatars of the Golden Horde in the mid-15th century, as written records before the latter period are sparse. Iske Qazan may have been a Bulgar city on the site; estimates of the date of its foundation range from the early 11th century to the late 13th century. It was a border post between Volga Bulgaria and two Finnic tribes, the Mari and the Udmurt. Another vexatious question is where the citadel was built originally. Archaeological explorations have produced evidence of urban settlement in three parts of the modern city: in the Kremlin; in Bişbalta at the site of the modern Zilantaw monastery; and near the Qaban lake. The oldest of these seems to be the Kremlin.

If Kazan existed in the 11th and 12th centuries, it could have been a stop on a Volga trade route from Scandinavia to Baghdad. It was a trade center, and possibly a major city for Bulgar settlers in the Kazan region, although their capital was further south at the city of Bolğar.

After the Mongols devastated the Bolğar and Bilär areas in the 13th century, either the surviving Bulgars recuperated in numbers and were assimilated by a small number of Kipchaks from whom they adopted their language (a position known as Bulgarism), or Kipchaks and Bulgars intermixed to create the modern Kazan Tatar population. Kazan became a center of a duchy which was a dependency of the Golden Horde. Two centuries later, in the 1430s, Kipchak descendants of Genghis Khan, such as Ghiasetdin of Kazan, usurped power from its Bolghar dynasty.

Some Tatars also went to Lithuania, brought by Vytautas the Great.

In 1438, after the destruction of the Golden Horde, Kazan became the capital of the powerful Khanate of Kazan. The city bazaar, Taş Ayaq (Stone Leg) became the most important trade center in the region, especially for furniture. Craft-based manufacturing also thrived, as the city gained a reputation for its leather and gold goods, as well as for the opulence of its palaces and mosques. The citadel and Bolaq channel were reconstructed, giving the city a strong defensive capacity. The Russians managed to occupy the city briefly several times.

Kazan Khanate was making constant plundering raids on Russia. Slavery in Kazan Khanate was legal. The number of slaves was up to 10% of the population. Most of the slaves were Russian people who were captured during raids. All captured men were forced to convert to Islam, otherwise they could be killed or sold into slavery to other Muslim countries.[20]

Russian Tsardom period

Annunciation Cathedral of Kazan Kremlin, 1561–1562

As a result of the Siege of Kazan in 1552, Russia under Ivan the Terrible conquered the city and massacred the majority of the population.[21] Also as a result of the Siege of Kazan 8,000 slaves were set free.[22] During the subsequent governorship of Alexander Gorbatyi-Shuisky, most of the khanate's Tatar residents were killed or forcibly Christianized, the Kerashen Tatars.[21] Mosques and palaces were ruined.[21] The surviving Tatar population was moved to a place 50 kilometers (31 mi) away from the city and this place was forcibly settled by Russian farmers and soldiers. Tatars in the Russian service were settled in the Tatar Bistäse settlement near the city's wall. Later Tatar merchants and handicraft masters also settled there. During this period, Kazan was largely destroyed as a result of several great fires. After one of them in 1579, the icon Our Lady of Kazan was discovered in the city.

In the early 17th century, at the beginning of the Time of Troubles in Russia, the Tsardom of Kazan declared independence with the help of the Russian population, but this independence was suppressed by Kuzma Minin in 1612.[citation needed]

Russian Empire period

Kazan city map from the 19th century, Russian edition

In 1708, the Tsardom of Kazan was abolished, and Kazan became the seat of Kazan Governorate. After Peter the Great's visit, the city became a center of shipbuilding for the Caspian fleet. The major Russian poet Gavrila Derzhavin was born in Kazan in 1743, the son of a poor country squire of Tatar ancestry though himself having a thoroughly Russian identity.

Kazan was largely destroyed in 1774 as a result of the Pugachev revolt (1774–1776), an uprising by border troops and peasants led by the Don Cossack ataman (Captain) Yemelyan Pugachev, but the city, formerly largely of timber construction, was soon afterwards rebuilt, using stone and according to a grid pattern plan, during the reign of Catherine the Great. Catherine also decreed that mosques could again be built in Kazan, the first being Marjani Mosque.

At the beginning of the 19th century Kazan State University and printing press were founded by Alexander I. It became an important center for Oriental Studies in Russia. The Qur'an was first printed in Kazan in 1801. Kazan became an industrial center and peasants migrated there to join its industrial workforce. In 1875, a horse tramway appeared; 1899 saw the installation of a tramway. After the Russian Revolution of 1905, Tatars were allowed to revive Kazan as a Tatar cultural center. The first Tatar theater and the first Tatar newspaper appeared.

Soviet period

In 1917 Kazan became one of the revolution centers. In 1918, Kazan was the capital of the Idel-Ural State, which was suppressed by the Bolshevist government. In the Kazan Operation of August 1918, it was briefly occupied by Czechoslovak Legions. In 1920 Kazan became the center of Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In the 1920s and 1930s, most of the city's mosques and churches were destroyed, as occurred elsewhere in the USSR.[citation needed] After the Treaty of Rapallo (1922) until 1933, the german and the russian army operated together the Kama tank school in Kazan.

During World War II, many industrial plants and factories to the west were relocated in Kazan, making the city a center of the military industry, producing tanks and planes. After the war Kazan consolidated as an industrial and scientific center. In 1979, the city's population reached one million.

Modern period

Dmitry Medvedev visits Kazan

In the late 1980s and in the 1990s, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kazan again became the center of Tatar culture and identity, and separatist tendencies intensified. With the return of capitalism, Kazan became one of the most important centers of the Russian Federation. The city went from 10th to 8th position in population ranking of Russian cities. In the late 2000s, the city earned the right to host both the 2013 Summer Universiade and 2018 FIFA World Cup.

Millennium of Kazan

Since 2000, the city has been undergoing a total renovation. The historical center—including the Kremlin—has been rebuilt, however a large number of the city's historical districts were completely demolished in the renovation. Kazan celebrated its millennium in 2005, after a city-organized historical commission settled on 1005 as the official year of the city's founding.[2] During the millennium celebrations, one of the largest mosque in Russia, Qolsharif, was dedicated in the Kazan Kremlin, the holiest copy of Our Lady of Kazan was returned to the city, the "Millennium Bridge" was inaugurated that year,[23] and the Kazan Metro began operation. The government of the Russian Federation released the Medal "In Commemoration of the 1000th Anniversary of Kazan". In 2010, for the preparations to the 2013 Universiade, Kazan began even more renovation by modernizing its airport, fixing the streets, enhancing public transport, and adopting Russian, English, and Tatar languages in all transportation, large stores, and shopping centers.

Administrative and municipal status

Kazan is the capital of the republic.[citation needed] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the city of republic significance of Kazan—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the city of republic significance of Kazan is incorporated as Kazan Urban Okrug.[9]

City divisions

City districts of Kazan

Kazan is divided into seven districts:

No. District Population[6] Area (km²)[citation needed]
1 Aviastroitelny 111,405 38.91
2 Vakhitovsky 86,202 25.82
3 Kirovsky 109,125 108.79
4 Moskovsky 130,537 38.81
5 Novo-Savinovsky 202,997 20.66
6 Privolzhsky 227,755 115.77
7 Sovetsky 275,514 167.00

Economy

Main article: Economy of Kazan

Kazan is one of the largest industrial and financial centers of Russia, and a leading city of the Volga economic region in construction and accumulated investment.[24] City's Gross Regional Product had reached 380 billion rubles in 2011.(RUS) Казань побила рекорд по инвестициям

Total banking capital of Kazan banks is third in Russia.[citation needed] The main industries of the city are: mechanical engineering, chemical, petrochemical, light and food industries. An innovative economy is represented by the largest IT-park in Russia which is one of the largest of its kind among Eastern Europe science parks.[25][26] Kazan ranks 174th (highest in Russia) in Mercer’s Worldwide Quality of Living Survey.[27]

Investments

In 2011 city organisations and businesses attract more than 87 billion rubles for economy and social sphere development. This is 44% more than 2010 number. In 2014 businesses attracts 86 billion rubles. Most of them have been implemented in real economy sector.

Because of unstable economic situation within the country, there is a decrease of investment rates in 2015 and according to the statistics of the first part of the year it composed 51684.2 million rubles.

There are head offices of 6 companies that are in rating of top-500 in terms of revenues in Russia. Total square of city business centres is 330 thousand square metres.

Innovative economy in Kazan is represented by the biggest IT-park in Russia and also the biggest technical park in Europe. The only one online platform for governmental trade except the Moscow one is operated in Kazan. During post-soviet period Kazan was the leader in terms of house construction in Volga region and now it holds the position and implement Republican program of liquidation of dilapidated housing which was unique for Russia.

According to Forbes, Kazan has a 15th place in "Best cities for business in Russia" rating of 2010.[28] Then in 2012 Kazan gets a 6th place in Quality of city environment rating, which is made by Russian Federation Ministry of Regional Development, Russian Alliance of Engineers, Federal Construction Agency, Federal Service of Supervision of Consumer Protection and Welfare and Moscow Federal University.[29]

Transportation

Kazan International Airport

Night aerial view of Kazan
Bridge over Bolaq channel
City bus

Kazan International Airport is located 26 kilometers (16 mi) from the city center. It is a hub for Tatarstan Airlines and Kazan Air Enterprise and hosts eleven air companies. The airport is connected with the city by bus route #97 and by a suburban train line.

There is also the Kazan Borisoglebskoye airfield, home to Kazan Aircraft Production Association, a major aircraft factory, famous in the past as "Aircraft Plant 22" ("22nd Zavod").

Adjacent to it lies a huge aircraft engines plant ("16th Zavod"). It produces versions of Tupolev 204 and 214 aircraft. In the past an Ilyushin-62, four-engine Russian mainliner, Tupolev-160 "Black Jack" supersonic strategic bomber and Tu-22M tactic bomber were also produced here. Both these plants and adjacent workers' housing make a whole city district known as "Aviastroitelny" ("Aircraft Builders").

Railways

Kazan is connected with Moscow, Ulyanovsk, Yoshkar-Ola and Yekaterinburg by train.

The main railway station Kazan–Passazhirskaya is located in the city centre and includes a main building (built in 1896), a commuter trains terminal, a ticket office building and some other technical buildings. Station serves thirty-six intercity trains and more than eight million passengers per annum.[30] The second terminus called "Kazan-2" is situated in the northern part of the city. Kazan also has nineteen platforms for commuter trains.

Riverside station

This station serves intercity ships and commuter boats. Pneumocushion boats are used in winter. Daily passenger turnover reaches 6 thousand.

Bus stations

There are two bus stations in Kazan—Central and Southern. Bus routes connect Kazan with all districts of Tatarstan, Samara, Ufa, Tolyatti, Orenburg, Ulyanovsk, Cheboksary, Sterlitamak, Buzuluk, Baki, and Aktobe. It is planned to build new stations in the East, West and North districts instead of Central for relieving city centre.

Highways

There are federal highway connections to Moscow and Ufa (E-22), Orenburg (R-239), Ul'yanovsk (R-241) and Igra (R-242). There are also R-175 federal highway and "Northern Europe – Western China" (in construction) route near the city.

There are five bridges across the Kazanka (Qazansu) river in the city, and one bridge connecting Kazan with the opposite bank of the Volga.

Public transit

  • A single-line Kazan Metro, the north-southeast Central Line, opened on 27 August 2005. After a few extensions, The Kazan Metro now has ten stations, crossing the Kazanka river. Single trip costs 25 rub.
  • The Kazan tram system was founded in 1899. 8 routes use 187 km (116.20 mi) of lines and 197 tramcars.[31] Single trip costs 25 rub. Rolling stock: LM-99, 71-608, 71-605.
  • The Kazan trolleybus (electric bus) system was founded in 1948. 355 km (220.59 mi) of lines are used for 14 routes.[32] Single trip costs 20 rub. Vehicles: ZIU-682, Trolza-5275-05 "Optima", VMZ-5298.01-50 "Avangard".
  • The Kazan bus system was totally renovated in 2007. 91 routes have an aggregate length of 1,981 km (1,231 mi). All 1,444 buses are colored red. Single trip costs 25 rub. Unlike in most Western cities, public bus routes are not municipal, operated by private companies. Half of the buses are imported, produced by "Golden Dragon", "Higer", "MAZ", "Yutong", "Hyundai"; other buses are mostly Russian made "NefAZ"
  • Travel cards that work within the metropolitan area reduce travel to 15 rub on trolley buses and buses, and offer considerable discounts on the metro line. These travel cards can be purchased from the post office.
  • On July 1, 2013 the Veli'k bicycle sharing system was launched in Kazan. The system includes 7 self-service bicycle docking stations distributed throughout the centre of Kazan near the most popular city destinations, and 100 bikes. The service is open to everyone from 16 years of age. To access the service, you have to complete a simple sign-up procedure at www.Veli-k.ru, and buy a subscription for a suitable period of time. The first 30 minutes of every journey is free of charge. After the first half-hour, a service charge applies.

Demographics

Population

Population of Kazan since 1800

Population: 1,143,535 (2010 Russian census);[6] 1,105,289 (2002 Census);[33] 1,094,378 (1989 Soviet census).[34] Kazan metropolitan area's population is 1.65 mln.

Rating of city population as on 1 January 2015

Place in the World

Place in Europe

Place in Former USSR

Place in Russia

Place in region

24

13

6

1

Year Population
1550 50,000
1557 7,000
1800 40,000
1830 43,900
1839 51,600
1859 60,600
1862 63,100
1883 140,000
1897 130,000
1917 206,600
1926 179,000
1939 398,000
1959 667,000
1979 989,000
1989 1,094,378 (census)
1997 1,076,000
2000 1,089,500
2002 1,105,289 (census)
2008 1,120,200
2009 1,130,717
2010 1,143,535 (census)
2016 1,216,965

Ethnicity

Main article: Kazan ethnic communities
Young women in the street, outside Kazan University

The city's population consists mostly of ethnic Russians (48.6%) and ethnic Tatars (47.6%). The other ethnicities are Chuvash, Ukrainians, Azerbaijanis, Vietnamese,[35][36][37] and Jews.[38]

Religion

Predominant faiths of Kazan city are Sunni Islam and Orthodox Christianity, with Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, Judaism and the Bahá'í Faith also represented.

Languages

The Russian language is widely spoken in the city. Tatar is also widely spoken mainly by Tatars.

Climate

Kazan has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with long, cold winters (colder than Moscow), and warm, often dry summers. As a result of its far inland position, summers are extremely warm for its latitude and winters are quite cold compared to areas further west in Europe.

The warmest month is July with daily mean temperature near 20.2 °C (68.4 °F), and the coldest month is January, with a daily mean of −10.4 °C (13.3 °F).

The city set its two hottest days on record during the 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. Temperatures reached +39 °C (102 °F) in the hottest days during that time.

Climate data for Kazan
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 4.5
(40.1) 		5.2
(41.4) 		14.0
(57.2) 		29.5
(85.1) 		33.5
(92.3) 		37.5
(99.5) 		38.9
(102.0) 		39.0
(102.2) 		32.3
(90.1) 		23.4
(74.1) 		15.0
(59.0) 		6.1
(43.0) 		39.0
(102.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −7.2
(19.0) 		−6.7
(19.9) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		10.2
(50.4) 		19.0
(66.2) 		23.6
(74.5) 		25.5
(77.9) 		22.9
(73.2) 		16.3
(61.3) 		8.1
(46.6) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		−5.8
(21.6) 		8.7
(47.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −10.4
(13.3) 		−10.1
(13.8) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		5.5
(41.9) 		13.3
(55.9) 		18.1
(64.6) 		20.2
(68.4) 		17.6
(63.7) 		11.7
(53.1) 		4.8
(40.6) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		−8.6
(16.5) 		4.6
(40.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −13.5
(7.7) 		−13.3
(8.1) 		−7.2
(19.0) 		1.7
(35.1) 		8.3
(46.9) 		13.4
(56.1) 		15.5
(59.9) 		13.3
(55.9) 		8.2
(46.8) 		2.2
(36.0) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		−11.4
(11.5) 		1.0
(33.8)
Record low °C (°F) −46.8
(−52.2) 		−39.9
(−39.8) 		−31.7
(−25.1) 		−25.6
(−14.1) 		−6.5
(20.3) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		2.6
(36.7) 		1.6
(34.9) 		−5.4
(22.3) 		−23.4
(−10.1) 		−36.6
(−33.9) 		−43.9
(−47.0) 		−46.8
(−52.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 41
(1.6) 		34
(1.3) 		33
(1.3) 		30
(1.2) 		41
(1.6) 		63
(2.5) 		67
(2.6) 		59
(2.3) 		52
(2.0) 		53
(2.1) 		46
(1.8) 		43
(1.7) 		562
(22.1)
Average rainy days 3 2 4 11 15 18 16 16 18 17 10 5 135
Average snowy days 26 22 16 6 1 0 0 0 1 7 20 24 123
Average relative humidity (%) 84 80 76 67 58 65 68 70 75 80 85 84 74
Mean monthly sunshine hours 49 89 150 205 282 293 291 254 160 84 41 33 1,931
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[39]
Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[40]

Central Kazan

Kremlin

Nurulla Mosque
Main article: Kazan Kremlin
Belltower of Epiphany Church

The city has a citadel (Russian: кремль, tr. kreml', or sometimes Tatar: kirman), which was declared a World Heritage Site in 2000. Major monuments in the kremlin are the five-domed six-columned Annunciation Cathedral (1561–62) and the mysterious leaning Soyembika Tower, named after the last queen of Kazan and regarded as the city's most conspicuous landmark.

Also of interest are the towers and walls, erected in the 16th and 17th centuries but later reconstructed; the Qol-Şarif mosque, which is already rebuilt inside the citadel; remains of the Saviour Monastery (its splendid 16th-century cathedral having been demolished by the Bolsheviks) with the Spasskaya Tower; and the Governor's House (1843–53), designed by Konstantin Thon, now the Palace of the President of Tatarstan.

Next door, the ornate baroque Sts-Peter-and-Paul's Cathedral on Qawi Nacmi Street and Marcani mosque on Qayum Nasiri Street date back to the 18th century.

Bistä, or Posad

Central Kazan is divided into two districts by the Bolaq canal and Lake Qaban. The first district (Qazan Bistäse or Kazanskiy Posad), historically Russian, is situated on the hill, the second (İske Tatar Bistäse or Staro-Tatarskaya Sloboda), historically Tatar, is situated between the Bolaq and the Volga. Mosques, such as Nurullah, Soltan, Bornay, Apanay, Äcem, Märcani, İske Taş, Zäñgär are in the Tatar district. Churches, such as Blagoveschenskaya, Varvarinskaya, Nikol'skaya, Tikhvinskaya, are mostly in the Russian part of the city. The main city-centre streets are Bauman, Kremlyovskaya, Dzerzhinsky, Tuqay, Puşkin, Butlerov, Gorkiy, Karl Marx and Märcani.

An old legend says that in 1552, before the Russian invasion, wealthy Tatars (baylar) hid gold and silver in Lake Qaban.

Wooden Kazan

In the beginning of the 1900s most of Central Kazan was covered by wooden buildings, usually consisting of two floors. There was a historical environment of Kazan citizens, but not the best place to live in. During the Republican program "The liquidation of ramshackle apartments" most of them (unlike other Russian cities), especially in Central Kazan, where the land is not cheap, were destroyed and their population was moved to new areas at the suburb of the city (Azino, Azino-2, Quartal 39). Nearly 100,000 citizens resettled by this programme.

Other major buildings

National Museum of the Tatarstan
Palace of agriculture

Another significant building in central Kazan is the former "Smolentzev and Shmelev" tea house and hotel, now the Shalyapin Palace Hotel. It is located at 7/80 Universitetskaya Street, at the corner of Universitetskaya and Bauman. A major landmark of late-19th and early-20th century commercial architecture, it consists of two portions. The original portion, built for a merchant named Usmanov in the 1860s, was bought by the inter-related families of Efim Smolentzev and Pavel and Nikolai Shmelev in 1899.[41] They operated a store selling, among other things, tea. In 1910, the Smolentevs and Shmelevs constructed another portion, designed by architect Vasili Trifonov, and operated a hotel there.[42] After the Russian Revolution, the building eventually became the Hotel Soviet and after 2000 it was heavily renovated to reopen as the Shalyapin Palace Hotel.

Cityscape

A panoramic view of Kazan Kremlin, Vernicle temple and Kazanka river right bank
Kazanka right bank
Both banks of Kazanka

Education and science

Primary and secondary education

Primary and secondary education system of Kazan includes:

  • 282 nurseries, most of which are municipal
  • 178 schools, 2 of which are private
  • 28 vocational technical schools
  • 15 colleges
  • 10 special colleges

There are also 49 music schools, 43 sports school, and 10 fine-arts schools, including the Kazan Art School founded in 1895.

Higher education

See also: List of Kazan Universities
Kazan Federal University
Main building of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences

There are 44 institutes of higher education in Kazan, including 19 branches of universities from other cities. More than 140,000 students are educated in the city. Kazan Federal University (founded in 1804) is third oldest university in Russia after Saint Petersburg State University (1724) and Moscow State University (1755). In 2009 KFU got Federal status as main university of Volga Region. Some other prominent universities are:

Science

Kazan is a major scientific centre in Russia. Kazan formed a big number of scientific areas and schools (mathematical, chemical, medical, linguistic, geological, geobotanical, etc.). Scientific discoveries are a subject of special pride, including: the creation of non-Euclidean geometry (Nikolai Lobachevsky), the discovery of the chemical element ruthenium (Claus), the theory about the structure of organic compounds (Aleksandr Butlerov), the discovery of the electron paramagnetic resonance (Yevgeny Zavoisky) and acoustic paramagnetic resonance (Altshuler) and many others. The city hosts:

Public health

1814 year is considered to be an official year of the beginning of scientific medicine in Kazan. Exactly at that time University Hospital was open. In 1930 Faculty of Medicine is separated from the Kazan Federal University and holds a lot of specialized hospitals under its patronage. Nowadays Kazan becomes the largest public health center in Russia. 120 medical organisations are operated in the city. Kazan Interregional clinical-diagnostic center is the largest in Volga region in cardiovascular and neurological diseases. The largest hospital in Kazan is Republican Clinical Hospital.

Government and administration

Kazan town hall (before 1917 - the Hall of Nobility)
Cabinet of Ministers

Mayor

See also: List of Kazan mayors

İlsur Metşin became the mayor of Kazan on November 17, 2005.

City Duma

Kazan City Duma is a representative body of the city, elected every four years and holds its sessions in Kazan City Hall.

Executive committee

Executive committee is a municipal body of the executive organs .[clarification needed] The committee's head is Denis Kalinkin.[44]

Government of the Republic of Tatarstan

Kazan hosts Tatarstan President's residence and administration (in Kremlin), Tatarstan's Cabinet of Ministers and Council of State (on Freedom square).

Sports

Kazan Arena
"Basket-hall"
File:Laakkonen sami.jpeg
Sami Laakkonen in 2011 playing bandy for Dynamo-Kazan.

Kazan now is one of the most developed cities in Russia in terms of sport. The city has hosted two Bandy World Championships, in 2005 and 2011, the World Summer Universiade 2013, the World Championship in fencing in 2014, the Aquatics Championship FINA 2015, 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and other international competitions of various levels. In the future the city will hold the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

The city of Kazan is a leader in terms of winnings in various sports including its most popular sports teams.

Men's teams:

Club Sport Founded Current League League
Rank		 Stadium
Rubin Kazan Football 1958 Russian Premier League 1st Kazan Arena
Ak Bars Kazan Ice Hockey 1956 Kontinental Hockey League 1st Tatneft Arena
Bars Kazan Ice Hockey 2009 Minor Hockey League Jr. 1st Tatneft Arena
Irbis Kazan Ice Hockey 2011 Minor Hockey League Division B Jr. 2nd Tatneft Arena
Dynamo-Kazan Bandy 1958 Bandy Super League 1st Raketa Stadium
UNICS Kazan Basketball 1991 Professional Basketball League 1st Basket-Hall Arena
Zenit Kazan Volleyball 2000 Volleyball Super League 1st Kazan Volleyball Centre
Sintez Kazan Water Polo 1974 Water Polo Championship 1st Orgsintez

Notable athletes

Infrastructure

Important events

International relations

Branch offices of embassies

Consulates

Four consulates general are found in Kazan.[46]

Visa centers

Twin towns and sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

Kazan is twinned with:[49]

Kazan has also partner relations with the following cities and regions:

International organizations membership

  • Organization of World Heritage Cities
  • United Cities and Local Governments. Mayor of Kazan is a co-president of UCLG.
  • Twin Cities International Association
  • Historic Cities International Association
  • General Conference of Mayors for Peace
  • Organisation of Islamic Capitals and cities (observer)
  • Metropolis
  • International Assembly of capitals and large cities of CIS

Kazan has an Alliance française center.

Kazan has an American Corner.[51]

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Kazan

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f Order #01-02/9
  2. ^ a b Шаймиев, Минтимер Шарипович; Камиль Исхаков; Мансур Х Хәсәнов (September 10, 1999). "Выступления Президента РТ М. Шаймиева, мэра г.Казани К.Исхакова и президента АН РТ, академика М.Хасанова на торжественном собрании по случаю установления даты основания г.Казани". Гасырлар авазы/Эхо веков (3/4). Retrieved July 17, 2011.
  3. ^ Official website of Kazan. Kazan City Duma Template:Ru icon
  4. ^ a b Official website of the Mayor of Kazan Template:Ru icon
  5. ^ площадь собственно города, Федеральная служба государственной статистики
  6. ^ a b c d Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  7. ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  8. ^ http://tatarstan.ru/eng/about/welcome.htm
  9. ^ a b c Law #46-ZRT
  10. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  11. ^ Kazan Russia — a thousand-year Russian city
  12. ^ Current local time in Kazan
  13. ^ [1] Archived December 8, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ Численность населения муниципальных образований Республики Татарстан
  15. ^ "Kazan officially becomes Russia's Third Capital". Pravda. April 3, 2009. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  16. ^ Komsomolskaya Pravda: Kazan - sports capital of Russia 14.12.2009
  17. ^ "List of Best Tatars". Mytopdozen.com. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  18. ^ "2,1 млн. туристов посетили Казань в 2015 году | www.tatar-inform.ru". tatar-inform.ru. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  19. ^ "InTourist Kazan'". Legends about Kazan's foundation. Archived from the original on October 27, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ http://www.zrd.spb.ru/smi/news/2016/0006.htm
  21. ^ a b c |url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=ru&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Ftatarica.narod.ru%2Fcult%2Flibrary%2Fbook%2Fkazanhanligi%2Fchapter4.htm ХУДЯКОВ "Очерки по истории КАЗАНСКОГО ХАНСТВА"
  22. ^ ПСРЛ, том XIII. Издание 1-е. Летописный сборник, именуемый Патриаршею или Никоновскою летописью. - С. 513, 515.
  23. ^ Putin joins Tatarstan festivities BBC News 2005-08-26
  24. ^ Основные социально-экономические показатели городов 2008
  25. ^ В строительство IT-парка вложили 3 миллиарда
  26. ^ Инновационный технопарк Идея Archived February 2, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ NZ cities excel in quality of living - Mercer worldwide survey finds Archived July 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ "30 лучших городов для бизнеса — 2010". Forbes. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  29. ^ Мысько, Сергей Афанасьев, Влас. "Казань оценили на "6 с плюсом"". БИЗНЕС Online. Retrieved February 9, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ ГЖД в 2006 году больше всего пассажиров отправила со станции Горький-Московский
  31. ^ Выступление А. К. Абдулхакова на аппаратном совещании 09.02.2009 «Об итогах работы городского пассажирского транспорта за 2008 год»
  32. ^ В 2008 году в Казани всеми видами городского транспорта перевезено 319,9 млн пассажиров
  33. ^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
  34. ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
  35. ^ Massive fire breaks out in Kazan market. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
  36. ^ Funds raised to support Vietnamese people in Kazan. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
  37. ^ Donation to Vietnamese people in Kazan. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
  38. ^ (RUS) Новый облик Казани
  39. ^ "Weather and Climate-The Climate of Kazan" (in Russian). Weather and Climate. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
  40. ^ "Kazan Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
  41. ^ "ИЗДАНИЯ ЦБС "Прогулки по городу"". Archived from the original on May 11, 2010. Retrieved February 20, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  42. ^ "До тысячелетия Казани осталось 36 дней. Гостиница "Совет"". Retrieved February 20, 2008.
  43. ^ Структура АНРТ
  44. ^ http://old.kzn.ru/page21569.htm
  45. ^ Embassy of Belarus
  46. ^ Offices in Kazan
  47. ^ Visa Management Service. Filiali
  48. ^ Embassy of Finland
  49. ^ Kazan City Committee for external relations and tourism
  50. ^ "Braunschweigs Partner und Freundschaftsstädte". Stadt Braunschweig [City of Braunschweig] (in German). Archived from the original on December 1, 2012. Retrieved August 7, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  51. ^ "American Corners and Centers in Russia". Amcorners.ru. Retrieved March 26, 2013.

Sources

  • Министерство юстиции Республики Татарстан. Приказ №01-02/9 от 4 февраля 2014 г. «Об утверждении реестра административно-территориальных единиц и населённых пунктов в Республике Татарстан», в ред. Приказа №01-02/160 от 11 марта 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Приказ Министерства юстиции Республики Татарстан от 04.02.2014 №01-02/9 "Об утверждении реестра административно-территориальных единиц и населённых пунктов в Республике Татарстан"». Опубликован: Официальный сайт правовой информации Министерства юстиции Республики Татарстан (http://pravo.tatarstan.ru), 27 февраля 2014 г. (Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Tatarstan. Order #01-02/9 of February 4, 2014 On the Adoption of the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and Inhabited Localities in the Republic of Tatarstan, as amended by the Order #01-02/160 of March 11, 2015 On Amending the Order of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Tatarstan #01-02/9 of February 4, 2014 "On the Adoption of the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and Inhabited Localities in the Republic of Tatarstan". ).
  • Государственный Совет Республики Татарстан. Закон №46-ЗРТ от 15 сентября 2004 г. «О границах территории и статусе муниципального образования города Казани», в ред. Закона №132-ЗРТ от 26 декабря 2014 г. «Об изменении границ территорий отдельных муниципальных образований и внесении изменений в Законы Республики Татарстан "О границах территории и статусе муниципального образования города Казани" и "Об установлении границ территорий и статусе муниципального образования "Лаишевский муниципальный район" и муниципальных образований в его составе"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Республика Татарстан", №191, 21 сентября 2004 г. (State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan. Law #46-ZRT of September 15, 2004 On the Borders of the Territory and the Status of the Municipal Formation of the City of Kazan, as amended by the Law #132-ZRT of December 26, 2014 On Changing the Borders of the Territories of Various Municipal Formations and on Amending the Laws of the Republic of Tatarstan "On the Borders of the Territory and the Status of the Municipal Formation of the City of Kazan" and "On Establishing the Borders of the Territories and the Status of the Municipal Formation of "Laishevsky Municipal District" and of the Municipal Formations It Comprises". Effective as of the official publication date.).
  • Álvarez Veinguer, Aurora (July 2007). "(Re)Presenting Identities: National Archipelagos in Kazan". Nationalities Papers. 35 (3): 457–476. doi:10.1080/00905990701368704.

Further reading

External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Kazan.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazan&oldid=807870079"