List of massacres in Turkey: Difference between revisions

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| [[Armenians in the Ottoman Empire|Armenians]]
| [[Armenians in the Ottoman Empire|Armenians]]
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| colspan=10 align="center" | Notes: According to the estimates of [[Justin McCarthy (American historian)|Justin McCarthy]], during the period from 1821 to 1922 alone, the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims in the Balkans led to the death of several million individuals and the expulsion of a similar number.<ref name="McCarthy1995">{{cite book|author=Justin McCarthy|title=Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1ZntAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=1 May 2013|year=1995|publisher=Darwin Press|isbn=978-0-87850-094-9}}</ref><ref name="Carmichael2012">{{cite book|author=Cathie Carmichael|title=Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans: Nationalism and the Destruction of Tradition|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ybORI4KWwdIC|accessdate=1 May 2013|date=12 November 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-47953-5}}<br/>"During the period from 1821 to 1922 alone, Justin McCarthy estimates that the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims led to the death of several million individuals and the expulsion of a similar number."</ref><ref name="Press2010">{{cite book|author=Oxford University Press|title=Islam in the Balkans: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Kck_-B7MubIC&pg=PA9|accessdate=1 May 2013|date=1 May 2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-980381-1|pages=9–}}</ref>
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| [[Turkish people|Turks]] and [[Kurdish people|Kurds]]
| [[Turkish people|Turks]] and [[Kurdish people|Kurds]]
| During WWI the Russian army with Armenian paramilitaries launched a scorched earth policy against Muslim settlements in the [[Çoruh River|Chorukh]] river valley, Muslim villages were destroyed.<ref name="google176"/>
| During WWI the Russian army with Armenian paramilitaries launched a scorched earth policy against Muslim settlements in the [[Çoruh River|Chorukh]] river valley, Muslim villages were destroyed.<ref name="google176"/>
|-
| colspan=10 align="center" | Notes: According to the estimates of [[Justin McCarthy (American historian)|Justin McCarthy]], during the period from 1821 to 1922 alone, the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims in the Balkans led to the death of several million individuals and the expulsion of a similar number.<ref name="McCarthy1995">{{cite book|author=Justin McCarthy|title=Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1ZntAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=1 May 2013|year=1995|publisher=Darwin Press|isbn=978-0-87850-094-9}}</ref><ref name="Carmichael2012">{{cite book|author=Cathie Carmichael|title=Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans: Nationalism and the Destruction of Tradition|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ybORI4KWwdIC|accessdate=1 May 2013|date=12 November 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-47953-5}}<br/>"During the period from 1821 to 1922 alone, Justin McCarthy estimates that the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims led to the death of several million individuals and the expulsion of a similar number."</ref><ref name="Press2010">{{cite book|author=Oxford University Press|title=Islam in the Balkans: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Kck_-B7MubIC&pg=PA9|accessdate=1 May 2013|date=1 May 2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-980381-1|pages=9–}}</ref>
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|[[Greeks|Greek]] and [[Armenians in the Ottoman Empire|Armenian]] Christians
|[[Greeks|Greek]] and [[Armenians in the Ottoman Empire|Armenian]] Christians
|Greeks and Armenians were massacred by Turkish army and paramilitaries before, as well as in the aftermath of a devastating fire that destroyed their quarters in the city.<ref name=Norman/>
|Greeks and Armenians were massacred by Turkish army and paramilitaries before, as well as in the aftermath of a devastating fire that destroyed their quarters in the city.<ref name=Norman/>
|-
| colspan=10 align="center" | Notes: According to research by R. J. Rummel, during the war (1919-1922) nearly 264,000 Greeks and at least 15,000 Muslim Turks had died.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rummel|first=Rudolph J.|title=Death By Government|year=1996|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=1412821290|page=234|url=http://books.google.gr/books?id=LFDWp7O9_dIC&pg=PA85&dq=greek+15000+turks+1922+minimum&hl=el&sa=X&ei=D80QUpitMcqr7AaZh4GYDg&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22%20I%20believe%20a%20minimum%20number%20of%20these%20killed%20is%2015%2C000%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Rummel|first=Rudolph J.|title=Statistics of democide : genocide and mass murder since 1900|year=1998|publisher=Lit|location=Münster|isbn=3825840107|page=85|url=http://books.google.gr/books?id=LFDWp7O9_dIC&pg=PA85&dq=greek+15000+turks+1922+minimum&hl=el&sa=X&ei=D80QUpitMcqr7AaZh4GYDg&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22%20I%20believe%20a%20minimum%20number%20of%20these%20killed%20is%2015%2C000%22&f=false}}</ref> According to [[Justin McCarthy (American historian)|McCarthy]]'s estimates, nearly 1.2 million Muslims in western Anatolia and 313,000 Anatolian Greeks had died in the period ranging from 1913 to 1922.</small><ref name="McCarthy1983">{{cite book|author=Justin McCarthy|title=Muslims and Minorities: The Population of Ottoman Anatolia and the End of the Empire|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UyFwQgAACAAJ|accessdate=24 August 2013|year=1983|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=978-0-8147-5390-3}}</ref><ref name=Chatty>{{cite book|last=Chatty|first=Dawn|title=Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521817929|page=86|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cefhBwMRTDIC&pg=PA86&lpg=PA86&dq=At+the+end+of+the+war,+nearly+1.2+million+Muslims+in+western+Anatolia+had+died&source=bl&ots=UIxVcKSj79&sig=ifymEINzdTXBLDouB2zfWu0lEJQ&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=O37tUcSSH4nctAa72IDYCQ&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=At%20the%20end%20of%20the%20war%2C%20nearly%201.2%20million%20Muslims%20in%20western%20Anatolia%20had%20died&f=false|quote=At the end of the war, nearly 1.2 million Muslims in western Anatolia had died. Of the Anatolian Greeks, more than 3 13,000 died.}}</ref>
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Revision as of 07:16, 25 August 2013

The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in Turkey and its predecessors (numbers may be approximate, as estimates vary greatly):

Ottoman Empire (till 1914)

Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Constantinople Massacre 1821 Constantinople unknown Ottoman government Greeks Greek Orthodox Patriarch Gregory V and other notables were executed, while local Muslims were encouraged to attack the Greek population.
Massacres of Badr Khan 1840 Hakkari 10,000[1] Kurdish Emirs of Buhtan, Badr Khan and Nurullah Christians Many who were not killed were sold into slavery.
Hamidian massacres 1894–1896 Eastern Ottoman Empire 100,000-300,000[2] Ottoman Empire
Hamidiye
Kurdish irregulars 		Armenians and Assyrians Many women were raped and forced into harems, and many women and children were sold as slaves; see also Massacres of Diyarbakir (1895)
Adana massacre April 1909 Adana Vilayet 15,000-30,000[3][4][5] Young Turk government Armenians

World War I (1914-1918)

Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Greek genocide[6][7][8][9] 1914–1923 Ottoman Empire 500,000–900,000 Young Turk government Greeks Reports detail systematic massacres, deportations, individual killings, rapes, burning of entire Greek villages, destruction of Greek Orthodox churches and monasteries, drafts for "Labor Brigades", looting, terrorism and other atrocities[10][11]
Assyrian genocide[12] 1914–1925 Ottoman Empire 270,000–750,000 Young Turk government Assyrians Denied by the Turkish government
Armenian Genocide[13] 1915–1923 Ottoman Empire 600,000–1,800,000 Young Turk government Armenians Denied by the Turkish government; is the second most studied case of genocide after the Holocaust
Massacres in the Chorukh river valley 1914–1916 Artvin Province, Ardahan Province 45,000 civilians[14] Russian army, Cossack regiments, Armenian paramilitaries Turks and Kurds During WWI the Russian army with Armenian paramilitaries launched a scorched earth policy against Muslim settlements in the Chorukh river valley, Muslim villages were destroyed.[14]

Greco-Turkish War (1919-1923)

Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Greek landing at Smyrna May 15–16, 1919 Smyrna 300-600 killed Greeks Turks The orderly landing of the Greek army soon turned into a riot against the local Turkish population by local Greeks and Greek soldiers. Stores and houses were looted, many cases of beatings, rape, killing. Estimates for killed Greeks are between 22-32, for Turks between 300-600.
Menemen massacre June 16–17, 1919 Menemen 100-1,000 Greeks Turks
Battle of Aydın June 27- July 4, 1919 Aydın 2,000-3,000 Turks and Greeks Turks and Greeks The Greek army occupied the city which was later taken by Turkish irregulars and then again by the Greeks. This resulted in the destruction of most of the city and massacres for both sides. Killed Greeks were estimated as 1,500-2,000, Turks as 1,200-2,000.
Iznik-Izmit region 9 June - 27 August 1920 Ortaköy, Geyve, Akhisar, Iznik More than a few hundred, less than 1520.[15] Turkish irregulars Greeks Justin McCarthy: "The following are the figures of the Armenian and/or Greek patriarchates. The British warned that they contained "exaggerations."It can be assumed that the actual numbers were lower, but that the massacres actually did take place 9 June, Ortaköy, 270, 10 July, Geyve, 500, 15 July, Akhisar, 350, 27 August, Iznik, 400-500"[15]
Gemlik-Yalova Peninsula Massacres 1920-21 Gemlik/Yalova Peninsula estimates vary: 35 reported[16] or

5,500[17] - 9,100 (Turkish claim)[18]

Greeks troops, local Greeks, Armenians and Circasians[19] Turks The perpetrators were Greek troops and local Greek and Armenian gangs, who burned down Orhangazi, Yenişehir, Armutlu. In total 27 villages were razed and their population fled. In Armutlu women were methodically raped.[20] Circassians participated also in the events.[19]
Bilecik Province March–April 1921 Bilecik, Sögüt, Bozüyük 208 [21] Greeks troops, local Greeks Turks The town of Bilecik and crops were burned down by the retreating Greek army, local people were massacred.[22] Bilecik, Sögüt, Bozüyük and dozens of neighboring villages were burned or plundered by the hastily retreating Greek army, there haste limited the destruction.[21]
Izmit 24 June 1921 Izmit 300[23][24] Greek Army Turks Up to 300 people, mostly men, were executed by Greek troops. There bodies were buried in a mass grave outside the town. Arnold J. Toynbee was a reporter who described these events in the Manchester Guardian.[23]
Karatepe village 14 February 1922 Karatepe 385[25] Greek Army Turks In one of the examples of the Greek atrocities during the retreat, on 14 February 1922, in the Turkish village of Karatepe in Aydin Vilayeti, after being surrounded by the Greeks, all the inhabitants were put into the mosque, then the mosque was burned. The few who escaped fire were shot.[26][verification needed]
Salihli September 5, 1922 Salihli at least 76[27][full citation needed] Greek forces Turks The city was burned by the retreating Greek army, 65% of the buildings were destroyed.[28]
Turgutlu September 4–6, 1922 Turgutlu (former Kasaba) 1,000>[28] Greek forces Turks The city was burned by the retreating Greek army, 90% of the buildings were destroyed.[28] Approximately 1,000 died.[28] Park:"Cassaba (present day Turgutlu) was a town of 40,000 souls, 3,000 of whom were non-Muslims. Of these 37,000 Turks only 6,000 could be accounted for among the living, while 1,000 Turks were known to have been shot or burned to death. Of the 2,000 buildings that constituted the city, only 200 remained standing."
Turgutlu[29] September 1922 Turgutlu (former Kasaba) 4,000[29] Turks Greeks From 8,000 Greek civilians gathered in the town, half of them remained after the evacuation of the Greek Army. They were killed by the advancing Turkish soldiers.[29]
Uşak September 1, 1922 Uşak 200[30] Greeks Turks The city was burned by the retreating Greek army, 33% of the buildings were destroyed.[28] [dubious – discuss]
Manisa September 6–7, 1922 Manisa 4,355[31] Greeks troops Turks The city was burned by the retreating Greek army.[28] James Loder Park, the U.S. Vice-Consul in Constantinople at the time, who toured much of the devastated area immediately after the Greek evacuation, described the situation, as follows:[28] "Manisa... almost completely wiped out by fire... 10,300 houses, 15 mosques, 2 baths, 2,278 shops, 19 hotels, 26 villas... [destroyed]."
Akhisar 1922 Akhisar 7,000[32] Turkish forces Greeks As a result of the capture of the city by the Turkish nationalist army, all remaining local Greeks were murdered. Since then there is no Christian community in the city.[32]
Alaşehir September 3–4, 1922 Alaşehir 3,000[33] Greeks Turks The city was burned by the retreating Greek army.[28]
Ayvalik After September 19, 1922 Ayvalik 2,977[34] Turkish forces Greeks Most of the male Greek population, some 3,000, who remained in the town were deported to the interior of Anatolia, of those only 23 survived. The rest of the population was deported to Greece.[34]
Cunda Island After September 19, 1922 Cunda Island Hundreds[34] Turkish forces Greeks Several hundreds of Greek civilians were killed on the islet of Cunda Island, only some children were spared. This happened as an act of revenge for the killing one Muslims judge, several years earlier.[34]
Catastrophe of Smyrna September 13–22, 1922 Smyrna 10,000 - 100,000[35][36] Turkish army and paramilitaries[37] Greek and Armenian Christians Greeks and Armenians were massacred by Turkish army and paramilitaries before, as well as in the aftermath of a devastating fire that destroyed their quarters in the city.[37]

Republic of Turkey (1923–present)

Name Date Location Deaths Responsible Party Victims Notes
Zilan massacre July 1930 Van Province 4,500-47,000[38] Turkish security forces Sunni Kurds 5,000 women, children, and the elderly were reportedly killed[39]
Dersim Massacre Summer 1937-Spring 1938 Tunceli Province 13,806-70,000[40] Turkish security forces Alevi Zazas The killings have been condemned by some as an ethnocide or genocide[41][42]
Istanbul Pogrom 6–7 September 1955 Istanbul, Izmir 13-30[43] Turkish government[44] primarily Greeks, as well as Armenians, Jews The killings are identified as genocidal by Alfred-Maurice de Zayas.[45] Many of the minorities, mostly Greek Christians, forced to leave Turkey. Several churches are demolished by explosives.
Taksim Square massacre May 1, 1977 Taksim Square in Istanbul 34[46]-42[47] Unknown Leftist demonstrators
Beyazıt Massacre March 16, 1978 Istanbul 7 university students killed, 41 injured [1], Grey Wolves, Turkish Police, Deep State Leftist university students Cemil Sönmez, Baki Ekiz, Hatice Özen, Abdullah Şimşek, Murat Kurt, Hamdi Akıl and Turan Ören were killed and 41 others were injured by a bomb that was followed by gunfire March 16, 1978.
Bahçelievler massacre October 9, 1978 Bahçelievler, Ankara 7[48] Neo-fascists Leftist students
Maraş Massacre December 19–26, 1978 Kahramanmaraş Province 109[49] Grey Wolves[49] Alevi Turks and Kurds
Çorum Massacre May–July, 1980 Çorum Province 57[50] Grey Wolves Alevi Turks
Sivas massacre[51] July 2, 1993 Sivas, Turkey 37 Islamists Alevi intellectuals
Başbağlar massacre July 5, 1993 Başbağlar, near Erzincan 33 Kurdistan Workers' Party Turkish civilians
Yavi massacre October 25, 1993 Yavi, Çat, Erzurum Province 38 Kurdistan Workers' Party Turkish civilians
Gazi Quarter massacre March 15, 1995 Istanbul and Ankara 23[52] Turkish government Alevi Turks More than 400 injured[52]
Mardin engagement ceremony massacre May 4, 2009 Bilge, Mardin 44[53] Kurds Kurds Reuters said it was "one of the worst attacks involving civilians in Turkey's modern history", declaring that the scale of the attack had shocked the nation.[54]
Uludere massacre December 28, 2011 Uludere, Sirnak 34[55] Turkish government Kurds

Gallery

  • Aftermath of the massacres at Erzurum (1895)
    Aftermath of the massacres at Erzurum (1895)
  • An Armenian town left pillaged and destroyed, during the Adana massacre
    An Armenian town left pillaged and destroyed, during the Adana massacre
  • Photo taken after the Smyrna fire. The text inside indicates that the photo had been taken by representatives of the Red Cross in Smyrna
    Photo taken after the Smyrna fire. The text inside indicates that the photo had been taken by representatives of the Red Cross in Smyrna
  • Armenian woman kneeling beside dead child in field "within sight of help and safety at Aleppo"
    Armenian woman kneeling beside dead child in field "within sight of help and safety at Aleppo"
  • Turkish men and boys massacred by Armenians in Eastern Anatolia in 1918.
    Turkish men and boys massacred by Armenians in Eastern Anatolia in 1918.

References

  1. ^ Gaunt & Beṯ-Şawoce 2006, p. 32
  2. ^ Akçam, Taner. A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006, p. 42. ISBN 0-8050-7932-7.
  3. ^ Akcam, Taner. A Shameful Act. 2006, page 69–70: "fifteen to twenty thousand Armenians were killed"
  4. ^ "30,000 KILLED IN MASSACRES". The New York Times. April 25, 1909. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  5. ^ Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views By Samuel. Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny
  6. ^ IAGS Resolution on Genocides committed by the Ottoman Empire retrieved via the Internet Archive (PDF), International Association of Genocide Scholars, archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-04-28
  7. ^ "Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament — full text containing the IAGS resolution and the Swedish Parliament resolution from". news.am. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
  8. ^ Gaunt, David. Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2006.
  9. ^ Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1080/14623520801950820.
  10. ^ The New York Times Advanced search engine for article and headline archives (subscription necessary for viewing article content).
  11. ^ Alexander Westwood and Darren O'Brien, Selected bylines and letters from The New York Times, The Australian Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 2006
  12. ^ Travis, Hannibal. "'Native Christians Massacred': The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War I." Genocide Studies and Prevention, Vol. 1, No. 3, December 2006, pp. 327–371. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
  13. ^ Armenia: The Survival of A Nation by Christopher J. Walker, Croom Helm (Publisher) London 1980, pp. 200-203
  14. ^ a b Gerwarth, Robert; Horne, John (2012). War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe After the Great War. Oxford University Press. p. 176. ISBN 9780199654918.
  15. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference McCarthy1995 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Gingeras, Ryan (2009). Sorrowful Shores:Violence, Ethnicity, and the End of the Ottoman Empire 1912-1923. Oxford University Press. p. 28. ISBN 9780191609794. In total only thirty-five were reported to have been killed, wounded, beaten, or missing. This is in line with the observations of Arnold Toynbee, who declared that one to two murders were sufficient to drive away the population of a village.
  17. ^ McNeill, William H. (1989). Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199923397. To protect their flanks from harassment, Greek military authorities then encouraged irregular bands of armed men to attack and destroy Turkish populations of the region they proposed to abandon. By the time the Red Crescent vessel arrived at Yalova from Constantinople in the last week of May, fourteen out of sixteen villages in that town's immediate hinterland had been destroyed, and there were only 1500 survivors from the 7000 Moslems who had been living in these communities.
  18. ^ http://www.scribd.com/doc/46207420/Ar%C5%9Fiv-Belgelerine-Gore-Balkanlar%E2%80%99da-ve-Anadolu%E2%80%99da-Yunan-Mezalimi-2
  19. ^ a b Smith, Michael Llewellyn (1999). Ionian vision : Greece in Asia Minor, 1919–1922 (New edition, 2nd impression ed.). London: C. Hurst. p. 209. ISBN 9781850653684. At the same time bands of Christian irregulars, Greek Armenian, and Circassian, looted, burned and murdered in the Yalove-Gemlik peninsula.
  20. ^ Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 111-112, 2009
  21. ^ a b DERGİ (1917-11-06). "Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi | Bilecik ve Çevresinde Yunan Mezalimi". Atam.gov.tr. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
  22. ^ State-Nationalisms in the Ottoman Empire, Greece and Turkey: Benjamin C. Fortna,Stefanos Katsikas,Dimitris Kamouzis,Paraskevas Konortas, page 64, 2012
  23. ^ a b Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 112, 2009
  24. ^ Toynbee, Arnold Joseph (1970). The Western Question in Greece and Turkey:A Study in the Contact of Civilizations. H. Fertig, originally: University of California. p. 553. ' But at 1 P.M. on Friday the 24th June, three and a half days before the Greek evacuation, the male inhabitants of the two Turkish quarters of Baghcheshmé and Tepekhané, in the highest part of the town, away from the sea, had been dragged out to the cemetery and shot in batches. On Wednesday the 29th I was present when two of the graves were opened, and ascertained for myself that the corpses were those of Moslems and that their arms had been pinioned behind their backs. There were thought to be about sixty corpses in that group of graves, and there were several others. In all, over 300 people were missing—a death-roll probably exceeding that at Smyrna on the 15th and 16th May 1919.
  25. ^ Yunan mezalimi: İzmir, Aydın, Manisa, Denizli : 1919-1923, Mustafa Turan, University of Michigan-Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi, 2006|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iy1pAAAAMAAJ&q=14+%C5%9Eubatta+ku%C5%9Fat%C4%B1ld%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1n%C4%B1,+c%C3%A2milerin+ate%C5%9Fe+verildi%C4%9Fini,+400+ki%C5%9Fiden+yaln%C4%B1z+15+kad%C4%B1n+ve+erke%C4%9Fin+ka%C3%A7t%C4%B1klar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n+kendisine+bildirildi%C4%9Fini%22+yaz%C4%B1yordu425.&dq=14+%C5%9Eubatta+ku%C5%9Fat%C4%B1ld%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1n%C4%B1,+c%C3%A2milerin+ate%C5%9Fe+verildi%C4%9Fini,+400+ki%C5%9Fiden+yaln%C4%B1z+15+kad%C4%B1n+ve+erke%C4%9Fin+ka%C3%A7t%C4%B1klar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n+kendisine+bildirildi%C4%9Fini%22+yaz%C4%B1yordu425.&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=xW3tUYWALYiHswae0oHYDQ&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA%7Cquote=14 Şubatta kuşatıldığını, câmilerin ateşe verildiğini, 400 kişiden yalnız 15 kadın ve erkeğin kaçtıklarının kendisine bildirildiğini" yazıyordu
  26. ^ Toynbee, Arnold (6 April 1922) [9 March 1922], "Letter", The Times, Turkey.
  27. ^ The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 132. Atlantic Monthly Co. 1923. p. 829. Two thirds of Salihli, with a population of 10,000, only a tenth of whom were Greeks, had been burned over, seventy-six people were known to have burned to death, and a hundred young girls were said to have been taken away by Greek
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park to Secretary of State, Smyrna, 11 April 1923. US archives US767.68116/34
  29. ^ a b c Μπουμπουγιατζή, Ευαγγελία (2009). "Οι διωγμοί των Ελλήνων της Ιωνίας 1914-1922". University of Western Macedonia: 384. Retrieved 23 June 2013. Από τους 8.000 Έλληνες οι μισοί δεν είχαν διαφύγει με τα ελληνικά στρατεύματα, με αποτέλεσμα να εξοντωθούν από τα κεμαλικά [From the 8,000, half of them remained in town after the evacuation and were annihilated by the Kemalist forces] {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  30. ^ Adıvar, Halide Edib (1928). The Turkish Ordeal: Being the Further Memoirs of Halidé Edib. Century Company, University of Virginia. p. 363.
  31. ^ Batı Anadolu'da Yunan mezalimi:, Mustafa Tayla, University of Michigan,- Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi,|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5T5pAAAAMAAJ&q=ve+(3500)+ki%C5%9Fi+ate%C5%9F+de+yak%C4%B1lmak+ve+(855)+ki%C5%9Fi+kur%C5%9Funa+dizilmek+suretiyle+%C3%B6ld%C3%BCr%C3%BClm%C3%BC%C5%9Ft%C3%BCr&dq=ve+(3500)+ki%C5%9Fi+ate%C5%9F+de+yak%C4%B1lmak+ve+(855)+ki%C5%9Fi+kur%C5%9Funa+dizilmek+suretiyle+%C3%B6ld%C3%BCr%C3%BClm%C3%BC%C5%9Ft%C3%BCr&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=2WntUazSMIOetAbdwoGoCg&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA
  32. ^ a b Jonsson, David J. (2005). The clash of ideologies : the making of the Christian and Islamic worlds. [Longwood, Fla.]: Xulon Press. p. 316. ISBN 9781597810395.
  33. ^ Mango, Atatürk, p. 343.
  34. ^ a b c d Clark, Bruce (2006). Twice a stranger : the mass expulsion that forged modern Greece and Turkey. Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard University Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780674023680. Cite error: The named reference "Clark" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  35. ^ Rudolph J. Rummel, Irving Louis Horowitz (1994). "Turkey's Genocidal Purges". Death by Government. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56000-927-6. {{cite book}}: Check |first= value (help), p. 233.
  36. ^ Naimark. Fires of Hatred, pp. 47-52.
  37. ^ a b Naimark, Norman M. (2002). Fires of hatred : ethnic cleansing in twentieth-century Europe (1. Harvard Univ. Press paperback ed., 2. print. ed.). Cambridge, Mass. [u.a.]: Harvard Univ. Press. p. 48. ISBN 9780674009943. Turkish gangs roamed the Armenian quarter, breking into homes, robbing and killing seemingly at will.
  38. ^ M. Kalman, Belge, tanık ve yaşayanlarıyla Ağrı Direnişi 1926-1930, Pêrî Yayınları, İstanbul, 1997, ISBN 978-975-8245-01-7, p. 105. Template:Tr icon
  39. ^ Ahmet Kahraman, ibid, pp. 207-208. Template:Tr icon
  40. ^ "Dersim massacre monument to open next month". Today's Zaman. 24 October 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
  41. ^ The Suppression of the Dersim Rebellion in Turkey (1937-38) Excerpts from: Martin van Bruinessen, "Genocide in Kurdistan? The suppression of the Dersim rebellion in Turkey (1937-38) and the chemical war against the Iraqi Kurds (1988)", in: George J. Andreopoulos (ed), Conceptual and historical dimensions of genocide. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994, pp. 141-170.
  42. ^ İsmail Besikçi, Tunceli Kanunu (1935) ve Dersim Jenosidi, Belge Yayınları, 1990.
  43. ^ Λιμπιτσιούνη, Ανθή Γ. "Το πλέγμα των ελληνοτουρκικών σχέσεων και η ελληνική μειονότητα στην Τουρκία, οι Έλληνες της Κωνσταντινούπολης της Ίμβρου και της Τενέδου" (PDF). University of Thessaloniki. p. 29.
  44. ^ Mills, Amy (2010). Streets of memory : landscape, tolerance, and national identity in Istanbul. Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 119. ISBN 9780820335735. ...the state-led local violence that shattered neighborhoods across Istanbul in 1955 made ethnic-religious difference visible and divisive as Greeks and other minorities in the city were targeted and their property violated.
  45. ^ Alfred de Zayas publication about the Istanbul Pogrom http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/865v4835x83m3757/
  46. ^ Özcan, Emine (2006-04-28). "1977 1 Mayıs Katliamı Aydınlatılsın". bianet (in Turkish).
  47. ^ Mavioglu, Ertugrul (2007-05-02). "30 yıl sonra kanlı 1 Mayıs (4)". Radikal (in Turkish). {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  48. ^ Yalçın, Soner (1997). "The Bahcelievler Massacre". Reis: Gladio’nun Türk Tetikçisi. Su Yayinlari. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  49. ^ a b A modern history of the Kurds, By David McDowall, page 415, at Google Books
  50. ^ Cüneyt Arcayürek: Darbeler ve Gizli Servisler, (Sayfa.221)
  51. ^ "Turkey commemorates 15th anniversary of Sivas massacre". Hürriyet. 2008-07-02. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
  52. ^ a b "Ergenekon zanlısı, Gazi mahallesi provokatörü çıktı -". Star Gazete (in Turkish). 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2012-02-18.
  53. ^ "Reuters article" Reuters. Retrieved 4 May 2009
  54. ^ "Blood feuds, gun violence plague Turkey's southeast". Reuters. 2009-05-05. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  55. ^ "Concerns raised about obscuring evidence in Uludere killings". Todayszaman.com. 2012-01-11. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
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