LGBT employment discrimination in the United States

The regulation of LGBT employment discrimination in the United States varies by jurisdiction. Many, but far from all, states and localities prohibit bias in hiring, promotion, job assignment, termination, and compensation, as well as harassment on the basis of one's sexual orientation. Fewer extend those protections to cover sexual identity.^[1] Some cover government employees but do not extend their protections to the private sector. Protections at the national level are limited. There is no federal statute addressing employment discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity.

Federal employees

Presidents have established certain protections for some employees of the federal government by executive order. In 1995, President Bill Clinton's Executive Order 12968 establishing criteria for the issuance of security clearances included sexual orientation for the first time in its non-discrimination language: "The United States Government does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, disability, or sexual orientation in granting access to classified information." It also said that "no inference" about suitability for access to classified information "may be raised solely on the basis of the sexual orientation of the employee."^[2] Clinton's Executive Order 13087 in 1998 prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in the competitive service of the federal civilian workforce. It applied to employees of the government of the District of Columbia and the United States Postal Service and to civilian employees of the armed forces, but not to certain excepted services, such as the Central Intelligence Agency, National Security Agency, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Clinton acknowledged its limitations in a statement:^[3]

The Executive Order states Administration policy but does not and cannot create any new enforcement rights (such as the ability to proceed before the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission). Those rights can be granted only by legislation passed by the Congress, such as the Employment Non-Discrimination Act.

At the start of 2010, the Obama administration began including gender identity among the list of classes protected against discrimination under the authority of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).^[4] In April 2012, the EEOC decided that gender identity was a protected class under the ban on sex discrimination found in Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.^[5]

A bill to ban employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity, the Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA), has been introduced repeatedly in the U.S. Congress since 1994.

State law

Wisconsin became the first state to ban employment discrimination based on sexual orientation in 1982. Minnesota became the first state to ban employment discrimination based on both sexual orientation and gender identity when it passed the Human Rights Act in 1993.^[6] Twenty-one states, the District of Columbia, and over 140 cities and counties have enacted bans of one sort or another.

Seventeen states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico have statutes that protect against both sexual orientation and gender identity discrimination in employment in the public and private sector: California,^[7] Colorado,^[8] Connecticut, Delaware,^[9] Hawaii,^[10] Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada,^[11] New Jersey,^[12] New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington.

The states that ban sexual orientation discrimination in employment by statute are California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin.^[13] Many of these laws also ban discrimination in other contexts, such as housing or public accommodation. Four states have laws prohibiting sexual orientation discrimination in public employment only: Indiana, Michigan, Montana, and Pennsylvania.

Five states prohibit discrimination in public employment based on sexual orientation only: Alaska, Arizona, Missouri,^[14] Montana, and Ohio.

Five states have an executive order, administrative order, or personnel regulation prohibiting discrimination in public employment based on sexual orientation and gender identity: Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan,^[15] and Pennsylvania. Two states prohibit discrimination based on gender identity in public employment only: Maryland and New York. Ohio previously included gender identity, until Governor John Kasich allowed the executive order covering it to expire in January 2011.^[16]

Seventeen other states have laws that have been interpreted to protect transgender persons.^[17]

Local law

A number of cities and counties have implemented non-discrimination laws. At least 185 cities and counties prohibit discrimination on the basis of gender identity for both public and private employees. In addition, at least 20 cities and counties prohibit such discrimination in public employment only. Most but not all of these cities and counties are located in states that have a statewide non-discrimination policy for sexual orientation and/or gender identity.

Sexual orientation and gender identity

The following jurisdictions have laws prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity in the absence of a comparable state law. Localities in italics are jurisdictions that prohibit discrimination on the basis of gender identity in public employment only.

Arizona
- Cities: Flagstaff,^[18] Phoenix,^[19] Scottsdale^[20] and Tucson^[21]
Florida
- Cities: Dunedin,^[21] Gainesville,^[21] Gulfport,^[21] Key West,^[21] Lake Worth,^[21] Largo,^[22] Miami Beach,^[21] Oakland Park,^[21] Tallahassee,^[23] Tampa,^[21] Tequesta,^[24] Venice,^[25] West Palm Beach,^[21] and Wilton Manors^[26]
- Counties: Alachua^[27], Broward,^[21] Leon,^[21] Monroe,^[21] Orange,^[28] Palm Beach,^[21] and Volusia^[21]
Georgia
- Cities: Atlanta,^[21] Clarkston,^[29] Decatur,^[21] Doraville,^[30] Pine Lake^[31] and Savannah^[32]
- County: Athens-Clarke^[33]
Idaho
- Cities: Boise,^[21] Coeur d'Alene,^[21] Ketchum,^[21] Moscow,^[21] Pocatello,^[34] and Sandpoint^[21]
Indiana
- Cities: Bloomington,^[21] Evansville,^[21] Indianapolis,^[21] New Albany,^[35] South Bend,^[21] and West Lafayette^[36]
- Counties: Marion^[21] and Monroe^[21]
Kansas
- City: Lawrence^[21]
Kentucky
- Cities: Covington,^[21] Louisville,^[21] and Vicco^[21]
- Counties: Lexington-Fayette^[21] and Jefferson^[21]
Louisiana
- Cities: New Orleans^[21] and Shreveport^[37]
Maryland
- City: Baltimore^[21]
- Counties: Baltimore,^[38] Howard,^[21] and Montgomery^[21]
Michigan
- Cities: Ann Arbor,^[21] Detroit,^[21] East Lansing,^[21] Ferndale,^[21] Grand Rapids,^[21] Huntington Woods,^[21] Kalamazoo,^[21] Lansing,^[21] Mount Pleasant,^[39] Muskegon,^[40] Saugatuck,^[21] Traverse City,^[21] and Ypsilanti^[21]
- Towns: Kalamazoo,^[41] Saugatuck,^[42] and Union^[43]
Missouri
- Cities: Clayton,^[21] Columbia,^[21] Creve Coeur,^[44] Ferguson,^[45] Kansas City,^[21] Kirkwood,^[21] Maplewood,^[46] Olivette,^[21] Richmond Heights,^[47] St. Louis,^[21] and University City^[21]
- Counties: Jackson^[48] and St. Louis^[21]
Montana
- Cities: Helena^[49] and Missoula^[21]
- County: Missoula^[50]
Nebraska
- City: Omaha^[21]
New York
- Cities: Albany,^[21] Binghamton,^[51] Buffalo,^[21] Ithaca,^[21] New York City,^[21] Rochester,^[21] and Syracuse^[52]
- Town: Rhinebeck^[53]
- Counties: Suffolk,^[21] Tompkins,^[21] and Westchester^[54]
North Carolina
- City: Asheville^[55]
- Towns: Boone,^[55] Carrboro,^[55] and Chapel Hill^[55]
- County: Orange^[55]
North Dakota
- City: Grand Forks^[56]
Ohio
- Cities: Akron,^[21] Athens,^[57] Bowling Green,^[21] Cincinnati,^[21] Cleveland,^[21] Columbus,^[21] Coshocton,^[58] Dayton,^[21] East Cleveland,^[57] Oxford,^[21] and Toledo^[21]
- Village: Yellow Springs^[21]
- Counties: Lucas^[59] and Summit^[21]
Pennsylvania
- Cities: Allentown,^[21] Bethlehem,^[21] Doylestown,^[21] Easton,^[21] Harrisburg,^[21] Lancaster,^[60] Philadelphia,^[21] Pittsburgh,^[21] Pittston,^[61] Reading,^[62] Scranton,^[21] Swarthmore,^[21] and York^[21]
- Towns: Abington,^[63] Cheltenham,^[64] Conshohocken,^[65] Haverford,^[21] Jenkintown,^[21] Lansdowne,^[21] Lower Merion,^[21] New Hope,^[21] Newtown,^[21] Springfield,^[21] State College,^[21] Susquehanna,^[21] Upper Merion,^[66] West Chester,^[21] and Whitemarsh^[21]
- Counties: Allegheny,^[21] Erie,^[21] and Luzerne^[67]
South Carolina
- Cities: Charleston^[21] and Columbia^[21]
- County: Richland^[68]
South Dakota
- County: Shannon^[69]
Tennessee
- City: Knoxville^[70] and Memphis^[71]
- County: Davidson^[72]
Texas
- Cities: Austin,^[21] Dallas,^[21] El Paso,^[73] Fort Worth,^[21] and Houston^[74]
- County: Dallas^[21]
Utah
- Cities: Alta,^[21] Harrisville,^[21] Logan,^[21] Midvale,^[21] Moab,^[21] Murray,^[21] Ogden,^[21] Park City,^[21] Salt Lake City,^[21] Springdale,^[21] Taylorsville,^[21] and West Valley City^[21]
- Counties: Grand,^[21] Salt Lake,^[21] and Summit^[21]
Virginia
- County: Loudoun^[75]
West Virginia
- City: Charleston^[21]
- City: Harpers Ferry^[76]
Wisconsin
- Cities: Madison^[21] and Milwaukee^[21]
- County: Dane^[21]

Sexual orientation only

The following jurisdictions have laws prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation only in the absence of a comparable state law. Localities in italics are jurisdictions that prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in public employment only.^[77]

Arizona
- City: Tempe^[78]
Florida
- Cities: Delray Beach,^[79] Fort Lauderdale,^[23] Orlando,^[23] Palm Beach Gardens,^[79] Sarasota,^[23] and St. Petersburg^[23]
- Towns: Juno Beach,^[79] Hypoluxo,^[79] Jupiter^[79] and Royal Palm Beach^[79]
- Counties: Miami-Dade,^[23] Pinellas,^[23] and Sarasota^[80]
Georgia
- Cities: East Point^[81] and Tybee Island^[81]
- Counties: DeKalb^[81] and Fulton^[81]
Idaho
- Cities: Lewiston^[82] and Twin Falls^[82]
Indiana
- Cities: Fort Wayne,^[83] Lafayette,^[83] Michigan City,^[83] and Terre Haute^[83]
- County: Tippecanoe^[83]
Kansas
- County: Shawnee^[84]
Kentucky
- Town: Berea^[85]
Michigan
- Cities: Douglas,^[86] Flint,^[87] and Westland^[88]
- Village: Spring Lake^[89]
Nebraska
- City: Grand Island^[90]
North Carolina
- Cities: Bessemer City,^[55] Durham,^[91] Greensboro,^[55] High Point,^[55] Raleigh,^[55] and Winston-Salem^[55]
- Counties: Durham,^[55] Guilford,^[55] and Mecklenburg^[55]
North Dakota
- City: Fargo^[92]
Ohio
- Cities: Canton^[57] and Cleveland Heights^[57]
Oklahoma
- Cities: Oklahoma City^[93] and Tulsa^[94]
Pennsylvania
- Town: Oxford^[95]
South Dakota
- City: Brookings^[96]
- County: Minnehaha^[97]
Texas
- City: San Antonio^[98]
- County: Walker^[99]
Virginia
- Cities: Alexandria,^[100] Charlottesville,^[100] Falls Church,^[101] Roanoke,^[100] Virginia Beach,^[100] and Williamsburg^[100]
- Counties: Arlington^[100] and Fairfax^[100]
West Virginia
- City: Morgantown^[102]
- County: Kanawha^[103]

Private sector policies

Many large companies provide equal rights and benefits to their lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender employees, as measured by the Human Rights Campaign (HRC) through its Corporate Equality Index. The 2011 report found that 337 large companies received a 100% rating.^[104] These businesses employ a total of over 8.3 million full-time U.S. workers.^[105] When the Rights Campaign’s Corporate Equality Index was first used in 2002, 13 companies were rated 100 percent.^[106] Each year, corporations send thousands of employees to the Out & Equal Regional Summit, a conference that aims to create a more inclusive work environment for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender employees.^[107] There are workplace resources for how allies can create a more inclusive work environment, including programs available through PFLAG.^[108]

Widespread adoption of private workplace policies may be motivated by good business sense, the Williams Institute suggests. Its conclusion is based on a set of studies that show that lesbians and gay men who have come out at work report lower levels of anxiety, less conflict between work and personal life, greater job satisfaction, more sharing of employers' goals, higher levels of satisfaction with their co-workers, more self-esteem, and better physical health.^[109]

References

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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Virginia – Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Documentation of Discrimination" (PDF). UCLA School of Law. September 2009. Retrieved May 23, 2013.
^ "Human Resources". The City of Falls Church. Retrieved May 23, 2013.
^ "West Virginia – Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Documentation of Discrimination" (PDF). UCLA School of Law. September 2009. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
^ "County adds sexual orientation to policy". Charleston Daily Mail. April 2, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
^ http://www.hrc.org/issues/workplace/cei.htm
^ "Corporate Equality Index: Rating American Workplaces on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Equality" (PDF). Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved May 2, 2011.
^ "Cities and Counties with Non-Discrimination Ordinances that Include Gender Identity". Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved April 30, 2011.
^ http://outandequal.org/annual-summit
^ "Allies at Work: Creating a Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Inclusive Work Environment". OutAndEqual.org. Out and Equal Workplace Advocates. Retrieved March 21, 2012.
^ "Employment Discrimination against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People in Oklahoma". The Williams Institute. Retrieved Accessed April 30, 2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

[1] Tilcsik, A. (2011). Pride and prejudice: Employment discrimination against openly gay men in the United States. American Journal of Sociology, 117, 586–626.

[2] Purdum, Todd S. (4 August 1995). "Clinton Ends Ban on Security Clearance for Gay Workers". New York Times. Retrieved 4 August 2012.

[3] "1998-05-28 Statement on Amendment to EEO Executive Order". 5 May 1998. Retrieved 4 August 2012.

[4] "Administration Adds Gender Identity To Equal Employment Opportunity Policies". American Civil Liberties Union. 2010-01-05. Retrieved 2011-02-28.

[5] Geidner, Chris (23 April 2012). "Transgender Breakthrough". Metro Weekly. Retrieved 4 August 2012.

[MinnInd-6] "Franken, Klobuchar sponsor workplace non-discrimination act". Minnesota Independent. 2009-08-05. Retrieved 2009-08-05.

[7] Cal Civ Code sec. 51

[8] C.R.S. 24-34-402 (2008)

[9] Lavers, Michael K. (June 19, 2013). "Markell signs transgender rights bill into law". Washington Blade. Retrieved June 19, 2013. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[10] Williams, Steve. "Hawaii's Trans Workplace Nondiscrimination Bill Goes To Governor's Desk". Care2. Retrieved May 2, 2011.

[11] Broverman, Neal (May 24, 2011). "Nevada Gov. Signs Pro-Trans Law". The Advocate. Retrieved March 22, 2012.

[12] Law Against Discrimination)

[13] "laws". HRC. Retrieved 2011-04-26.

[14] Missouri governor sets new discrimination policy

[15] The Associated Press^{[dead link]}

[16] Gavin, Aronsen. "Map: Transgender Employment Rights Make Headway". Mother Jones. Retrieved April 30, 2011.

[17] Weiss, Jillian Todd. (July 23, 2007) How many states have law covering gender identity? Transgender Workplace Diversity Blog. Accessed October 20, 2007.

[18] "An ordinance of the city council of the City of Flagstaff, Arizona, amending Flagstaff City Code Title 14, Human Relations, by adding Chapter 2, Civil Rights". City of Flagstaff. Retrieved May 25, 2013.

[19] Gardiner, Dustin (February 26, 2013). "http://www.azcentral.com/community/phoenix/articles/20130226phoenix-discrimination-law-amend.html". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved February 26, 2013. {{cite news}}: External link in |title= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[20] "City Council Report". City of Scottsdale. November 20, 2007. Retrieved March 22, 2012.

[HRC-21] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do ^dp ^dq ^dr ^ds ^dt "Cities and Counties with Non-Discrimination Ordinances that Include Gender Identity". Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved May 25, 2013.

[22] "Employee Handbook A" (PDF). City of Largo. Retrieved March 22, 2012. Any verbal, physical, or visual conduct that belittles, demeans, denigrates, or shows hostility toward an individual or group based on [...] gender identity or expression, or similar characteristic or circumstance is prohibited.

[UCF-23] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Florida Cities & Counties with Nondiscrimination Laws". University of Central Florida. Retrieved January 5, 2013.

[24] "Application for Employment". Village of Tequesta. March 16, 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2012. It is the policy of the Village to conduct recruitment and selection in an affirmative manner to provide equal employment opportunity to all applicants and to prohibit discrimination because of [...] gender identity or expression

[25] "Venice Votes Unanimously to Protect LGBT Community". Equality Florida. March 28, 2012. Retrieved March 28, 2012.

[26] "Personnel and Safety Rules and Regulations" (PDF). City of Wilton Manors. October 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2012.

[27] Watkins, Morgan (August 13, 2013). "County adds sexual orientation to its human rights ordinance". The Gainesville Sun. Retrieved August 14, 2013.

[28] "Victory: Orange County Passes LGBT Protections". Equality Florida. November 23, 2010. Retrieved March 28, 20120. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

[29] "Clarkston beefs up its anti-discrimination policies". Project Q Atlanta. February 4, 2009. Retrieved March 22, 2012.

[30] "City of Doraville, Ga. Passes Non-Discrimination Ordinance" (Press release). Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. September 12, 2008. Retrieved March 22, 2012.

[31] "Non-Discrimination Laws that include gender identity and expression". Transgender Law and Policy Institute. February 1, 2012. Retrieved March 12, 2012.

[32] "2012 Taxi Appeals Board Application". City of Savannah Mobility and Parking Services Department. The City of Savannah prohibits discrimination in all of its programs and activities on the basis of [...] sex (including gender identity and expression), marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation

[33] "Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO)". Athens-Clarke County Unified Government. Retrieved March 22, 2012.

[34] "Pocatello Adopts Anti-discrimination Rule, Becoming 6th Idaho City to Protect GLBT People". Times-News. Associated Press. June 7, 2013. Retrieved July 23, 2013.

[35] Schneider, Grace (August 22, 2012). "New Albany anti-discrimination law draws raves from Kentucky". The Courier-Journal. Retrieved January 3, 2013. New Albany's new law bans discrimination in employment, education, housing and public accommodations based on an individual's actual or perceived [...] sexual orientation, gender identity {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[36] "West Lafayette Human Relations Commission" (PDF). City of West Lafayette. Retrieved April 13, 2012.

[37] "Mayor Glover Signs Executive Order to Extend City's Nondiscrimination Policy" (Press release). City of Shreveport. December 17, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2012.

[38] "Transgender bill passes through Council". WMAR-TV. February 21, 2012. Retrieved February 21, 2012.

[39] "Ordinance No. 973" (PDF). City of Mount Pleasant. Retrieved August 20, 2012. The City intends that no individual be denied the equal protection of the laws; nor shall any person be denied the enjoyment of his or her civil rights or be discriminated against because of his or her [...] sexual orientation or gender identity.

[40] Alexander, Dave (March 12, 2012). "Lesbian-gay anti-discrimination policy accepted by Muskegon City Commission". Michigan Live LLC. Retrieved March 13, 2012.

[41] Monacelli, Emily (July 22, 2013). "Non-discrimination ordinance passed in 6-0 vote by Kalamazoo Township board". MLive Media Group. Retrieved July 23, 2013.

[42] "Code of Ordinances" (PDF). Saugatuck Township. August 2, 2007. Retrieved May 25, 2013. No person or persons shall discriminate against any person or persons within the township regarding employment, housing, public accommodations, and public services on the basis of that person's [...] gender, [...] sexual orientation [...] Gender. The real or perceived sex, gender identity, or gender expression.

[43] "Union Township adopts 'human rights' law". The Morning Sun. October 12, 2012. Retrieved January 2, 2013. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[44] Schuessler, Todd (July 24, 2012). "Creve Coeur bans discrimination based on sexual orientation". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved August 29, 2012. The amendment, which was passed 7-0, prohibits any discrimination based on gender identity and sexual orientation in such matters as housing, employment and use of public spaces. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[45] "Ferguson becomes the 6th City in St. Louis County to Stand Against Discrimination" (Press release). PROMO. August 28, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2012.

[46] Roberts, Rebecca (September 25, 2012). "Maplewood Passes Ordinance To Prevent LGBT Discrimination". KPLR-TV. Retrieved September 26, 2012.

[47] "Richmond Heights Adds Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity to Nondiscrimination Ordinance" (Press release). PROMO. March 19, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2012.

[48] "Jackson County Nondiscrimination Protections Extended to Housing and Public Accommodations" (Press release). PROMO. February 27, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2012.

[49] Talwani, Sanjay (December 18, 2012). "Nondiscrimination ordinance passes unanimously in Helena". Billings Gazette. Retrieved December 18, 2012.

[50] "Human Resources - Job Listings". Missoula County. Missoula County will not refuse employment or discriminate in compensation, benefits, or the other terms, conditions and privileges of employment based upon: [...] sexual orientation, gender identity, or expression

[51] "Chapter 45, Binghamton Human Rights Law" (PDF). City of Binghamton. Retrieved April 13, 2012.

[52] Knauss, Tim; Breidenbach, Michelle (November 19, 2012). "Syracuse councilors vote to ban discrimination against transgendered people". The Post-Standard. Retrieved November 19, 2012. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[53] "Town Board Meeting Minutes". Town of Rhinebeck. December 11, 2006. Retrieved March 22, 2012.

[54] "Chapter 700. Human Rights" (PDF). Westchester County. Retrieved May 1, 2012.

[NCCities-55] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m "North Carolina – Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Documentation of Discrimination" (PDF). UCLA School of Law. September 2009. Retrieved May 25, 2013.

[56] Jewett, Brandi (June 17, 2013). "Grand Forks OKs protection for city employees from discrimination based on gender identity, sexual orientation". Grand Forks Herald. Retrieved June 18, 2013. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[OhioCities-57] "Ohio Cities and LGBT Laws" (PDF). Equality Ohio. Retrieved January 3, 2013.

[58] "Chapter 159 Human Relations Commission". Conway Greene Co. October 22, 2007. Retrieved May 24, 2013. "Sexual orientation" means a person's actual or perceived homosexuality; bisexuality; or heterosexuality or transgender, by orientation or practice, by and between consenting adults.

[59] "Equal Employment Opportunity Policy" (PDF). Lucas County. May 12, 2008. Retrieved March 22, 2012.

[60] "Lancaster City Human Relations Commission". City of Lancaster. Retrieved April 13, 2012.

[61] "Pittston acts to prevent discrimination". The Abington Journal.com. May 28. 2013. Retrieved May 29. 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)

[62] "Bill No. 31-2011 - An Ordinance" (PDF). City of Reading. July 15, 2011. Retrieved April 13, 2012.

[63] Colletta, Jen (April 19, 2012). "Abington passes LGBT ordinance". Philadelphia Gay News. Retrieved July 25, 2012. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[64] "Cheltenham Township Ordinance No. 2237-12". Cheltenham Township. February 15, 2012. Retrieved July 25, 2012.

[65] Colletta, Jen (April 28, 2011). "PA gets 20th LGBT-inclusive ordinance". Philadelphia Gay News. Retrieved July 25, 2012. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[66] Thomas, Angela (October 25, 2012). "Upper Merion unanimously bans discrimination". Philadelphia Gay News. Retrieved October 30, 2012. The measure bans discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity in housing, employment and public accommodations. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[67] "Luzerne County Personnel Policy" (PDF). Luzerne County. January 1, 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2012.

[68] Comer, Matt (June 8, 2011). "South Carolina county passes non-discrimination ordinance". Q-Notes. Retrieved April 4, 2012. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[69] "Victory in Shannon County!" (Press release). Equality South Dakota. April 28, 2009. Retrieved May 25, 2013.

[70] Witt, Gerald (May 1, 2012). "Knoxville City Council passes anti-discrimination ordinance". Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved May 1, 2012. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[71] "Memphis includes gays under anti-discrimination". Knoxville News Sentinel. Associated Press. October 17, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012. The Memphis City Council has included sexual orientation and gender identity in an ordinance that bans discrimination in city hiring. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[72] "Statement of Non-Discrimination". Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County. Retrieved April 14, 2012.

[73] "Oridnance No. 15410" (PDF). City of El Paso. April 8, 2003. Retrieved January 22, 2013. It is unlawful for any person, firm, association or corporation, or any agent, servent or employee thereof within the City [El Paso], to refuse, deny or withhold from any person, for any reason directly or indirectly relating to the [...] gender identity, sexual orientation [...] of such person, any of the accommodations, facilities or services offered to the general public by place of public accommodation.

[74] Shay, Miya (April 2, 2010). "Mayor extends city's non-discrimination policy". KTRK-TV. Retrieved February 28, 2012.

[75] "Loudoun's nondiscrimination policy expanded". The Washington Post. January 6, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2013.

[76] "Harpers Ferry Human Rights Ordinance" (PDF). Corporation of Harpers Ferry. March 11, 2013. Retrieved May 21, 2013. "Sexual orientation" means actual or perceived heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, or gender-related identity, appearance, or behavior of an individual, with or without regard to the individual's assigned sex at birth.

[77] ttp://www.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/2012_HRC_MEI_Scorecards.pdf

[78] "Application & Hiring Process". City of Tempe, AZ. Retrieved May 25, 2013.

[FloridaSOonly-79] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Florida – Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Documentation of Discrimination" (PDF). UCLA School of Law. September 2009. Retrieved January 5, 2013.

[80] "Affirmative Action / Equal Employment Opportunity". Sarasota County. Retrieved January 14, 2013. All recruitment, hiring, training, and promotion of persons employed by Sarasota County, in all positions, are accomplished without regard to [...] sexual orientation

[GeorgiaSOonly-81] "Georgia – Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Documentation of Discrimination" (PDF). UCLA School of Law. September 2009. Retrieved January 3, 2013.

[IDcities-82] Baeza, Benito (January 16, 2013). "Lewiston Adds Sexual Orientation to City Policy". KLIX. Associated Press. Retrieved January 19, 2013.

[IndianaSOonly-83] "Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Now Protected in Marion County" (PDF). Hall, Render, Killian, Heath & Lyman. February 9, 2006. Retrieved January 2, 2013.

[84] "The Shawnee County, Kansas Code" (PDF). County of Shawnee, Kansas. December 13, 2006. Retrieved May 25, 2013. The sexual orientation of any person shall not be a factor in the recruitment, hiring, training, transfer, promotion and termination and other forms of discipline.

[85] Estep, Bill (February 21, 2013). "Berea becomes 3rd Kentucky city to offer domestic-partner benefits". Lexington Herald-Leader. Retrieved February 23, 2013. Berea Mayor Steve Connelly issued an executive order Feb. 14 [...] barring discrimination in hiring, firing and benefits based on an employee's sexual orientation. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[86] "Michigan Department of Civil Rights Report on LGBT Inclusion under Michigan Law" (PDF). Michigan Department of Civil Rights. January 28, 2013. Retrieved May 25, 2013.

[87] Proxmire, Crystal A. (January 10, 2013). "Non Discrimination Ordinances Spread Equality City by City". Between the Lines. Retrieved January 14, 2013. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[88] "Sec. 54-39. - Powers and duties". Municode. November 15, 2004. Retrieved May 25, 2013.

[89] "Section 17.02. - Non-Discrimination and Civil Rights". Municode. Retrieved May 25, 2013.

[90] Overstreet, Tracy (November 13, 2012). "Council overrides mayoral veto on sexual orientation policy". Grand Island Independent. Retrieved December 5, 2012. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[91] "Recruitment and Selection" (PDF). City of Durham. July 19, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2013. It is the policy of the City of Durham to assure that equal employment opportunity is afforded to all without regard to [...] sexual orientation

[92] "Postings". City of Fargo. Retrieved June 18, 2013. The City of Fargo provides Equal Employment Opportunity for all individuals without regard to [...] sexual orientation

[93] Kimball, Michael (November 16, 2011). "Oklahoma City Council passes sexual orientation measure". The Oklahoman. Retrieved May 25, 2013. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[94] Bryan, Emory (June 18, 2010). "Tulsa City Council Approves Sexual Orientation Policy; Rejects Immigration Ordinance". News on 6. Retrieved May 25, 2013.

[95] "Pennsylvania – Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Documentation of Discrimination" (PDF). UCLA School of Law. September 2009. Retrieved January 5, 2013.

[96] "Equal Employment Opportunity & Affirmative Action Policy". City of Brookings, SD. Retrieved May 24, 2013.

[97] "Human Resources - Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). Minnehaha County. Retrieved May 25, 2013. Minnehaha County is an Equal Opportunity Employer and does not discriminate on the basis of [...] sexual orientation

[98] "Equal Employment Opportunity". City of San Antonio. Retrieved January 13, 2013.

[99] "Walker County Employment Application" (PDF). Walker County, Texas. August 11, 2003. Retrieved May 24, 2013. Walker County provides equal employment and advancement opportunities for all persons regardless of race, creed, sex, national origin, age, religion, disability, marital status, sexual orientation, or any other classification protected by law.

[VirginiaSOonly-100] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Virginia – Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Documentation of Discrimination" (PDF). UCLA School of Law. September 2009. Retrieved May 23, 2013.

[101] "Human Resources". The City of Falls Church. Retrieved May 23, 2013.

[102] "West Virginia – Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Documentation of Discrimination" (PDF). UCLA School of Law. September 2009. Retrieved January 3, 2013.

[103] "County adds sexual orientation to policy". Charleston Daily Mail. April 2, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2012.

[104] ttp://www.hrc.org/issues/workplace/cei.htm

[105] "Corporate Equality Index: Rating American Workplaces on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Equality" (PDF). Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved May 2, 2011.

[106] "Cities and Counties with Non-Discrimination Ordinances that Include Gender Identity". Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved April 30, 2011.

[107] ttp://outandequal.org/annual-summit

[108] "Allies at Work: Creating a Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Inclusive Work Environment". OutAndEqual.org. Out and Equal Workplace Advocates. Retrieved March 21, 2012.

[109] "Employment Discrimination against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People in Oklahoma". The Williams Institute. Retrieved Accessed April 30, 2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

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