Stepan Bandera: Difference between revisions

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Undid revision 1084898227 by Black Future (talk) fourth revert, thew user is in need of a yopic ban
→‎Jews: this doesnt seem like a neutral source based on tone, but the author qualifies the statement, this was reverted for no reason
Tags: Reverted Visual edit
Line 117: Line 117:
===Jews===
===Jews===
{{Antisemitism sidebar}}
{{Antisemitism sidebar}}
Bandera was an antisemite and Nazi collaborator.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kopstein|first=Jeffrey|date=Winter 2014|title=Message from the Chair|url=https://www.academia.edu/8576355|journal=Newsletter of the European Politics and Society Section of the American Political Science Association|volume=|pages=2|via=}}</ref> [[Ukrainian nationalism]] did not historically include antisemitism as a core aspect of its program and saw Russians as well as Poles as the chief enemy with Jews playing a secondary role.<ref name="himka">[http://www.zwoje-scrolls.com/zwoje16/text11.htm Ukrainian Collaboration in the Extermination of the Jews during the Second World War: Sorting Out the Long-Term and Conjunctural Factors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106044835/http://www.zwoje-scrolls.com/zwoje16/text11.htm |date=6 January 2012 }} by John-Paul Himka, University of Alberta. Taken from ''The Fate of the European Jews, 1939–1945: Continuity or Contingency'', ed. Jonathan Frankel (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), Studies in Contemporary Jewry 13 (1997): 170–89.</ref> Nevertheless, Ukrainian nationalism was not immune to the influence of the antisemitic climate in Eastern and Central Europe,<ref name="himka"/> that had already become highly racialized in the late 19th century (indeed Bandera and his followers, similarly to the Nazis, advocated the selective breeding to create a "pure" Ukrainian race)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/a-ghost-of-world-war-ii-history-haunts-ukraines-standoff-with-russia/2014/03/25/18d4b1e0-a503-4f73-aaa7-5dd5d6a1c665_story.html|title=A ghost of World War II history haunts Ukraine's standoff with Russia|date=25 March 2014|website=washingtonpost.com}}</ref> and had developed an elaborate anti-Jewish discourse.<ref>p.16 [https://archive.org/details/warCriminalityABlankSpotInTheCollectiveMemoryOfTheUkrainian "War Criminality: A Blank Spot in the Collective Memory of the Ukrainian Diaspora."] ''Spaces of Identity'' 5, no. 1 (April 2005) by [[John-Paul Himka]], [[University of Alberta]]</ref>
According to [[Jeffrey Kopstein]], Bandera was an "antisemite and Nazi collaborator (before being betrayed by his Nazi masters)".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kopstein|first=Jeffrey|date=Winter 2014|title=Message from the Chair|url=https://www.academia.edu/8576355|journal=Newsletter of the European Politics and Society Section of the American Political Science Association|volume=|pages=2|via=}}</ref> [[Ukrainian nationalism]] did not historically include antisemitism as a core aspect of its program and saw Russians as well as Poles as the chief enemy with Jews playing a secondary role.<ref name="himka">[http://www.zwoje-scrolls.com/zwoje16/text11.htm Ukrainian Collaboration in the Extermination of the Jews during the Second World War: Sorting Out the Long-Term and Conjunctural Factors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106044835/http://www.zwoje-scrolls.com/zwoje16/text11.htm |date=6 January 2012 }} by John-Paul Himka, University of Alberta. Taken from ''The Fate of the European Jews, 1939–1945: Continuity or Contingency'', ed. Jonathan Frankel (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), Studies in Contemporary Jewry 13 (1997): 170–89.</ref> Nevertheless, Ukrainian nationalism was not immune to the influence of the antisemitic climate in Eastern and Central Europe,<ref name="himka"/> that had already become highly racialized in the late 19th century (indeed Bandera and his followers, similarly to the Nazis, advocated the selective breeding to create a "pure" Ukrainian race)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/a-ghost-of-world-war-ii-history-haunts-ukraines-standoff-with-russia/2014/03/25/18d4b1e0-a503-4f73-aaa7-5dd5d6a1c665_story.html|title=A ghost of World War II history haunts Ukraine's standoff with Russia|date=25 March 2014|website=washingtonpost.com}}</ref> and had developed an elaborate anti-Jewish discourse.<ref>p.16 [https://archive.org/details/warCriminalityABlankSpotInTheCollectiveMemoryOfTheUkrainian "War Criminality: A Blank Spot in the Collective Memory of the Ukrainian Diaspora."] ''Spaces of Identity'' 5, no. 1 (April 2005) by [[John-Paul Himka]], [[University of Alberta]]</ref>


Hostility to both the Soviet central government and the Jewish minority was highlighted at the OUN-B's Conference in [[Kraków]] in May 1941, at which the leadership of Bandera's OUN faction adopted the program "Struggle and action of OUN during the war" ({{lang-uk|"Боротьба й діяльність ОУН під час війни"}}) which outlined the plans for activities at the onset of the [[Operation Barbarossa|Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union]] and the western territories of the Ukrainian SSR.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> The program declared:
Hostility to both the Soviet central government and the Jewish minority was highlighted at the OUN-B's Conference in [[Kraków]] in May 1941, at which the leadership of Bandera's OUN faction adopted the program "Struggle and action of OUN during the war" ({{lang-uk|"Боротьба й діяльність ОУН під час війни"}}) which outlined the plans for activities at the onset of the [[Operation Barbarossa|Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union]] and the western territories of the Ukrainian SSR.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> The program declared:

Revision as of 14:14, 27 April 2022

In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Andriyovych and the family name is Bandera.

Stepan Bandera
Степан Бандера
Personal details
Born
Stepan Andriyovych Bandera

1 January 1909
Staryi Uhryniv, Galicia, Austria-Hungary (now Ukraine)
Died15 October 1959(1959-10-15) (aged 50)
Munich, West Germany
Citizenship
NationalityUkrainian
SpouseYaroslava Bandera [uk]
RelationsVasyl Bandera [uk] (brother)
Children3
Parents
Alma materLviv Polytechnic
OccupationPolitician
AwardsHero of Ukraine (annulled)
Signature
Military service
Allegiance OUN (1929–1940)
OUN-B (1940–1959)
Branch/service UPA (1942–1956)
Battles/warsWorld War II

Stepan Andriyovych Bandera (Ukrainian: Степа́н Андрі́йович Банде́ра, romanized: Stepán Andríyovyč Bandéra, IPA: [steˈpɑn ɐnˈd⁽ʲ⁾r⁽ʲ⁾ijoʋɪt͡ʃ bɐnˈdɛrɐ]; Polish: Stepan Andrijowycz Bandera, IPA: [ˈstɛpän ʔändrʲiˈjovɨt͡ʃ bänˈdɛrä]; 1 January 1909 – 15 October 1959) was a Ukrainian politician, Nazi collaborator and theorist of the militant wing of the far-right Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists[1][2] (OUN) and a leader and ideologist of Ukrainian ultranationalists known for his involvement in terrorist activities.[1][3][4]

Born in Galicia (at the time Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, part of Austria-Hungary) into the family of a Greek-Catholic priest, young Bandera became a Ukrainian nationalist. After the Empire disintegrated in the wake of World War I, Galicia briefly became a West Ukrainian People's Republic; following the Polish–Ukrainian War of 1918–1919, it was integrated into eastern Poland. In this period, Bandera became radicalized, and after Polish authorities refused to let him leave for Czechoslovakia to study, he enrolled at the Lviv Polytechnic, where he organized Ukrainian nationalist organizations. For orchestrating the 1934 assassination of Poland's Minister of the Interior Bronisław Pieracki, Bandera was sentenced to death but the sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. In 1939, following the joint German–Soviet invasion of Poland, Bandera was released from prison, and he moved to Kraków in the German-occupied zone of Poland.

Bandera cultivated German military circles favorable to Ukrainian independence, and organized OUN expeditionary groups. When Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union, he prepared the 30 June 1941 Proclamation of Ukrainian statehood in Lviv, pledging to work with Nazi Germany.[5][6] For his refusal to rescind the decree, Bandera was arrested by the Gestapo, which put him under house arrest on 5 July 1941,[7] and later between 1942 and 1943[8] sent him to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp.[9] In 1944, with Germany rapidly losing ground in the war in the face of the advancing Allied armies, Bandera was released in the hope that he would be instrumental in deterring the advancing Soviet forces. He set up the headquarters of the re-established Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council, which worked underground. He settled with his family in West Germany where he remained the leader of the OUN-B and worked with several anti-communist organizations such as the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations[10][11] as well as with the British intelligence agencies.[10] Fourteen years after the end of the war, Bandera was assassinated in 1959 by KGB agents in Munich.[12][13]

On 22 January 2010, the President of Ukraine Viktor Yushchenko awarded Bandera the posthumous title of Hero of Ukraine.[14] The European Parliament condemned the award,[15] as did Russia,[16] Polish, and Jewish politicians and organizations.[17][18][19] President Viktor Yanukovych declared the award illegal, since Bandera was never a citizen of Ukraine, a stipulation necessary for getting the award. This announcement was confirmed by a court decision in April 2010.[20] In January 2011, the award was officially annulled.[21] A proposal to confer the award on Bandera was rejected by the Ukrainian parliament in August 2019.[22]

Bandera remains a highly controversial figure in Ukraine,[23][24][25] with some Ukrainians hailing him as a liberator who fought against the Soviet, Polish and Nazi states while trying to establish an independent Ukraine, while other Ukrainians condemn him as a fascist[26] and a war criminal[27] who was, together with his followers, largely responsible for the massacres of Polish civilians[28] and partially for the Holocaust in Ukraine.[29][30][31][32]

Early life

Bandera was born in Staryi Uhryniv, Galicia, Austria-Hungary. He attended the Fourth Form Grammar School in Stryi.[33] After graduation from high school in 1927, he planned to attend the Ukrainian College of Technology and Economics in Poděbrady in Czechoslovakia, but the Polish authorities did not grant him travel papers.[34]

In 1928, Bandera enrolled in the agronomy program at the Lviv Polytechnic (then Politechnika Lwowska),[35] one of the few programs open to Ukrainians at the time.[33][better source needed] This was due to restrictions placed on minority enrollment, which was aimed primarily at Jews and Ukrainians, in both secondary schools (gymnasia) and university-level institutions by the Polish government.[36][better source needed]

Young Stepan Bandera in the Plast uniform, 1923

Pre-World War II activity

Sign pronouncing Polish as the official language in the Wołyń Voivodeship, 1921. Copy written in Ukrainian.

Early activities

Stepan Bandera had met and associated himself with members of a variety of Ukrainian nationalist organizations throughout his schooling—from Plast, to the Union for the Liberation of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Українська Визвольна Організація) and also the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) (Ukrainian: Організація Українських Націоналістів). The most active of these organizations was the OUN, and the leader of the OUN was Andriy Melnyk.[33][better source needed]

Stepan Bandera quickly rose through the ranks of these organizations, becoming the chief propaganda officer of the OUN in 1931, the second in command of OUN in Galicia in 1932–1933, and the head of the National Executive of the OUN in 1933.[35] In the early 1930s, Bandera was very active in finding and developing groups of Ukrainian nationalists in both Western and Eastern Ukraine.[33][better source needed]

OUN

Stepan Bandera became head of the OUN national executive in Galicia in June 1933. He expanded the OUN's network in the Kresy, directing it against both Poland and the Soviet Union. To stop expropriations, Bandera turned OUN against the Polish officials who were directly responsible for anti-Ukrainian policies. Activities included mass campaigns against Polish tobacco and alcohol monopolies and against the denationalization of Ukrainian youth. He was arrested in Lviv in 1934, and tried twice: first, concerning involvement in a plot to assassinate the minister of internal affairs, Bronisław Pieracki, and second at a general trial of OUN executives. He was convicted of terrorism and sentenced to death.[35]

The death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment.[35] He was held in Wronki Prison; in 1938 some of his followers tried unsuccessfully to break him out of the jail.[37] According to various sources, Bandera was freed in September 1939, either by Ukrainian jailers after Polish jail administration left the jail,[38] by Poles[39] or by the Nazis soon after the German invasion of Poland.[40][41][42]

Soon thereafter Eastern Poland was occupied by the Soviet Union. Upon release from prison, Bandera moved to Kraków, the capital of Germany's occupational General Government. There, he came in contact with the leader of the OUN, Andriy Atanasovych Melnyk. In 1940, the political differences between the two leaders caused the OUN to split into two factions; the OUN-M faction led by Melnyk preached a more conservative approach to nation-building, while the OUN-B faction, led by Bandera, supported a revolutionary approach.[43]

Formation of Mobile Groups

Before the independence proclamation of 30 June 1941, Bandera oversaw the formation of so-called "Mobile Groups" (Ukrainian: мобільні групи) which were small (5–15 members) groups of OUN-B members who would travel from General Government to Western Ukraine and, after a German advance to Eastern Ukraine, encourage support for the OUN-B and establish local authorities run by OUN-B activists.[44]

In total, approximately 7,000 people participated in these mobile groups, and they found followers among a wide circle of intellectuals, such as Ivan Bahriany, Vasyl Barka, Hryhorii Vashchenko and many others.[45]

Formation of the UPA

Further information: Ukrainian Insurgent Army

World War II

File:UNRA sl.jpg
Geetings archway "Glory to Hitler! Glory to Bandera! Long live the Ukrainian Independent State! Long live our leader S. Bandera" at Zhovkva Castle, Western Ukraine, July–August 1941.

OUN leaders Andriy Melnyk and Bandera were recruited before World War II into the Nazi Germany military intelligence Abwehr for espionage, counter-espionage and sabotage. Their goal was to run diversion activities after Germany's attack on the Soviet Union. Melnyk was given code name 'Consul I'. This information is part of the testimony that Abwehr Colonel Erwin Stolze gave on 25 December 1945 and submitted to the Nuremberg trials, with a request to be admitted as evidence.[46][47][48]

In the spring of 1941, Bandera held meetings with the heads of Germany's intelligence, regarding the formation of "Nachtigall" and "Roland" Battalions. In spring of that year the OUN received 2.5 million marks for subversive activities inside the Soviet Union.[44][49][50] Gestapo and Abwehr officials protected Bandera followers, as both organizations intended to use them for their own purposes.[51]

On 30 June 1941, with the arrival of Nazi troops in Ukraine, Bandera and the OUN-B declared an independent Ukrainian state ("Act of Renewal of Ukrainian Statehood").[52] This declaration was accompanied by violent pogroms.[52] Some of the published proclamations of the formation of this state say that it would "work closely with the National-Socialist Greater Germany, under the leadership of its leader Adolf Hitler which is forming a new order in Europe and the world and is helping the Ukrainian People to free itself from Moscovite occupation." – as stated in the text of the "Act of Proclamation of Ukrainian Statehood".[44][50]

Bandera's expectation that the Nazi regime would post factum recognize an independent fascist Ukraine as an Axis ally proved to be wrong.[52] In 1941 relations between Nazi Germany and the OUN-B had soured to the point where a Nazi document dated 25 November 1941 stated that "... the Bandera Movement is preparing a revolt in the Reichskommissariat which has as its ultimate aim the establishment of an independent Ukraine. All functionaries of the Bandera Movement must be arrested at once and, after thorough interrogation, are to be liquidated...".[53] On 5 July, Bandera was placed under arrest and taken to Berlin the next day. On 12 July, the prime minister of the newly formed Ukrainian National Government, Yaroslav Stetsko, was also arrested and taken to Berlin. Although released from custody on 14 July, both were required to stay in Berlin. On 15 September 1941 Bandera and leading OUN members were arrested by the Gestapo.

In January 1942, Bandera was transferred to Sachsenhausen concentration camp's special barrack for high-profile political prisoners Zellenbau.[54] In April 1944, Bandera and his deputy Yaroslav Stetsko were approached by a Reich Security Main Office official to discuss plans for diversions and sabotage against the Soviet Army.[55] In September 1944,[56] Bandera was released by the German authorities and allowed to return to Ukraine in the hope that his partisans would harass the Soviet troops, which by that time had handed the Germans major defeats. However, in renewed pursuit of his dream of an independent Ukraine, he had his partisans fight against both Soviets and Germans.[57]

Postwar activity

According to Stephen Dorril, author of MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, OUN-B was re-formed in 1946 under the sponsorship of MI6. The organization had been receiving some support from MI6 since the 1930s.[58] One faction of Bandera's organization, associated with Mykola Lebed, became more closely associated with the CIA.[59] Bandera himself was the target of an extensive and aggressive search carried out by the Counterintelligence Corps (CIC).[60] It failed, having described their quarry as "extremely dangerous" and "constantly en route, frequently in disguise".[61] Some American intelligence reported that he even was guarded by former SS men.[62] His organization perpetrated many crimes, including hundreds of thousands of murders,[52] counterfeiting, and kidnapping. After the Bavarian state government initiated a crackdown on it, Bandera reached an agreement with the BND, offering them his service, despite CIA warning the West Germans against cooperating with him.[63]

Views towards other ethnic groups

Poles

Monument to Poles killed by UPA, Liszna, Poland

In a May 1941 meeting in Kraków, the leadership of Bandera's OUN faction adopted the program "Struggle and action for OUN during the war" (Ukrainian: "Боротьба й діяльність ОУН під час війни") which outlined the plans for activities at the onset of the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union and the western territories of the Ukrainian SSR.[64] Section G of that document, the "Directives for organizing the life of the state during the first days" (Ukrainian: "Вказівки на перші дні організації державного життя"), outline activity of the Bandera followers during summer 1941.[65] In the subsection of "Minority Policy", the OUN-B ordered the removal of hostile Poles, Jews, and Russians via deportation and the destruction of their respective intelligentsias, stating further that the "so-called Polish peasants must be assimilated" and to "destroy their leaders."[citation needed]

In late 1942, when Bandera was in a German concentration camp, his organization, the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, was involved in a massacre of Poles in Volhynia and, in early 1944, ethnic cleansing also spread to Eastern Galicia. It is estimated that more than 35,000 and up to 60,000[66] Poles, mostly women and children along with unarmed men, were killed during the spring and summer campaign of 1943 in Volhynia, and up to 100,000 if other regions, such as Eastern Galicia, are included.[67][68]

Despite the central role played by Bandera's followers in the massacre of Poles in western Ukraine, Bandera himself was interned in a German concentration camp when the concrete decision to massacre the Poles was made and when the Poles were killed.[clarification needed] According to Yaroslav Hrytsak, Bandera was not completely aware of events in Ukraine during his internment from the summer of 1941 and had serious differences of opinion with Mykola Lebed, the OUN-B leader who remained in Ukraine and who was one of the chief architects of the massacres of Poles.[69][70][unreliable source?]

Jews

Part of a series on
Antisemitism
Definitions
Geography
Manifestations
Antisemitic tropes
Antisemitic publications
Antisemitism on the Internet
Prominent figures
Persecution
Opposition
Category

According to Jeffrey Kopstein, Bandera was an "antisemite and Nazi collaborator (before being betrayed by his Nazi masters)".[71] Ukrainian nationalism did not historically include antisemitism as a core aspect of its program and saw Russians as well as Poles as the chief enemy with Jews playing a secondary role.[72] Nevertheless, Ukrainian nationalism was not immune to the influence of the antisemitic climate in Eastern and Central Europe,[72] that had already become highly racialized in the late 19th century (indeed Bandera and his followers, similarly to the Nazis, advocated the selective breeding to create a "pure" Ukrainian race)[73] and had developed an elaborate anti-Jewish discourse.[74]

Hostility to both the Soviet central government and the Jewish minority was highlighted at the OUN-B's Conference in Kraków in May 1941, at which the leadership of Bandera's OUN faction adopted the program "Struggle and action of OUN during the war" (Ukrainian: "Боротьба й діяльність ОУН під час війни") which outlined the plans for activities at the onset of the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union and the western territories of the Ukrainian SSR.[64] The program declared:

The Jews in the USSR constitute the most faithful support of the ruling Bolshevik regime, and the vanguard of Muscovite imperialism in Ukraine. The Muscovite-Bolshevik government exploits the anti-Jewish sentiments of the Ukrainian masses to divert their attention from the true cause of their misfortune and to channel them in a time of frustration into pogroms on Jews. The OUN combats the Jews as the prop of the Muscovite-Bolshevik regime and simultaneously it renders the masses conscious of the fact that the principal foe is Moscow.[75]

Section G of the program – "Directives for organizing the life of the state during the first days" (Ukrainian: "Вказівки на перші дні організації державного життя") outlined activity of the Bandera followers during mid-1941.[65] In a subsection on "Minority Policy", the leaders of OUN-B ordered:

Moskali [i.e. ethnic Russians], Poles, and Jews that are hostile to us are to be destroyed in struggle, particularly those opposing the regime, by means of: deporting them to their own lands, eradicating their intelligentsia, which is not to be admitted to any governmental positions, and overall preventing any creation of this intelligentsia (e.g. access to education etc)... Jews are to be isolated, removed from governmental positions in order to prevent sabotage... Those who are deemed necessary may only work under strict supervision and removed from their positions for slightest misconduct... Jewish assimilation is not possible.[76][77][78]

Later in June, Yaroslav Stetsko sent to Bandera a report in which he stated "We are creating a militia which will help to remove the Jews and protect the population."[79][80] Leaflets spread in the name of Bandera in the same year called for the "destruction" of "Moscow", Poles, Hungarians and Jewry.[81][82][83] In 1941–1942 while Bandera was cooperating with the Germans, OUN members did take part in anti-Jewish actions. German police at 1941 reported that "fanatic" Bandera followers, organised in small groups were "extraordinarily active" against Jews and communists.[84]

However, when Bandera was in conflict with the Germans, the UPA under his authority sheltered Jews,[85] and included some Jewish fighters and medical personnel.[86][87] In the official organ of the OUN-B's leadership, instructions to OUN groups urged those groups to "liquidate the manifestations of harmful foreign influence, particularly the German racist concepts and practices."[88] Several Jews took part in Bandera's underground movement,[89] including one of Bandera's close associates Richard Yary who was also married to a Jewish woman. Another notable Jewish UPA member was Leyba-Itzik "Valeriy" Dombrovsky. (While two Karaites from Galicia, Anna-Amelia Leonowicz (1925–1949) and her mother, Helena (Ruhama) Leonowicz (1890–1967), are reported to have become members of OUN, oral accounts suggest that both women collaborated not of their own free will, but following threats from nationalists.[90]) By 1942, Nazi officials had concluded that Ukrainian nationalists were largely indifferent to Jews and were willing to both help them or kill them if either better served the nationalist cause. A report, dated 30 March 1942, sent to the Gestapo in Berlin, claimed that "the Bandera movement provided forged passports not only for its own members but also for Jews."[91] The false papers were most likely supplied to Jewish doctors or skilled workers who could be useful for the movement.[92]

Death

Bandera's grave in Munich, April 2014

On 15 October 1959, Bandera collapsed outside of Kreittmayrstrasse 7 in Munich and died shortly thereafter. A medical examination established that the cause of his death was poison by cyanide gas.[93][94] On 20 October 1959, Bandera was buried in the Waldfriedhof Cemetery in Munich. On 17 August 2014, unknown vandals toppled the cross on top of his grave.[95]

Two years after his death, on 17 November 1961, the German judicial bodies announced that Bandera's murderer had been a KGB defector named Bohdan Stashynsky who acted on the orders of Soviet KGB head Alexander Shelepin and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev.[96] After a detailed investigation against Stashynsky, a trial took place from 8 to 15 October 1962. Stashynsky was convicted, and on 19 October he was sentenced to eight years in prison.

Family

Bandera's brothers, Oleksandr and Vasyl, were arrested by the Germans and sent to Auschwitz concentration camp where they were allegedly killed by Polish inmates in 1942.[97]

His father Andriy was arrested by the Soviets in late May 1941 for harboring an OUN member and transferred to Kyiv. On 8 July he was sentenced to death and executed on the 10th. His sisters Oksana and Marta–Maria were arrested by the NKVD in 1941 and sent to a GULAG in Siberia. Both were released in 1960 without the right to return to Ukraine. Marta–Maria died in Siberia in 1982, and Oksana returned to Ukraine in 1989 where she died in 2004. Another sister, Volodymyra, was sentenced to a term in Soviet labor camps from 1946 to 1956. She returned to Ukraine in 1956.[98]

Legacy

Ukrainian postal stamp commemorating the centennial of Bandera's birth
Ukrainian nationalists march through Kyiv, holding a banner with Bandera's portrait, as well as the flags of the Right Sector and Svoboda.

In an interview with Russian newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda in 2005, former KGB Chief Vladimir Kryuchkov claimed that "the murder of Stepan Bandera was one of the last cases when the KGB disposed of undesired people by means of violence."[99]

In late 2006, the Lviv city administration announced the future transference of the tombs of Stepan Bandera, Andriy Melnyk, Yevhen Konovalets and other key leaders of OUN/UPA to a new area of Lychakiv Cemetery specifically dedicated to victims of the repressions of the Ukrainian national liberation struggle.[100]

In October 2007, the city of Lviv erected a statue dedicated to Bandera.[101] The appearance of the statue has engendered a far-reaching debate about the role of Stepan Bandera and UPA in Ukrainian history. The two previously erected statues were blown up by unknown perpetrators; the current is guarded by a militia detachment 24/7. On 18 October 2007, the Lviv City Council adopted a resolution establishing the Award of Stepan Bandera.[102][103]

On 1 January 2009, his 100th birthday was celebrated in several Ukrainian centres[104][105][106][107][108] and a postage stamp with his portrait was issued the same day.[109] On 1 January 2014, Bandera's 105th birthday was celebrated by a torchlight procession of 15,000 people in the centre of Kyiv and thousands more rallied near his statue in Lviv.[110][111][112] The march was supported by the far-right Svoboda party and some members of the center-right Batkivshchyna.[113]

Attitudes in Ukraine towards Bandera

Lviv soccer fans at a game against Donetsk. The Ukrainian banner reads "Bandera – our hero"

Bandera continues to be a divisive figure in Ukraine. Although Bandera is venerated in certain parts of western Ukraine, and 33% of Lviv's residents consider themselves to be followers of Bandera,[114] he, along with Joseph Stalin and Mikhail Gorbachev, is considered in surveys of Ukraine as a whole among the three historical figures who produce the most negative attitudes.[115]

A national survey conducted in Ukraine in 2009 inquired about attitudes by region towards Bandera's faction of the OUN. It produced the following results: In Galicia (provinces of Lviv, Ternopil, and Ivano-Frankivsk) 37% had a "very positive" opinion of Bandera, 26% a "mostly positive" opinion, 20% were "neutral", 5% "mostly negative", 6% "very negative", and 6% "unsure". In Volhynia, 5% had a very positive opinion, 20% a mostly positive opinion, 57% were neutral, 7% were mostly negative, 5% very negative and 6% were unsure. In Transcarpathia 4% of the respondents had a very positive opinion, 32% a mostly positive opinion, 50% were neutral, none had a mostly negative opinion, 7% had a very negative opinion and 7% were unsure. In contrast, in central Ukraine (comprising the capital Kyiv, as well as the provinces of Zhytomyr, Cherkasy, Chernihiv, Poltava, Sumy, Vinnytsia, and Kirovohrad) attitudes towards Bandera's faction of the OUN were 3% very positive, 10% mostly positive, 24% neutral, 17% mostly negative, 21% very negative and 25% unsure. In Eastern Ukraine (the provinces of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kharkiv, Dnipropetrovsk and Zaporizhzhia) 1% each had very positive or mostly positive attitudes towards Bandera's OUN, 19% were neutral, 13% mostly negative, 26% very negative and 20% unsure. In Ukraine's south (the Odessa, Mykolaiv and Kherson regions plus Crimea) 1% each were very or mostly positive, 13% were neutral, 31% mostly negative, 48% very negative and 25% were unsure. In Ukraine as a whole, 6% of Ukrainians had a very positive opinion, 8% a mostly positive opinion, 23% were neutral, 15% had a mostly negative opinion, 30% had a very negative opinion, and 18% were unsure.[116]

A poll conducted in early May 2021 by the Democratic Initiatives Foundation together with the Razumkov Centre's sociological service showed that 32% of citizens consider Stepan Bandera's activity as a historical figure to be positive for Ukraine, as many consider his activity negative; another 21% consider Bandera's activities as positive as they are negative. According to the poll, a positive attitude prevails in the western region of Ukraine (70%); in the central region of the state, 27% of respondents consider his activity positive, 27% consider his activity negative and 27% consider his activity both positive and negative;[117] negative attitude prevails in the southern and eastern regions of Ukraine (54% and 48% of respondents consider his activity negative for Ukraine, respectively).[117]

2014 Russian intervention in Ukraine

Headquarters of the Euromaidan, Kyiv, January 2014. At the front entrance there is a portrait of Bandera.

During the 2014 Crimean crisis and unrest in Ukraine, pro-Russian Ukrainians, Russians (in Russia), and some Western authors[118] alluded to the bad influence of Bandera on Euromaidan protesters and pro-Ukrainian Unity supporters in justifying their actions.[119] Russian media used this to justify Russia's actions.[27] Putin welcomed the annexation of Crimea by declaring that he "was saving them from the new Ukrainian leaders who are the ideological heirs of Bandera, Hitler's accomplice during World War II."[27] Pro-Russian activists claimed: "Those people in Kyiv are Bandera-following Nazi collaborators."[27] Ukrainians living in Russia complained of being labelled a "Banderite", even when they were from parts of Ukraine where Bandera has no popular support.[27] Groups who idolize Bandera took part in the Euromaidan protests but were a minority element.[27][120]

Hero of Ukraine award

On 22 January 2010, on the Day of Unity of Ukraine, the then-President of Ukraine Viktor Yushchenko awarded to Bandera the title of Hero of Ukraine (posthumously) for "defending national ideas and battling for an independent Ukrainian state."[121] A grandson of Bandera, also named Stepan, accepted the award that day from the Ukrainian President during the state ceremony to commemorate the Day of Unity of Ukraine at the National Opera House of Ukraine.[121][122][123][124]

Reactions to Bandera's award vary. This award has been condemned by the Simon Wiesenthal Center[125] and the Student Union of French Jews.[126] On the same day, numerous Ukrainian media, such as the Russian language Segodnya, published articles in that regard mentioning the case of Yevhen Berezniak, a widely known Ukrainian Soviet World War II veteran, considering to renounce his own Hero of Ukraine title.[127] The representatives from several antifascist organizations in neighboring Slovakia condemned the award to Bandera, calling Yushchenko's decision a provocation was reported by RosBisnessConsulting referring to Radio Praha.[128] On 25 February 2010, the European Parliament criticized the decision by then president of Ukraine, Yushchenko to award Bandera the title of Hero of Ukraine and expressed hope it would be reconsidered.[129] On 14 May 2010, in a statement, the Russian Foreign Ministry said about the award: "that the event is so odious that it could no doubt cause a negative reaction in the first place in Ukraine. Already it is known a position on this issue of a number of Ukrainian politicians, who believe that solutions of this kind do not contribute to the consolidation of Ukrainian public opinion".[130] On the other hand, the decree was applauded by Ukrainian nationalists in western Ukraine and by a small portion of Ukrainian Americans.[131][132]

On 9 February 2010, the Poland's Senate Marshal Bogdan Borusewicz said at a meeting with the head of Russia's Federation Council Sergei Mironov, that adaptation of the Hero title of Ukraine to Bandera is an internal matter of the Ukrainian government.[133] On 3 March 2010, the Ivano-Frankivsk regional council called on the European Parliament to review this resolution.[134] Taras Kuzio, a senior fellow in the chair of Ukrainian studies at the University of Toronto, has suggested Yushchenko awarded Bandera the award in order to frustrate Yulia Tymoshenko's chances to get elected president during the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election.[135]

On 5 March 2010, President Viktor Yanukovych stated that he would make a decision to repeal the decrees to honor the title as Heroes of Ukraine to Bandera and fellow nationalist Roman Shukhevych before the next Victory Day,[136] although the Hero of Ukraine decrees do not stipulate the possibility that a decree on awarding this title can be annulled.[137] On 2 April 2010, an administrative Donetsk region court ruled the presidential decree awarding the title to be illegal. According to the court's decision, Bandera was not a citizen of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (vis-à-vis Ukraine).[138][139][140][141] On 5 April 2010, the Constitutional Court of Ukraine refused to start constitutional proceedings on the constitutionality of the President Yushchenko decree the award was based on. A ruling by the court was submitted by the Supreme Council of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea on 20 January 2010.[142]

In January 2011, the presidential press service informed that the award was officially annulled.[21][143] This was done after a cassation appeals filed against the ruling by Donetsk District Administrative Court was rejected by the Higher Administrative Court of Ukraine on 12 January 2011.[144][145] Former President Yushchenko called the annulment "a gross error."[146]

In December 2018, the Ukrainian parliament moved to again confer the award on Bandera but the proposal was rejected in August 2019.[22]

Commemoration

There are Stepan Bandera museums in Dubliany, Volia-Zaderevatska, Staryi Uhryniv, and Yahilnytsia. There is a Stepan Bandera Museum of Liberation Struggle in London, part of the OUN Archive,[147] and The Bandera's Family Museum (Музей родини Бандерів) in Stryi.[148][149] There are also Stepan Bandera streets in Lviv (formerly Mury street), Lutsk (formerly Suvorovska street), Rivne (formerly Moskovska street), Kolomyia, Ivano-Frankivsk, Chervonohrad (formerly Nad Buhom street),[150] Berezhany (formerly Cherniakhovskoho street), Drohobych (formerly Sliusarska street), Stryi, Kalush, Kovel, Volodymyr-Volynskyi, Horodenka, Dubrovytsia, Kolomyia, Dolyna, Iziaslav, Skole, Shepetivka, Brovary, and Boryspil, and a Stepan Bandera prospect in Ternopil (part of the former Lenin prospect).[151] On 16 January 2017, the Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance stated that of the 51,493 streets, squares and "other facilities" that had been renamed (since 2015) due to decommunization 34 streets were named after Stepan Bandera.[152] Due to "association with the communist totalitarian regime", the Kyiv City Council on 7 July 2016 voted 87 to 10 in favor of supporting renaming Moscow Avenue to Stepan Bandera Avenue.[153][154]

Stepan Bandera monument in Ternopil

Monuments dedicated to Stepan Bandera have been constructured in a number of western Ukrainian cities, including a statue in Lviv, as well as Staryi Uhryniv, Kolomyia, Drohobych,[155] Zalishchyky,[156] Mykytyntsi,[157] Uzyn,[158] Buchach,[159] Hrabivka,[160] Horodenka,[161] Staryi Sambir,[162] Ternopil, Ivano-Frankivsk,[163] Strusiv,[164] Truskavets,[165] Horishniy, Velykosilky, Sambir, Velyki Mosty, Skole,[166] Turka,[167] Zdolbuniv,[168] Chortkiv,[169][170] Sniatyn,[171] and in such cities and villages as Berezhany, Boryslav, Chervonohrad, Dubliany, Kamianka-Buzka, Kremenets, Mostyska, Pidvolochysk, Seredniy Bereziv, Terebovlia, Verbiv, and Volia-Zaderevatska.[citation needed] In 2010 and 2011, Bandera was named an honorary citizen of a number of western Ukrainian cities, including Khust,[172] Nadvirna,[173] Ternopil,[174] Ivano-Frankivsk,[175] Lviv,[176] Kolomyia,[177] Dolyna,[178] Varash,[179] Lutsk,[180] Chervonohrad,[181] Terebovlia,[182] Truskavets,[183] Radekhiv,[184] Sokal,[185] Stebnyk,[186] Zhovkva,[187] Skole,[188] Berezhany,[189] Sambir,[190] Boryslav,[191] Brody,[192] Stryi,[193] and Morshyn.[194]

In late 2018, the Lviv Oblast Council decided to declare the year of 2019 to be the year of Stepan Bandera, sparking protests by Israel.[195] Two feature films have been made about Bandera, among them are Assassination: An October Murder in Munich (1995) and The Undefeated (2000), both directed by Oles Yanchuk, along with a number of documentary films. In 2021, the Ukrainian Institute of National Memory under the authority of the Ukrainian Ministry of Culture, included Bandera, among other Ukrainian nationalist figures, into Virtual Necropolis, a project intended to commemorate historical figures important for Ukraine.[196]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Marples, David R. (2006). "Stepan Bandera: The Resurrection of a Ukrainian National Hero. Europe-Asia Studies. 58 (4): 555–566. doi:10.1080/09668130600652118. "A Second Extraordinary Congress of the OUN in April 1941 formally elected Bandera the leader of this more militant wing. As the head of terrorist activities in the recent past, he was considered the natural choice."
  2. ^ Breitman, Richard (2010). Hitler's Shadow: Nazi War Criminals, U.S. Intelligence, and the Cold War. DIANE Publishing. p. 82. ISBN 9781437944297. "Bandera was, according to his handlers, 'a professional underground worker with a terrorist background and ruthless notions about the rules of the game. ... A bandit type if you like, with a burning patriotism, which provides an ethical background and a justification for his banditry. No better and no worse than others of his kind ... .'"
  3. ^ Snyder, Timothy (24 February 2010). "A Fascist Hero in Democratic Kiev". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
  4. ^ Eatwell, Roger. "The Return of the Far Right: Lessons from inter-war Fascism (2014)". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ "Державний архів Львівської області". Archived from the original on 5 January 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  6. ^ Volodymyr Yaniv (2004). "Bandera, Stepan". Encyclopedia of Ukraine.
  7. ^ Киричук Юрій. Історія УПА Archived 14 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. — Тернопіль: Редакційно-видавничий відділ управління по пресі, 1991. (in Ukrainian)
  8. ^ Rossolinski, Grzegorz (2014). Stepan Bandera: The Life and Afterlife of a Ukrainian Nationalist : Fascism, Genocide, and Cult. Columbia University Press. p. 538. ISBN 9783838206844.
  9. ^ БАНДЕРА СТЕПАН АНДРІЙОВИЧ. History.org.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 6 January 2018.
  10. ^ a b Viktorovych., Chastiĭ, Ruslan (2007). Stepan Bandera : mify, legendy, deĭstvitelʹnostʹ. Kharʹkov: Folio. p. 382. ISBN 978-9660336568. OCLC 83597856.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Стецько, Я. И. З ідеями Степана Бандери за його життя і по смертi. — 2008. — P. 179−201 (in Ukrainian)
  12. ^ Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB, Basic Books, 1999. ISBN 0-465-00312-5, p. 362.
  13. ^ Кондратюк Костянтин. Новітня історія України. 1914–1945 рр.. — Львів: Видавничий центр ЛНУ імені Івана Франка, 2007. — 261 с. (in Ukrainian)
  14. ^ "УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА УКРАИНЫ № 46/2010: О присвоении С.Бандере звания Герой Украины" [DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE No. 46/2010: About the assignment of S. Kander the title of Hero of Ukraine]. President of Ukraine (in Russian). Archived from the original on 25 January 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
  15. ^ "Texts adopted – Thursday, 25 February 2010 – Situation in Ukraine – P7_TA(2010)0035". Europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  16. ^ "Russia condemns Yushchenko for declaring Bandera a Hero of Ukraine". Voice of Russia. 26 January 2010. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  17. ^ [1] Archived 29 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Simon Wiesenthal Center (28 January 2010)
  18. ^ "Ukraine: l'UEJF condamne la glorification d'un complice des nazis". Archived 6 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Student Union of French Jews. 1 February 2010. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
  19. ^ Narvselius, Eleonora (2012). "The 'Bandera Debate': The Contentious Legacy of World War II and Liberalization of Collective Memory in Western Ukraine". Canadian Slavonic Papers. 54 (3–4): 469–490. doi:10.1080/00085006.2012.11092718. ISSN 0008-5006. S2CID 154360507.
  20. ^ "Донецький суд скасував указ Ющенка про присвоєння Бандері звання Героя". Радіо Свобода. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
  21. ^ a b Рішенням суду президентський указ «Про присвоєння С.Бандері звання Герой України» скасовано Archived 15 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine, President.gov.ua. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
  22. ^ a b "Проект Постанови про звернення до Президента України щодо присвоєння звання Героя України Бандері Степану Андрійовичу (посмертно)". W1.c1.rada.gov.ua. VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE official web portal. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
  23. ^ Reuters, Thomson, Ukrainians mark birthday anniversary of controversial nationalist, retrieved 27 November 2018 {{citation}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  24. ^ "Ukrainians march in honour of controversial nationalist hero Stepan Bandera". euronews. 2 January 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  25. ^ Cohen, Josh. "Dear Ukraine: Please Don't Shoot Yourself in the Foot". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  26. ^ "BBCUkrainian.com | Преса | Виборча: Для поляків – бандит, а для українців – герой". bbc.co.uk (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 5 January 2018.
  27. ^ a b c d e f Russia's Ukrainian minority under pressure, Al Jazeera English (25 April 2014)
    A ghost of World War II history haunts Ukraine’s standoff with Russia, Washington Post (25 March 2014)
  28. ^ Henryk Komański and Szczepan Siekierka, Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na Polakach w województwie tarnopolskim w latach 1939–1946 (2006) 2 volumes, 1182 pages, at pg. 203 (in Polish)
  29. ^ Grzegorz, Rossolinski (2014). Stepan Bandera : the life and afterlife of a Ukrainian nationalist : Fascism, genocide, and cult. Stuttgart, Germany: Ibidem-Verlag. ISBN 9783838206868. OCLC 880566030.
  30. ^ Arad, Yitzhak (2009). Holocaust in the Soviet Union. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 89. ISBN 9780803222700. OCLC 466441935.
  31. ^ "Nazikollaborateur als neuer Held der Ukraine - Jüdische Gemeinde zu Berlin". Jg-berlin.org (in German). Retrieved 5 January 2018.
  32. ^ Himka, John-Paul. "The Lviv Pogrom of 1941: The Germans, Ukrainian Nationalists, and the Carnival Crowd". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  33. ^ a b c d "Murdered by Moscow. – [4] Stepan Bandera, His Life and Struggle (by Danylo Chaykovsky)". Exlibris.org.ua. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  34. ^ Ukrainian College of Technology and Economics in Poděbrady
  35. ^ a b c d "Bandera, Stepan". Encyclopediaofukraine.com. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  36. ^ The Lemberg Mosaic (by Jakob Weiss), Alderbrook Press New York | date=1 February 2011
  37. ^ (in Polish) Janusz Marciszewski, Uwolnić Banderę Archived 3 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine, NaszeMiasto.pl
  38. ^ ""Мої життєписні дані" (автобіографія Степана Бандери) – Наші Герої – архів матеріалів і фотографій ОУН-УПА". Kray.ridne.net. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  39. ^ T. Snyder, Causes of Ukrainian Polish ethnic cleansing, Past & Present, nr 179, p. 205
  40. ^ The Lemberg Mosaic, Jakob Weiss, Alderbrook Press NY (2011)
  41. ^ Anna Reid, Borderland: a journey through the history of Ukraine, Phoenix, 2002, p. 158
  42. ^ S. Karnautska, Portret bez retushi, L'vovs'kaya pravda, 8 May 1991, p. 2
  43. ^ "Ukraine :: World War II and its aftermath – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  44. ^ a b c ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 ISBN 966-02-2535-0
  45. ^ Sviatoslav LYPOVETSKY. "Eight decades of struggle /ДЕНЬ/". day.kyiv.ua. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  46. ^ "Nuremberg – The Trial of German Major War Criminals (Volume VI)". Nizkor.org. Archived from the original on 24 March 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  47. ^ "CIA examples of Soviet Propaganda" (PDF). cia.gov. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  48. ^ Mueller, Michael (18 August 2018). Canaris: The Life and Death of Hitler's Spymaster. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9781591141013. Retrieved 18 August 2018 – via Google Books.
  49. ^ Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія. Інститут історії НАН України.2004р Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія, Раздел 1 "ТАКТИКА і СТРАТЕГі УКРАїНСЬКИХ НАЦіОНАЛіСТіВ НА ПОчАТКОВОМУ ЕТАПі ДРУГОї СВіТОВОї ВіЙНИ" [Tactics and strategy of Ukrainian nationalists at the initial stage of the Second World War] (PDF) (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2009. стр. 17–30
  50. ^ a b І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках. — Університет імені Шевченко, Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004 (No ISBN)
  51. ^ p.15 ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 ISBN 966-02-2535-0 – У владних структурах рейху знайшлися сили яки з прагматичних міркувань стали на захист бандерівців. Керівники гестапо сподівалися використовувати їх у власних цілях а керівники абверу а радянському тилу.
  52. ^ a b c d Per Anders Rudling, The OUN, the UPA and the Holocaust: A Study in the Manufacturing of Historical Myths, The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, No. 2107, November 2011, ISSN 0889-275X, p. 17.
  53. ^ "Ukrainian History – World War II in Ukraine". InfoUkes. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  54. ^ Berkhoff, K.C. and M. Carynnyk 'The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and Its Attitude toward Germans and Jews: Iaroslav Stets'ko's 1941 Zhyttiepys' in: Harvard Ukrainian Studies, vol. 23 (1999), nr. 3/4, pp. 149—184 .
  55. ^ D. Vyedeneyev O. Lysenko OUN and foreign intelligence services 1920s–1950s (2009). "Завдання підривної діяльності проти Червоної армії обговорювалося на нараді під Берліном у квітні того ж року (1944) між керівником таємних операцій вермахту О.Скорцені й лідерами українських націоналістів С.бандерою та Я.Стецьком"" (PDF). Ukrainian Historical Magazine. 3: 137.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  56. ^ "Інститут історії України". History.org.ua. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  57. ^ Introvigne, Massimo (22 March 2022). "Nazism in Ukraine—Separating Facts from Fiction. 2. Nazi Germany and Stepan Bandera | Was Bandera a "Nazi"? A "Nazi collaborator"? Or a temporary "Nazi ally"? The answer matters". bitterwinter.org. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  58. ^ Dorril, Stephen, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Simon and Schuster, 2002, pp. 224, 233
  59. ^ Dorril, Stephen, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service, Simon and Schuster, 2002, p. 236
  60. ^ Richard Breitman, Norman J.W. Goda, Hitler’s Shadow: Nazi War Criminals, U.S. Intelligence, and the Cold War p. 80.
  61. ^ Richard Breitman, Norman J.W. Goda, Hitler’s Shadow: Nazi War Criminals, U.S. Intelligence, and the Cold War p. 79.
  62. ^ Per Anders Rudling, Historical representation of the wartime accounts of the activities of the OUN-UPA (Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists-Ukrainian Insurgent Army), [in:] East European Jewish Affairs, Vol. 36, No. 2, December 2006, p. 173.
  63. ^ Richard Breitman, Norman J.W. Goda, Hitler’s Shadow: Nazi War Criminals, U.S. Intelligence, and the Cold War p. 83–84.
  64. ^ a b І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках. – Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004 (No ISBN p.111
  65. ^ a b І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках. – Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004 (No ISBN p.56 .
  66. ^ Grzegorz Motyka, Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji "Wisła, Kraków 2011, ISBN 978-83-08-04576-3, s.447, Ewa Siemaszko estimates victims to be 133,000 in Stan badań nad ludobójstwem dokonanym na ludności polskiej przez Organizację Ukraińskich Nacjonalistów i Ukraińską Powstańczą Armię, Bogusław Paź (red.), Ludobójstwo na Kresach południowo-wschodniej Polski w latach 1939–1946, Wrocław 2011, ISBN 978-83-229-3185-1, s.341.
  67. ^ To Resolve the Ukrainian Question Once and For All: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ukrainians in Poland, 1943–1947 Archived 16 May 2011 at Wikiwix, Timothy Snyder, Working Paper, Yale University, 2001
  68. ^ Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji "Wisła", 2011, pages 447–448
  69. ^ Marples, David R. (1 January 2007). Heroes and Villains: Creating National History in Contemporary Ukraine. Central European University Press. ISBN 9789637326981. Retrieved 18 August 2018 – via Google Books.
  70. ^ Bandera – romantyczny terrorysta "Bandera – Romantic Terrorist, interview with Jaroslaw Hrycak. Gazeta Wyborcza, 10 May 2008.
  71. ^ Kopstein, Jeffrey (Winter 2014). "Message from the Chair". Newsletter of the European Politics and Society Section of the American Political Science Association: 2.
  72. ^ a b Ukrainian Collaboration in the Extermination of the Jews during the Second World War: Sorting Out the Long-Term and Conjunctural Factors Archived 6 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine by John-Paul Himka, University of Alberta. Taken from The Fate of the European Jews, 1939–1945: Continuity or Contingency, ed. Jonathan Frankel (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), Studies in Contemporary Jewry 13 (1997): 170–89.
  73. ^ "A ghost of World War II history haunts Ukraine's standoff with Russia". washingtonpost.com. 25 March 2014.
  74. ^ p.16 "War Criminality: A Blank Spot in the Collective Memory of the Ukrainian Diaspora." Spaces of Identity 5, no. 1 (April 2005) by John-Paul Himka, University of Alberta
  75. ^ Philip Friedman. "Ukrainian-Jewish Relations during the Nazi Occupation," in Philip Friedman and Ada June Friedman (eds.), Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust (New York: Conference on Jewish Social Studies, Jewish Publication Society of America, 1980). pp.179–180
  76. ^ Меншинева політика. 16. Національні меншини поділяються на: а) приязні нам, себто членів досі поневолених народів; б) ворожі нам, москалі, поляки, жиди. а) Мають однакові права з українцями, уможливлюємо їм поворот в їхню батьківщину. б) Винищування в боротьбі, зокрема тих, що боронитимуть режиму: переселювання в їх землі, винищувати головно інтелігенцію, якої не вільно допускати до ніяких урядів, і взагалі унеможливлюємо продуку- вання інтелігенції, себто доступ до шкіл і т.д. Наприклад, так званих польських селян треба асимілювати, усвідомлюючи з місця їм, тим більше в цей гарячий, повний фанатизму час, що вони українці, тільки латинського обряду, насильно асимільовані. Проводирів нищити. Жидів ізолювати, поусувати з урядів, щоб уникнути саботажу, тим більше москалів і поляків. Коли б була непоборна потреба оставити, приміром, в господарськім апараті жида, поставити йому нашого міліціянта над головою і ліквідувати за найменші провини. Керівники поодиноких галузей життя можуть бути лише українці, а не чужині – вороги. Асиміляція жидів виключається. p.103–104 ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 ISBN 966-02-2535-0
  77. ^ same text p.485–486 І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках. — Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004
  78. ^ "Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, p.63" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009.
  79. ^ Dr. Franziska Bruder "Radicalization of the Ukrainian Nationalist Policy in the context of the Holocaust" The International Institute for Holocaust Research No. 12 -June 2008 p.37 ISSN 1565-8643
  80. ^ "робимо міліцію що поможе жидів усувати www.history.org.ua/LiberUA/Book/Upa/2.pdf Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, p.63
  81. ^ І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках. – Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004 (No ISBN p 324 "Народе знай Москва Польша, мадяри жидова- це твої вороги. Нищ їх"
  82. ^ same text p.259 July p 576 December – ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 ISBN 966-02-2535-0
  83. ^ Harvest of despair: life and death in Ukraine under Nazi rule by Karel Cornelis Berkhoff (2004)
  84. ^ Philip Friedman, Ukrainian-Jewish Relations during the Nazi Occupation,
  85. ^ Friedman, P. "Ukrainian-Jewish Relations During the Nazi Occupation, YIVO Annual of Jewish Social Science v. 12, pp. 259–96, 1958–59". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  86. ^ Leo Heiman, "We Fought for Ukraine – The Story of Jews Within the UPA", Ukrainian Quarterly Spring 1964, pp.33–44.
  87. ^ Friedman Essays (1980). pg. 204. Among several Jews saved by UPA Friedman mentions a Jewish physician and his wife whom he knows in Israel who were saved by UPA, another Jewish physician and his brother who lived in Tel Aviv after the war
  88. ^ Friedman Essays (1980). pg. 188
  89. ^ Friedman Essays (1980). pg. 204
  90. ^ Mikhail Kizilov, The Karaites of Galicia: An Ethnoreligious Minority Among the Ashkenazim, the Turks, and the Slavs, 1772–1945, page 334
  91. ^ Romerstein, Herbert (8 November 2004). "Divide and Conquer: the KGB Disinformation Campaign Against Ukrainians and Jews". Ukrainian Quarterly (Fall 2004). The Institute of World Politics. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  92. ^ Richard Breitman. U.S Intelligence and the Nazis. Cambridge University Press. 2005. pg. 250
  93. ^ "The Partisan". Time. 2 November 1959. Archived from the original on 12 June 2008.
  94. ^ Roszkowski, Wojciech; Kofman, Jan (2015). Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century. London: Routledge. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-317-47594-1.
  95. ^ "Неизвестные опрокинули крест на могиле Степана Бандеры в Мюнхене". Ria Novosti. 17 August 2014.
  96. ^ The Poison Pistol, TIME Magazine, 1 December 1961
  97. ^ p.190 The Frankfurt Auschwitz trial, 1963–1965: genocide, history, and the limits Devin O. Pendas Cambridge University Press [2]
  98. ^ "Бандерштадт: місто Бандер – Галицький Кореспондент". Gk-press.if.ua. 22 January 2009. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  99. ^ "Mosnews.com". Archived from the original on 5 February 2006.
  100. ^ "Information website of the Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group". Khpg.org. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  101. ^ Events by themes: Monument to Stepan Bandera in Lvov, UNIAN photo service (13 October 2007)
  102. ^ Design by Maxim Tkachuk; web-architecture by Volkova Dasha; templated by Alexey Kovtanets; programming by Irina Batvina; Maxim Bielushkin; Sergey Bogatyrchuk; Vitaliy Galkin; Victor Lushkin; Dmitry Medun; Igor Sitnikov; Vladimir Tarasov; Alexander Filippov; Sergei Koshelev; Yaroslav Ostapiuk. "Корреспондент " Украина " События " Львов основал журналистскую премию имени Бандеры". Korrespondent.net. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  103. ^ "Розпорядження №495". City-adm.lviv.ua. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  104. ^ Events by themes: Celebration of 100 birth anniversary of Stepan Bandera in Zaporozhye (Zaporozhye), UNIAN photo service (1 January 2009)
  105. ^ Events by themes: Mass meeting, devoted to 100 birth anniversary of Stepan Bandera, in Stariy Ugriniv village, UNIAN photo service (1 January 2009)
  106. ^ Events by themes: Monument to Stepan Banderq and memorial complex the heroes of UPA were opened in Ivano-Frankivsk (Ivano-Frankivsk), UNIAN photo service (1 January 2009)
  107. ^ Events by themes: Kharkiv nationalists were disallowed to arrange a torchlight procession in honor of Bandera's birthday (Kharkiv), UNIAN photo service (1 January 2009)
  108. ^ Events by themes: Action "Stepan Bandera is a national hero" (Kyiv), UNIAN photo service (1 January 2009)
  109. ^ 2009 Philatelic Issues – Stefan Bandera (1909–1959) The Ukrainian Electronic Stamp Album
  110. ^ "15,000 nationalists march in Kiev". Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
  111. ^ Torchlight procession to honor Bandera taking place in Kyiv, Interfax-Ukraine (1 January 2014)
  112. ^ Lviv hosts rally to mark 105th anniversary of Ukrainian nationalist leader Bandera, Interfax-Ukraine (1 January 2014)
  113. ^ "MP: Euromaidan exposed to neo-Nazi trends – Jan. 03, 2014". Kyivpost.com. 3 January 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  114. ^ In Western Ukraine, Even Ethnic Russians Vote for Pro-Ukrainian Parties Archived 13 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine by Paul Goble, Eurasia Review. 12 September 2010
  115. ^ Yaroslav Hrytsak. (2005). Historical Memory and Regional Identity. In Galicia: A Multicultured Land. Christopher Hann and Paul Robert Magocsi (Eds.) Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 185–209
  116. ^ Ivan Katchanovski. (2009). Terrorists or National Heroes? Politics of the OUN and the UPA in Ukraine Paper prepared for presentation at the Annual Conference of the Canadian Political Science Association, Montreal, 1–3 June 2010
  117. ^ a b "Опитування: діяльність Бандери позитивною для України вважають 32% українців, стільки ж – негативною". Радіо Свобода (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  118. ^ Snyder, Timothy (24 February 2010). "A Fascist Hero in Democratic Kiev". The New York Review of Books.
  119. ^ "Hero Or Villain? Historical Ukrainian Figure Symbolizes Today's Feud". Npr.org. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  120. ^ Ukraine crisis: Does Russia have a case?, BBC News (5 March 2014)
  121. ^ a b Stepan Bandera becomes Ukrainian hero, Kyiv Post (22 January 2010)
  122. ^ President Viktor Yushchenko awarded title Hero of Ukraine to OUN Head Stepan Bandera Archived 6 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Radio Ukraine (22 January 2010)
  123. ^ Events by themes: 91th [sic] anniversary of Collegiality of Ukraine, UNIAN (22 January 2010)
  124. ^ Ukraine. Rehabilitation and new heroes, EuropaRussia, (29 January 2010)
  125. ^ WIESENTHAL CENTER BLASTS UKRAINIAN HONOR FOR NAZI COLLABORATOR Archived 29 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Simon Wiesenthal Center (28 January 2010)
  126. ^ (in French) L'UEJF choquée par Ioutchenko, pour qui Bandera est un héros de l'Ukraine[permanent dead link], UEJF, 1 February 2010
  127. ^ "Майор Вихрь: "Узнав об Указе Ющенко хотел отречься от звания героя Украины. Но потом решил: не буду сдаваться Бандере!"". ukraine.segodnya.ua.
  128. ^ "Czech political prisoners approve the adaptation of the Bandera's Hero award". Archived from the original on 27 July 2011.
  129. ^ European parliament hopes new Ukraine's leadership will reconsider decision to award Bandera title of hero, Kyiv Post (25 February 2010)
  130. ^ "Издательский дом Коммерсантъ". Kommersant.ru. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
  131. ^ Analysis: Ukraine leader struggles to handle Bandera legacy, Kyiv Post (13 April 2010)
  132. ^ Ukrainians in New York take to streets to protest Russian fleet, Kyiv Post (6 May 2010)
  133. ^ Ukrainsky pohliad Archived 27 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (Ukrainian view) 9 February 2010 (in Ukrainian)
  134. ^ Ivano-Frankivsk regional council calls on European Parliament to review resolution on Bandera, Kyiv Post (3 March 2010)
  135. ^ Gender bias, anti-Semitism contributed to Yanukovych's victory, Kyiv Post (18 March 2010)
  136. ^ Yanukovych to strip nationalists of hero status, Kyiv Post (5 March 2010)
  137. ^ Party of Regions proposes legal move to strip Bandera of Hero of Ukraine title, Kyiv Post (17 February 2010)
  138. ^ Donetsk court deprives Shukhevych of Ukrainian hero title, Kyiv Post (21 April 2010)
  139. ^ High Administrative Court dismisses appeals against illegal award of Hero of Ukraine title to Soviet soldiers, Kyiv Post (13 August 2010)
  140. ^ Ukraine court strips Bandera of Hero of Ukraine title, Top RBC (2 April 2010)
  141. ^ Ukraine court strips Bandera of Hero of Ukraine title because he wasn't citizen of Ukraine, Gzt.ru (3 April 2010)
  142. ^ Constitutional Court refuses to consider case on Bandera's title of Hero of Ukraine, Kyiv Post (12 April 2010)
  143. ^ Пресс-служба Януковича: Указ о присвоении Бандере звания Героя Украины отменен, Korrespondent.net. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
  144. ^ Court: Ruling on Bandera legal, Kyiv Post (12 January 2011)
  145. ^ Update:Stepan Bandera is no longer a Hero of Ukraine, Kyiv Post (12 January 2011)
  146. ^ Yushchenko: No Bandera – no statehood, Kyiv Post (12 January 2011)
  147. ^ "Музей Визвольної боротьби ім. Степана Бандери в Лондоні". Ounuis.info. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  148. ^ karpaty.info. "Banderas' Family Museum — Stryj". Karpaty.info. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  149. ^ "Відкрито музей родини Бандерів (оновлено фото)". Stryi.com.ua. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  150. ^ "КАРТА М.ЧЕРВОНОГРАДА (ВУЛИЦІ) – 14 Червня 2009 – БЛОГ ЧЕРВОНОГРАДА l ГУМОР l ВІДЕО l – ЧЕРВОНОГРАД". 4ervonograd.at.ua. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  151. ^ "Воздухофлотский проспект могут переименовать в честь Бандеры". Kiyany.obozrevatel.com. 12 March 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  152. ^ (in Ukrainian) Dekomunizuvaly monuments to Lenin in 1320, Bandera set 4, Ukrayinska Pravda (16 January 2017)
    (in Ukrainian) WITH 50 THOUSAND RENAMED OBJECTS PLACE NAMES, ONLY 34 ARE NAMED AFTER BANDERA Archived 19 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Ukrainian Institute of National Remembrance (16 January 2017)
  153. ^ "Московський проспект носитиме ім'я Степана Бандери – КИЇВСЬКА МІСЬКА РАДА". Kmr.gov.ua. 7 July 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  154. ^ "Kyiv's Moskovskiy Avenue renamed after Stepan Bandera". Unian.info. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  155. ^ "ВІДКРИТО ПАМ'ЯТНИК СТЕПАНУ БАНДЕРІ". Photo.ukrinform.ua. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  156. ^ "У Заліщиках відкрито пам'ятник Степану Бандері". Ternopil.svoboda.org.ua. Archived from the original on 23 November 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  157. ^ На Украине торжественно открыли очередной памятник Бандере [In Ukraine, another monument to Bandera was opened ceremonially]. Newsru.com (in Russian). 27 August 2007. Archived from the original on 13 November 2007. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  158. ^ Відкрито пам'ятник Степанові Бандері [A monument to Stepan Bandera opened]. Tysmenytsia Raion Official Website (in Ukrainian). 9 October 2007. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  159. ^ "Бучач уже з Бандерою – 20 хвилин". Vn.20minut.ua. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  160. ^ "В Івано-Франківській області відкрили пам'ятник Степану Бандері » Newzz – актуальные украинские новости из сети". newzz.in.ua.
  161. ^ Gazeta.ua (8 December 2009). "П"ять пам"ятників Степанові Бандері, що найбільше нагадують скульптури Леніна". Gazeta.ua. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  162. ^ У Старому Самборі відкрили пам’ятник Бандері: Кміть і Сеник не приїхали // інф. за 1 грудня 2008 року на www.daily.lviv.ua («Щоденний Львів», львівський інформаційний портал)
  163. ^ "В Івано-Франківську в урочистій обстановці відкрили памятник провідникові ОУН Степану Бандері на www.vidgolos.com". Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  164. ^ "У Струсові на Тернопіллі теж встановили пам'ятник Бандері – 20 хвилин". Te.20minut.ua. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  165. ^ Kliuchak, Volodymyr (20 October 2010). У Трускавці поставили пам'ятник Бандері. Protruskavets.org.ua (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 14 August 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
  166. ^ "Андрій Лопушанський відкрив пам'ятник Степану Бандері у Турці – FaceNews.ua: новости Украины". Facenews.ua. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  167. ^ "У м. Турка урочисто відкрито пам'ятник Степану Бандері". Турка-перлина Карпат. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  168. ^ "У Здолбунові відкрито пам'ятник Степанові Бандері". Newlife.rv.ua. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  169. ^ "У Чорткові відкрили пам'ятник Степану Бандері – Тернопільська Липа". Lypa.com.ua. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  170. ^ TV-4 (22 October 2012). "У Чорткові відкрили пам'ятник Степану Бандері". YouTube. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  171. ^ "ВІКНА. У Снятині відкрили пам'ятник Степану Бандері. ФОТО". Vikna.if.ua. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  172. ^ "Бандере и Шухевичу присвоили звание "Почётный гражданин города Хуст"" (in Russian). 15 March 2010. Archived from the original on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
  173. ^ "Nadvirna city council awards honorary citizen titles to Bandera, Shukhevych, Lenkavsky – Mar. 25, 2010". Kyivpost.com. 25 March 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  174. ^ "Бандері та Шухевичу присвоїли звання Почесний громадянин Тернополя" [Bandera and Shukhevych were assigned a title Honorary citizen of Ternopil]. novynar.com.au (in Ukrainian). 30 April 2010. Archived from the original on 16 May 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
  175. ^ "Івано-Франківськ присвоїв звання почесного громадянина Бандері й Шухевичу". Радіо Свобода. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  176. ^ "Бандера та Шухевич стали почесними громадянами Львова" [Bandera and Shukhevych became honorable citizens of Lviv]. www.zaxid.net (in Russian). Archived from the original on 14 May 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
  177. ^ "Про присвоєння звання Почесний громадянин міста Коломиї". 2.gov.if.ua. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  178. ^ Бандера став почесним громадянином міста Долина на Прикарпатті Archived 3 July 2013 at archive.today
  179. ^ Почесні громадяни міста Archived 29 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine // Сайт Кузнецовської міської ради
  180. ^ "Бандера став почесним громадянином Луцька". Tsn.ua. 17 December 2010. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  181. ^ "Бандера став почесним громадянином Червонограда". Archived from the original on 15 July 2012.
  182. ^ Бандера і Шухевич стали почесними громадянами Теребовлі Archived 3 July 2013 at archive.today
  183. ^ На Львівщині Степан Бандера став почесним громадянином Трускавця Archived 3 July 2013 at archive.today
  184. ^ "Бандера став почесним громадянином Трускавця і Радехова". Archived from the original on 13 July 2012.
  185. ^ "Бандера – почесний громадянин Сокаля". Zik.com.ua. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  186. ^ "Новини з Жовківщини". 8 November 2008. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014.
  187. ^ На Львівщині Бандеру визнано почесним громадянином Жовкви Archived 11 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  188. ^ "Рішення сесій". Skole-rada.com.ua. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  189. ^ Офіційний сайт Бережанської міської ради Archived 16 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  190. ^ "Степан Бандера – почесний громадянин Самбора". Uk-ua.facebook.com. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  191. ^ "Борислав. Офіційний сайт міської ради. — Головна". Boryslavmvk.gov.ua. Archived from the original on 21 March 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  192. ^ "Степан Бандера став Почесним громадянином Бродів". Zik.com.ua. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  193. ^ рада, Стрийська міська. "Рішення Стрийської міської ради". Stryi-rada.gov.ua. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  194. ^ Zaxid.net. "Бандера став першим Почесним громадянином Моршина". Zaxid.net. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  195. ^ "Israeli ambassador 'shocked' by Lviv region's decision to declare Year of Bandera". Kyiv Post. 13 December 2018.
  196. ^ "Nazi collaborators included in Ukrainian memorial project". jpost.com. 21 January 2021.

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stepan Bandera.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Stepan Bandera.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stepan_Bandera&oldid=1084946338"