Talk:Female genital mutilation

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Abir Babu (talk | contribs) at 15:38, 22 October 2017 (→‎Azhar University Disagreement). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

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The sentence that mentions that since Female Circumcision is not mentioned in the Quran - therefore it is unIslamic - is a misleading statement. This is because MOST of the Islamic practices follolwed by the Muslims is NOT mentioned in the Quran, rather, it is mentioned in the traditions of the Prophet Muhhammed. Thus I removed it. Muffizainu (talk) 15:32, 2 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]

I also suggest removing the following sentence "but the practice became associated with Islam because of that religion's focus on female chastity and seclusion", because only about 3 of the 100s of sources talk about "chastity", all the other versions mention it is done to increase sexual pleasure between male and female couples.Muffizainu (talk) 15:45, 2 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]

Muffizainu, I've reverted your edits because they have no consensus and aren't supported by Wikipedia's definition of reliable sources. If you have medical or academic sources that you'd like to use, please post them here and we can take a look. Also, please look at WP:MEDRS for the kind of sources needed for biomedical information. For other kinds of statements, we accept (for example) reports by UN bodies, governments, academics who work with them, and other academics who have specialized in FGM. SarahSV (talk) 17:36, 2 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]

SlimVirgin, you've not explained your reason for revert. In my explanation I explained 1) The idea that since FC is not mentioned in the Quran and therefore un-Islamic isn't correct, because most Islamic practices are not mentioned in the Quran, including Male circumcision. Islamic practices and the details on how it should be done are found in the traditions of the Prophet Mohammed. So, that sentence in itself is wrong and misleading. You may refer to (Arora KS, Jacobs AJ. Female genital alteration: a compromise solution. Journal of Medical Ethics 2016), where they say: "It is no more possible to define Islam within the four corners of the Quran than to define Christianity (which includes traditions ranging from Presbyterian to Pentecostal to Greek Orthodoxy) solely from a reading of the Bible. Rather, the content of religious belief and practice are guided by interpretive texts and traditions. Thus, many Muslim scholars classify Female Genital Alteration (FGA) as ‘Sunnah’ or practice established by the Prophet Muhammad. Though not prescribed explicitly in the Quran, the practice thus is religiously virtuous. In fact, the colloquial term for FGA procedures in Arabic refers to a ritual state of purity.” For those who aren't aware, even simple "Islamic" practices like praying 5 times a day, or how to pray or fast, are not mentioned in the Quran - the details are found in the traditions and narrations of the Prophet Mohammed. 2) I also cited information that FC was deemed obligatory by certain sects in Islam namely the Shaafi'i and Hanbali, you can view the information here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_views_on_female_genital_mutilation

That is why I wrote "In Islam, Type 1a female circumcision is praised in several hadith (sayings attributed to Muhammad) as noble, sunnah (tradition), or waajib (mandatory) - based on the various Sunni Islam & Shia Islam traditions" 3) I didn't make this edit, but I did suggest it, that "the following sentence "but the practice became associated with Islam because of that religion's focus on female chastity and seclusion", because only about 3 of the 100s of sources talk about "chastity", all the other versions mention it is done to increase sexual pleasure between male and female couples. Thus, you haven't explained on what basis you reverted the edits. I request a vote from editors to confirm my findings as well. Muffizainu (talk) 07:11, 5 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]

@Muffizainu: SlimVirgin did: "no wp:consensus". Discuss here per wp:BRD Thank you Jim1138 (talk) 10:34, 5 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]

Jim1138 & SlimVirgin - I am already discussing this and I think this requires a response/counter response. Because when some one reverts, it is their duty to explain their reverts and engage in discussion on talk page as well. Muffizainu (talk) 15:16, 7 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]

It has already been explained. Everything on Wikipedia is based on reliable sources. See WP:RS for what counts as a reliable source. You removed that FGM isn't mentioned in the Quran. You think that doesn't matter, but reliable sources disagree. We also explain that it isn't mentioned in the Bible. You want to rely on a religious website. You removed the view of the Al-Azhar Supreme Council of Islamic Research, sourced to UNICEF. You want the article to say that Type 1a FGM is either a good thing or at least not harmful. But reliable sources disagree with you, including the World Health Organization, not least because they say that what practitioners call Type 1a is, in fact, usually Type 1b. See this WHO fact sheet, updated February 2017, in which they call Type 1a "very rare". SarahSV (talk) 19:16, 7 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]
The article is regularly monitored by page watchers and the "Number of page watchers who visited recent edits" is 44. I am one of those who has agreed with SarahSV's edits but have not previously bothered commenting because everything that needs to be said is has been. Johnuniq (talk) 22:40, 7 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]

Johnuniq I think you are mistaken or have misunderstood what I have said. 1) About Female Circumcision not in the Quran. I have cited above reliable sources WP:RS "Journal of Medical Ethics 2016" above, and in that they say that just because it's not in the Quran doesn't negate the fact that it is an integral path of the Islamic tradition. To add to that, I was just explaining that MOST Islamic practices are NOT in the Quran - for example, Male Circumcision, so, the fact that it's not in the Quran doesn't negate the fact that it is an Islamic tradition. If you want more citiations, then please view this link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khitan_(circumcision) 2) About Azhar, I will add some information to the article to show that even within Al-Azhar there are many positions. The rulings Azhar or UNICED aren't absolutist, and have changed over time and highly contested. 3) Type 1a not harmful: You answered your own question. If the WHO fact sheet says that Type 1a is "very rare" and usually Type 1b, that proves that we aren't talking about Type 1b, and that isn't a matter of contention, and they are 2 different prodecures. Hence, I stand by the statement that Type 1a isn't Type 1b, rare or not, and if you disagree, then I request you to bring me ONE citation that clearly mentions the harm in Type 1a (not 1b or above). Muffizainu (talk) 04:14, 10 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]

I see edits at Khitan (circumcision) like this which indicate a desire to portray certain types of FGM as being wonderful, indeed motivated by a desire to spread pleasure. I don't currently have the energy to spell out how much nonsense is involved in that, but I will note that using http://www.clitoralunhooding.com/ as a reference entirely misses the point as that website concerns alleged benefits of a surgical procedure on consenting and informed adults performed by American gynecologists under the best surgical procedures. Johnuniq (talk) 05:02, 10 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]
The Toronto Star reported in April on a study, "Understanding Female Genital Cutting in the Dawoodi Bohra Community", which apparently says that Type 1b is indeed being performed by the Dawoodi Bohras, not 1a. It is being done by traditional cutters without proper tools on 7-year-olds, who are being told that a "worm" is being removed. SarahSV (talk) 05:14, 10 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]
The report (a survey of women who have experienced FGM within that community) shows a mix: 65% (202 women) did not know what had been done to them; 21% said that part of the clitoral hood had been removed; 5% said all the clitoral hood had been removed; 5% said the clitoral hood and part of the clitoris had been removed; 3% reported that their entire clitoris had been removed (that's assumed to mean the visible part); one woman said her labia had been cut too; and two did not respond. SarahSV (talk) 05:29, 10 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]

SlimVirgin Thank you for the information on the Bohra community, but my and talk messages haven't been about that. I have edited or suggested 1) Quran 2) FC in Islam 3) Disagreement about Azhar University Clergy. Yet, you haven't been able to justify your reverts. Secondly, the citations do mention clitoris (Type 1b), although that information, may or may not be correct, I haven't brought it up, and am not making edits in regard to that. What I did say is that Type 1a is different to Type 1b - and whether Type 1b is practiced, it's still not Type 1a - and, if you have ANY information on the harm of Type 1a, then I would like to see it. Thanks Muffizainu (talk) 06:11, 10 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]

Azhar University Disagreement

SlimVirgin - Can you explain why you have reverted the Azhar University Edits? After citations provided.Muffizainu (talk) 06:07, 10 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]

Your edit relied on what seems to be a religious website with a statement from 1981. This article has to follow Wikipedia:Verifiability, Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources, and Wikipedia:No original research. When the issue is a medical one, sources must also comply with WP:MEDRS. If you could make yourself familiar with those pages, that would help. If you want to say there is disagreement about FGM, we would need (for example) a United Nations body, or an academic source, reporting that disagreement. SarahSV (talk) 06:22, 10 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]
In the case of Azhar, it's a theological position on an Islamic position. I don't think the UN is an authority on Islam. Do you?Muffizainu (talk) 06:26, 10 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]
There is a USAID paper about FGM and Islam. You could also look for academic sources. Those are the kinds of sources we need. SarahSV (talk) 06:33, 10 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]
Regarding this edit, no university has "unified consensus" on any issue—what would such a thing mean? How can a 1981 statement verify "still a matter of contention"? You could ask at WP:RSN whether the reference is considered a reliable source that supports the edit. Johnuniq (talk) 06:38, 10 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]

As for Azhar, here's some information to show even the recent disagreements: In 2007, as a response to the statements issued by Mohammed Syyed Tantawi and Ali Jumua wherein the practise of khafd was considered un-Islamic and directed against, a group of jurists and intellectuals re-asserted the 1981 findings of al Shaykh al Azhar Jad al Haq mentioned earlier. https://ar.islamway.net/article/2362/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF-%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%89-%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AB Dr Mohammed Musayyar in an interview published by Memri in 2007 says that even though all the four Madhahib have different interpretations in the matter varying from obligatory to sunnah to a noble deed. (2007, May 23). Islamic Scholars on Female Circumcision - YouTube. Retrieved July 22, 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1oI0KmUKq8 In an interview published by Memri in 2007, Dr Mohammed Wahdan- a lecturer in Al Azhar University claimed that the origin of female circumcision is since the time of prophet Ibrahim whose first wife Sarrah was jealous of Hajar. Islamic Religious Experts on Female Circumcision - YouTube. N.p., 23 May 2007. Web. 22 July 2017. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rUvrHsPaTSo>. Among the scholars and institutions that support female circumcision according to an article published in 2005 is: Shaykh ‘Atiyah Saqr – the former head of the Fatwa Committee in Al-Azhar, and Dar al-Ifta Al-Misriyah. http:// www.islam-qa.com/en/ref/60314/female%20circumcision%20in%20islam (Munajjid, 2014)

Besides Azhar, there are many other Islamic Organizations that have validated the tradition of Female Circumcision. That should also be added. Muffizainu (talk) 06:55, 10 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]

Please engage with the discussion and respond to the points raised. The current situation appears to show an eagerness to insert a point of view into the article using any technique available with no regard for a coherent discussion. Johnuniq (talk) 07:13, 10 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]

I have addressed the points raised. The original text said that the Azhar University disagreed with the practice. I provided information that the University itself has disagreements within itself, and thus, that information is irrelavant on the page. I provided the citations. If you want to keep the Azhar disagreeing, then you can also put the citations that Azhar agrees with female circumcicision as well. This will give both sides of the story. If it all it has been I who've been discussing on the talk page, and User Slim Virgin is deleting without providing any justification. Muffizainu (talk) 14:27, 18 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]

I was going to comment at WP:DRN but the section has been closed. I will post the start of my thoughts here although I do not propose engaging in much more back-and-forth because the issue is so clearly one of an attempt to argue against the most reliable sources available which have been chosen for the article.
The July 2007 reference states "Al-Azhar Supreme Council of Islamic Research, the highest religious authority in Egypt, issued a statement saying FGM/C has no basis in core Islamic law or any of its partial provisions and that it is harmful and should not be practiced." That is a quote from a UNICEF news report that refers to the Al-Azhar Supreme Council of Islamic Research. A claim that others at the university where the Council is located disagree is not relevant. After-the-fact sources with claims that the purpose of s certain form of FGM is to increase sexual pleasure of the couple cannot be used to balance UNICEF. Johnuniq (talk) 02:54, 20 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]
Muffizainu, I can recommend two ways forward. First, open a discussion at the reliable sources noticeboard, and lay out your sources for them. That will attract independent editors who will offer an opinion as to whether your sources are policy-compliant for the points you want to make. Second, write to a few authoritative scholars of Islam in mainstream universities, and ask them to recommend an up-to-date scholarly overview on the position of Islam, or branches of it, on FGM. Explain that the aim is to write a very brief summary (a couple of sentences) for Wikipedia. The Islamic studies department at Harvard might be a good place to start. When you've collected some sources, or even just one, we can decide whether to use that material to update this article. SarahSV (talk) 03:28, 20 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]
Johnuniq I will be providing you multiple citations about the position of Azhar and other Islamic organizations. As for increasing sexual pleasure. Almost every classical Islamic text says it. I will be providing you citations for those as well. These sources predate the existence of the UN, and these are the Classical and Modern basis for the practice oof Female Circimcusion in Islam.

As for the Islamic position, I have even cited the Journal of Medical Ethics 2016, which you have completely ignored. And the Islamic position cannot be ignored. I will quote it again for your information. (Arora KS, Jacobs AJ. Female genital alteration: a compromise solution. Journal of Medical Ethics 2016), where they say: "It is no more possible to define Islam within the four corners of the Quran than to define Christianity (which includes traditions ranging from Presbyterian to Pentecostal to Greek Orthodoxy) solely from a reading of the Bible. Rather, the content of religious belief and practice are guided by interpretive texts and traditions. Thus, many Muslim scholars classify Female Genital Alteration (FGA) as ‘Sunnah’ or practice established by the Prophet Muhammad. Though not prescribed explicitly in the Quran, the practice thus is religiously virtuous. In fact, the colloquial term for FGA procedures in Arabic refers to a ritual state of purity.”Muffizainu (talk) 06:21, 20 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]

And the UNICEF statement regarding the Council is irrelevant? Why? The Council is irrelevant? Why? Is it ritual purity or sexual pleasure? Or is it whatever is currently useful to rebut an unwanted response? Please follow the above recommendation about the reliable sources noticeboard but keep it focused on just a couple of points. Johnuniq (talk) 06:42, 20 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]
Johnuniq I never said the "UNICEF statement regarding the Council is irrelevant". Infact, I agreed that statement should stay, but at the same time, it must be clarified that the same council has in the past deemed in favour female circumcision. Plus, there are many more scholars, from the University, and other Islamic organizations that have said the same. I have proposed that that statement should be updated with information from both sides. And if the new information is not welcome, then the one-sided statement should be deleted. That is what I have been proposing all this time. And, along with the Quran statement, I have proposed to add a list of all the classical Islamic scholars that have either said (on accord of the Prophet) that it is either compulsary or reccomended. You can't have one-sided information and blatantly ignore the other side because it doesn't serve the narrative. Muffizainu (talk) 11:14, 20 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]
Muffizainu, if this situation continues, someone is likely to ask that you be topic-banned from this issue. Wikipedia must reflect the mainstream view and significant minority views, according to the most reliable sources. The most reliable sources—for the issue you want to include in the religion section—are (reasonably) up-to-date medical and academic secondary sources, and position statements from national and international bodies.
This article does include views that object to the mainstream international position; see Female genital mutilation#Criticism of opposition. We could perhaps include there the view that Type 1a is practised, and that certain groups recommend it as harmless. But it would have to be written and sourced very carefully. That is why I think your research should start by writing to scholars of Islam in mainstream universities so that you can gather the best sources.
Also, I'm concerned about this focus on the Dawoodi Bohra, given the criminal charges that were filed in the US in April this year. SarahSV (talk) 22:56, 20 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]
In between fair discussion, sudden inclusion of Topic ban seems giving a threat. When discussion is on Azhar university stand naming particular sect also looks like diverting the issue. All the stands taken by any one of Azhar to be taken care of and let the viewer decide. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 47.9.169.222 (talk) 03:31, 22 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]
Wikipedia does not publish "all views" per WP:FALSEBALANCE. Also see wp:Tendentious editing regarding topic bans. Jim1138 (talk) 04:15, 22 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]


Hi, Muffizainu, I found this argument in Wikipedia:Dispute resolution noticeboard.

The problem is that the reference you have provided is very poor Islamic reference. But I agree with your statement that genital cutting is equally prescribed for both males and females in Islam.


According to UNICEF, There is a widespread view in several countries, particularly in Mali, Eritrea, Mauritania, Guinea and Egypt, that female genital mutilation is a Islamic religious requirement.[1] And in many countries, only the women in Muslim families are genitally mutilated. In many African countries, the rate of female genital mutilation is higher among Muslims than other religious groups.[2]

Scholars[3][4] suggest the start and widespread acceptance of female genital mutilation in Southeast Asian countries, such as Indonesia and Malaysia, proves that female genital mutilation is not purely a pre-Islamic practice, and it is rather Islam which established the practice of female genital mutilation in these countries. Buddhism and Hinduism were the predominant religions in Southeast Asia before the arrival of Islam; and male as well as female genital cutting was prohibited in its religious beliefs.[3] Islam introduced female genital cutting as well as male genital cutting into Indonesia and Malaysia from the 13th century as part of its drive to convert people to Islam.[4] Populations in some islands of Indonesia underwent only partial conversion to Islam in the 17th century. In these islands, only Muslim females are circumcised.[3][4]

There is no mention of circumcision of either sex in Qur’an.[5] Rather, according to Quranists, both male and female circumcision is haram (prohibited) in Islam as Quran prohibits any type of body alteration regardless of the gender of the victim. However, some hadiths support that circumcision of both sexes have religious significance in Islam. Some Islamic scholars have ruled in favor of circumcision of both sexes based on these hadiths.[6][7] But according to Quranists, these hadiths are not as reliable as Quranic verses.[5]

The hadiths have been collected 100-200 years after prophet Muhammad’s death. The number of hadiths collected and attributed to the prophet Muhammad is in the hundreds of thousands, and reaches the milestone of million. As much as 99% of all these hadiths are pure lies and fabrications and were rejected by the early Muslim scholars. Some of the famous hadiths collectors and what they collected are provided below-

(1) Malik Ibn Anas collected about 500 hadiths in his famous book, "Al-Muwattaa".

(2) Ahmed Ibn Hanbal, collected about 40,000 hadiths, in his famous "Musnad". He chose these 40,000 hadiths from among 700,000 hadiths. In other words he thought 660,000 hadith were un-proven, lies and/or fabrications and the others may be authentic. That is 94% lies and fabrications.

(3) Muhammad al-Bukhari collected about 600,000 hadiths and accepted 7275 hadiths and considered 592,725 hadiths to be un-proven hadiths, lies and/or fabrications, that is almost 99% of what he collected.

(4) Imam Muslim collected 300,000 hadiths and only accepted 4000 of them, and refused about 296,000. that is almost 99% of these collected hadiths.[8]

According to Quranists, genital cutting of children regardless of their sex is in violation with Quranic principles. And hadiths can’t override the principles of Qur’an.[5]


Let me provide full detailed information on this with necessary references.

Please note that you may find full information on religious significance of female circumcision in Islam in these articles – Religious views on female genital mutilation, https://wikiislam.net/wiki/Qur%27an,_Hadith_and_Scholars:Female_Genital_Mutilation and Prevalence of female genital mutilation by country.


Islamic ruling on circumcision of both sexes: Initially, this should be observed that Islam hasn’t recommended circumcision for males only. It recommended circumcision for females as well.

The Shafi'i school of Islam (1 of the 4 major schools of Sunni Islam) considers female circumcision to be obligatory in Islam[9] when the other 3 other major schools of Sunni Islam, the Hanbali school, the Maliki school and the Hanafi school of Islam considers female circumcision to be an honorable thing or preferred in Islam, but not obligatory. Neither of the 4 major Sunni Islamic schools prohibit female genital mutilation.[10][11] This is to be noted that Shafi'i school of Islam is followed by majority of the Muslims in countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Somalia, Djibouti, Iraqi Kurdistan. In Yemen, Shafi'i school of Islam is followed by majority of the Sunni Muslims, where a minority of the Muslims are Shia. In Saudi Arabia, a minority of the Muslims follow Shafi'i school of Islam. In these countries and areas, female genital mutilation is highly prevalent.

About Islamic ruling on male circumcision, among the 4 major Sunni Islamic schools, the Hanafi school and the Maliki school of Islam considers male circumcision to be recommended in Islam, but not obligatory where the Shafi'i school and Hanbali school of Islam considers male circumcision to be obligatory in Islam.[12]

So, this is very obvious that Islamic ruing for circumcision is equal for both sexes.


Though there is no mention of male circumcision or female circumcision anywhere in Qur’an and Qur’an rather prohibits any form of body alteration regardless of the gender of the victim,[5] the below hadiths (one of various reports describing the words, actions, or habits of the Islamic prophet Muhammad those were collected 100-200 years after prophet Muhammad’s death[8])” show affiliation of Islam with circumcision of both sexes-

Narrated Abu Hurairah: I heard prophet Muhammad saying, "Five practices are characteristics of the fitra (primordial human nature): circumcision (both for males and females), shaving the pubic hair, cutting the moustaches short, clipping the nails, and depilating the hair of the armpits."

— Sahih al-Bukhari, Volume 7, Book 72, Number 779

The rule of hadith dictate that if it is not mentioned specifically or if the pronouns do not point to a certain gender, then the hadith is valid for both sexes. Hence, the above hadith is applicable for both men and women.

Narrated Umm Atiyyah al-Ansariyyah: “A woman used to perform female circumcision in Medina. Prophet Muhammad said to her: Do not cut severely as that is better for a woman and more desirable for a husband.”

— Sunan Abu Dawood, Book 41, Number 5251

Abu al- Malih ibn Usama's father relates that prophet Muhammad said: "Circumcision is a law for men and a preservation of honor for women."

— Ahmad Ibn Hanbal 5:75; Abu Dawud, Adab 167


Female circumcision as an Islamic religious requirement: Female genital mutilation is often practiced for Islamic religious reasons due to it’s strong religious affiliation with Islam. Examples are given below-

In Indonesia, the largest Muslim majority country by population, 97.5% Muslim women are genitally mutilated.[13] 99% of Indonesian Muslims belong to the Shafi'i school of Islamic jurisprudence.[14][15] And Shafi'i school of Islam considers female circumcision to be obligatory in Islam. In Indonesia, female genital mutilation is widespread among Muslim women and considered a religious necessity.[16][17][18] More than 90% of Muslim adults support the practice to continue.[18][13] In 2013, the Indonesian Ulema Council - Indonesia's top Muslim clerical body - ruled that it favors female genital mutilation, stating that although it is not mandatory, it is still "morally recommended".[19] Indonesian government has passed law prohibiting female genital mutilation latterly. But the Ulema (class of Muslim legal scholars) has been pushing Indonesian government to circumcise girls, claiming it is part of Islamic teachings.[20]

Malaysia is a Muslim majority country. Female genital mutilation is prevalent in Malaysia, where 93% of the women from Muslim families have been genitally mutilated. Most of the Malaysian Muslims belong to the Shafi'i school of Islamic jurisprudence.[21][22] And Shafi'i school of Islam considers female circumcision to be obligatory in Islam. Malaysian women claim religious obligation as the primary reason for female genital mutilation.[23] Malaysia has no laws in reference to female genital mutilation.[24] The Malaysian government sponsored 86th conference of Malaysia’s Fatwa Committee National Council of Islamic Religious Affairs held in April 2009 decided that female circumcision is part of Islamic teachings and it should be observed by Muslims, with the majority of the jurists in the Committee concluding that female circumcision is obligatory (wajib).[25] In 2012, Malaysian government health ministry proposed guidelines to reclassify and allow female circumcision as a medical practice.[26]

95% of Egyptian women have undergone some form of female genital mutilation. Egyptians considers female genital mutilation as a Sunnah (recommended in Islam).[27] Egypt is predominantly Muslim, with Muslims accounting for 89.4% of the total population in 2016.[28][29]

According to a 2005 WHO estimate, about 97.9% of women and girls in Somalia underwent female genital mutilation. This was at the time the world's highest prevalence rate of the procedure.[30] Furthermore, Somalia has no law addressing female genital mutilation. The majority of Somali Muslims belong to the Shafi'i school of Islamic jurisprudence.[31] And Shafi'i school of Islam considers female circumcision to be obligatory in Islam.

Prevalence of FGM in Djibouti range from 93% to 98%.[32][33] According to a UNICEF 2010 report, Djibouti has the world's second highest rate of Type III FGM (infibulation), with about two thirds of all Djibouti women undergoing the procedure.[34] Like its neighboring countries, a large percentage of women in Djibouti also undergo re-infibulation after birth or a divorce.[35] 98% of Djibouti's local people belong to the Shafi'i school of Sunni Islam.[36] And female circumcision is obligatory in Shafi'i school of Islam. Two thirds of the women claimed tradition and religion as the primary motivation for undergoing FGM.[37]

Female genital mutilation is prevalent in Iraqi Kurdistan, with an FGM rate of 72% according to the 2010 WADI report.[38] This is to be noted that the majority of Kurdish people belong to the Shafi'i school of Sunni Islam.[39] And female circumcision is obligatory in Shafi'i school of Islam.

Female genital mutilation is practiced in Maldives for Islamic religious reasons.[40][41] The practice of female circumcision in Maldives is reviving because of Islamic fatwas (a ruling on a point of Islamic law) from religious scholars in Maldives who preach that it as compulsory.[42]

According to a 2008 UNICEF report, 30% of women in Yemen, have undergone female genital mutilation.[43] In 4 of Yemen's 21 governorates, according to a 2008 report, the FGM prevalence rates exceed 80%: al-Hudaydah (97%), Hadhramaut (97%), al-Mahrah (97%) and Adan (82%); Sana'a Governorate, which includes the capital of Yemen, has a prevalence rate of 46%.[44] A 2013 UNICEF report claims Yemen's FGM prevalence rate have not changed in last 30 years.[45] In Yemen, 60-65% people are Sunni Muslims and 30%[46]-35%[47] are Shia Muslims. The denominations are as follows: 60-65% primarily of the Shafi'i and other orders of Sunni Islam. 30% of the Zaidiyyah order of Shia Islam, 2-5% of the Ja'fari and Western Ismaili orders of Shia Islam. And in Shafi'i school of Islam, female circumcision is obligatory.

According to 2001 survey, 71% of all women aged between 15 and 49 had undergone female genital mutilation in Mauritania. A 2007 demographic cluster study found no change in FGM prevalence rate in Mauritania.[48][49] Type II FGM is most frequent. Officially, 100% of the Mauritania's citizens are Muslim who belong to Maliki school of Islam.[50][51] About 57% of Mauritania women believe FGM is a religious requirement.[32]

Female genital mutilation is present in Saudi Arabia.[52][53] FGM is most prevalent in Saudi regions following Shafi'i school within the Sunni sect of Islam, such as Hejaz, Tihamah and Asir.[54][55][56] And female circumcision is obligatory in Shafi'i school of Islam. In a clinical study, Alsibiani and Rouzi provide evidence of the practice in Saudi Arabia.[57] Another 2010 report claims post-FGM medical complications are an indicator of widespread prevalence of the practice in Saudi women.[58] A 2012 study finds, that of the Saudi women who had FGM, Type III was more common than Type I or II.[59]


Reports find that the rate of female genital mutilation is higher among Muslim population in African countries than other religious groups. In some African countries, the rate of female genital mutilation is significantly higher than other religious groups. Examples are given below-

According to a 2011-12 survey, 7.3% of the women in Benin have been subjected to FGM. This is a decline over the 2001 survey, which reported 17%.[60] The prevalence varies with religion in Benin; FGM is prevalent in 49% of Muslim women. The prevalence in other groups is significantly lower, 3% of traditional religions, 3% of Roman Catholic and 1% in other Christian women.[61]

According to Chad's first survey on FGM in 2004, FGM prevalence rate was 45%.[62] The prevalence varies with religion in Chad; FGM is prevalent in 61% of Muslim women, 31% of Catholics, 16% of Protestants, and 12% of traditional religions.[62]

The WHO gives a prevalence of 65% for FGM in Ethiopia (2016) in women age 15-49 and falling to 47.1 in those 15–19 years.[63] The prevalence also varies with religion in Ethiopia; FGM is prevalent in 92% of Muslim women[61] and with lower prevalence in other religions: 65.8% Protestants, 58.2% Catholics and 55% Traditional Religions.[64]

According to the WHO, in 2006, the prevalence of FGM was 36.4% among women aged 15–49 in Côte d’Ivoire.[65] A 2005 survey[66] found that 42% of all women aged between 15 and 49 had been subjected to FGM. This is similar to the FGM reported rate of 46% in 1998 and 43% in 1994.[61] The prevalence varies with religion in Côte d'Ivoire; FGM is prevalent in 76% of Muslim women, 45% of Animist, 14% of Catholic and 13% of Protestant women.[66]

According to a survey on FGM in 2004, FGM prevalence rate was 1.4% in Cameroon. Even though national rate is low, there are regions with high prevalence rate. In extreme north Cameroon, the prevalence rate is 13% for the Fulbe people and people of Arab descent.[67] The prevalence varies with religion; FGM is prevalent in 6% of Muslim women, less than 1% of Christians, and 0% for Animist women.[61]

The government of Eritrea surveyed and published an official FGM prevalence rate of 89% in 2003.[68] The prevalence varies with woman's religion, as well as by their ethnic group; A 2002 survey reported by UNICEF shows FGM prevalence among 99% of Muslim, 89% of Catholic and 85% of Protestant women aged 15–49 years.[61]

According to WHO, as of 2006, Burkina Faso has a FGM prevalence of 72.5%.[65] FGM is prevalent in 82% of Muslim women, 73% of traditional religions, 66% of Roman Catholics and 60% of Protestants in Burkina Faso.[69][61]

Guinea has the second highest FGM prevalence rate in the world.[32] According to a 2005 survey, 96% of all Guinea women aged between 15 and 49 have been genitally mutilated.[70] That is a slight decline in the practice from the 1999 recorded FGM rate of 98.6%. Among the 15- to 19-year-olds the prevalence was 89%, among 20- to 24-year-olds 95%. About 50% of the women in Guinea believe FGM is a religious requirement.[32] Guinea is predominantly a Muslim country, with 90% of the population practicing Islam. FGM is prevalent in 99% of Muslim women, 94% of Catholics and Protestants, and 93% of Animist women.[61]

The 2014 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) estimated the national prevalence of FGM in Kenya to be 21% among women age 15-49, down from 27% in the 2008/09 survey and 32 percent in the 2003 survey.[71] By religion, FGM is more prevalent in Muslim women (51.1%) and women listing no religion (32.9%) and less prevalent in Roman Catholic (21.5%) and Protestant or other Christian women (17.9%) in Kenya.[71]

The WHO gives a FGM prevalence of 85.2% for women aged 15–49 in 2006 in Mali.[65] According to a 2007 report, 92% of all Mali women between the ages of 15 and 49 have been subjected to FGM.[72] The prevalence varies with religion in Mali; FGM is prevalent in 92% of Muslim women, 76% of Christians.[61] About 64% of the women of Mali believe FGM is a religious requirement.[32]

According to 2005 survey, FGM prevalence rate in Senegal is 28% of all women aged between 15 and 49.[73] There are significant differences in regional prevalence. FGM is most widespread in the Southern Senegal (94% in Kolda Region) and in Northeastern Senegal (93% in Matam Region). FGM rates are lower in other regions: Tambacounda (86%), Ziguinchor (69%), and less than 5% in Diourbel and Louga Regions. 94% of people in Senegal are Muslim. The FGM prevalence rate varies by religion: 29% of Muslim women have undergone FGM, 16% of Animists, and 11% of Christian women.[61][74]


United Arab Emirates, where both the official and majority religion is Islam, has a 31% on prevalence of female genital mutilation, according to a 2012 report published by UAE government.[75]

Female genital mutilation is prevalent in Kuwait among the followers of Maliki school of Sunni Islam. A 2011 study finds 38% of women having undergone FGM, with Type II and III common.[76]

According to a 2013 report, an estimated 76.3% of girls and women in Gambia have been subjected to female genital mutilation.[77] A 2006 UNICEF survey found a 78.3% prevalence rate in Gambia.[78] Muslims constitute 95.7 percent of the population of the Gambia according to CIA factbook, most of whom follow belong to Maliki school of Islam.[79]

Female genital mutilation is prevalent in Oman,[80] 90% of women in Oman have been mutilated.[81] A 2013 article describes FGM practice in Oman, and claims the practice is very common in Dhofar.[82] Type I is claimed to be common in southern Oman and typically performed within a few weeks of a girl's birth, while Type IV is observed in most parts of northern Oman.[83]

Estimates suggest 90% of females in the Dawoodi Bohra Ismaili Shia Muslim community in India undergo female genital mutilation for religious reasons, and only women in Muslim families are genitally mutilated in India.[84][85] There are about 2 million Bohras in India.

Female genital mutilation is practiced among some Pakistani communities, according to sources dated to the 1990s and 2000s.[86] Gibeau reports, for example, FGM is widespread in Bohra Muslims of Pakistan.[87][88] The Sheedi Muslim community of Pakistan, considered to be of Arab-African origins, practice FGM.[89] The practice is also found in Muslim communities near Pakistan's Iran-Balochistan border.[90] Islam is the largest and the state religion of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.[91] About 97.0% of Pakistanis are Muslims.[92] Pakistan has the second largest number of Muslims in the world after Indonesia.[93] Pakistan has been called a "global center for political Islam".[94]

Female genital mutilation is prevalent in parts of the Philippines for Islamic religious reasons. The communities that practice FGM call it Pag-Sunnat, where the Arabic word Sunnat means recommended in Islam. The communities include Tausugs of Mindanao, Yakan of Basilan and other Muslim communities of Philippines. FGM is typically performed on girls between a few days old and age 8. Type IV FGM with complications has been reported.[95][96]

Female genital mutilation is practiced by the Malay Muslim community in Singapore for religious reasons.[97][98]

Female genital mutilation is practiced by the Muslim minority in Sri Lanka for religious reasons.[99]

Female genital mutilation is practiced by the Muslim population in the south of Thailand for religious reasons.[100][101]


Female genital mutilation is practiced for Islamic religious reasons in many parts of the world. And in many countries, only the women in Muslim families are genitally mutilated.


Evidences of direct affiliation of Islam with female genital mutilation: Scholars[3][4] suggest the start and widespread acceptance of female genital mutilation in Southeast Asian countries, such as Indonesia and Malaysia, proves that female genital mutilation is not purely a pre-Islamic practice, and it is rather Islam which established the practice of female genital mutilation in these countries. Buddhism and Hinduism were the predominant religions in Southeast Asia before the arrival of Islam; and male as well as female genital cutting was prohibited in its religious beliefs.[3] Islam introduced female genital cutting as well as male genital cutting into Indonesia and Malaysia from the 13th century as part of its drive to convert people to Islam.[4] Populations in some islands of Indonesia underwent only partial conversion to Islam in the 17th century. In these islands, only Muslim females are circumcised.[3][4]


Sunni fatwas on female circumcision: Fatwas (a ruling on a point of Islamic law) have been justified by Islamic scholars for a number of reasons, two major reasons being to fulfill makrumah granted by prophet Muhammad, and to avoid falling into a taboo behavior.[102] Some scholars[103] suggest makrumah means that female circumcision adds to the man's pleasure. The majority of fatwas that permit or recommend Muslim female circumcision lean toward it being commendable or meritorious act on the part of the woman. Zakariyya Al-Birri[104][103] argues it is better to carry out female circumcision, while Al-Qaradawi leaves the choice to parents according to their beliefs, in spite of the fact that he favors female circumcision, because it protects girls' morality "especially nowadays" claims Al-Qaradawi.[105][106]

Similarly, Al-Azhar University - one of the most respected universities of the Islamic World in Cairo, Egypt - has issued a number of fatwas on female circumcision over its history.[107] On June 23, 1951, a fatwa[108] from Al-Azhar University declared that it does not recognize the abandonment of female circumcision as an option, and that female circumcision is advisable because it curbs "nature". Moreover, this fatwa declared doctors' opinions on the disadvantages of female circumcision as irrelevant. On January 29, 1981, another fatwa[109] from Al-Azhar University was authored and proclaimed by the Grand Sheikh of Al-Azhar. The fatwa insisted that it is impossible to abandon the lessons of prophet Muhammad in favor of the teaching of others, such as doctors, because the science of medicine evolves. The fatwa then recommended to the Islamic community that female circumcision is a duty, and the responsibility of female circumcision lies with the guardian of the girl. In October 1994,[108][110] the mufti of Egypt publicly declared that hadiths on female circumcision attributed to the prophet Muhammad were unreliable; however, within days of this announcement, Shaykh Gad al-Haq Ali of Al-Azhar University issued a fatwa that female circumcision is a part of the legal body of Islam and is a laudable practice that honors women.

Egyptian government, in 1996, banned female circumcision in hospitals and prohibited licensed professionals from performing female circumcision. However, in 1997, Shaykh Nasr Farid Wasil, Grand Mufti of Egypt, issued a fatwa that female circumcision should be permitted even though it is not obligatory under Islam. Soon after, Egypt's court overturned the government ban on female circumcision in hospitals and by licensed professionals.[110]


Shia fatwas on female circumcision: Ayatollah Khamenei issued a ruling for Shia Muslims in Iran, in 2011, declaring female circumcision as permissible but not obligatory.[111] He also ruled that if the husband of a Muslim woman wants her to get circumcised then, "(the) implementation of husband's order is obligatory for the wife if it does not have disadvantages or it is not harmful for the wife, she has to listen to her husband's request."[111]


Islamic Rashidun Caliphate fatwas on female circumcision:

An old woman from Kufa, the grandmother of 'Ali ibn Ghurab, reported that Umm al-Muhajir said, "I was captured with some girls from Byzantium. 'Uthman (the third of the Rashidun Caliphate) offered us Islam, but only myself and one other girl accepted Islam. 'Uthman said, 'Go and circumcise them and purify them.'"

— Da'if (Al-Albani), Book 53, Hadith 1245


Prohibition of genital cutting of any sex in Quran: Quranists strongly oppose both male and female circumcision as Qur’an neither suggests nor tolerates genital cutting or any kind of body alteration of either sex. Quranists state that both male and female genital cutting or any form of body alteration is haram (prohibited) in Islam according to Qur’an regardless of the gender of the victim[5] Below are some notable verses of Qur’an on this matter-

We have indeed created man in the 'best of moulds'.

— Qur'an, (95:4)

Allah is the One who made the Earth a habitat for you, and the sky as a structure, and He designed you, and has perfected your design.

— Qur'an, (40:64)

Allah created the heavens and the Earth for a true purpose, He designed you, and has perfected your design. You will all return to Him.

— Qur'an, (64:3)

The work of Allah who has 'perfected everything' (He created).

— Qur'an, (27:88)

The One Who has 'perfected everything'. He has created and began the creation of human beings from clay.

— Qur'an, (32:7)


It is said by the people of the Tawrah that, “Allah commanded Abraham (Ibrahim) to circumcise his son Ismail and all those who lived with him of slaves and other, and so he did. The age of Ismail was 13 years. This was to fulfil the command of Allah. It shows that male circumcision was obligatory upon Abraham and therefore obligatory on all men.”

Muslims believe the above story because of the following hadith-

Prophet Muhammad said: "Abraham (Ibrahim) circumcised himself when he was eighty years old and he circumcised himself with an axe."

— Related by Bukhari, Muslim & Ahmad.

And Allah commands Muslims to follow the religion of Abraham in Qur'an-

Then We inspired you: 'Follow the religion of Abraham (Ibrahim), the upright in Faith'.

— Qur'an, (16:123)

As a result, Muslims consider male circumcision to be an obligatory Islamic practice. Some other “hadiths” those influenced male circumcision among Muslims include-

Narrated Abu Hurairah: I heard prophet Muhammad saying, "Five practices are characteristics of the fitra (primordial human nature): circumcision (both for males and females), shaving the pubic hair, cutting the moustaches short, clipping the nails, and depilating the hair of the armpits."

— Sahih al-Bukhari, Volume 7, Book 72, Number 779

The rule of hadith dictate that if it is not mentioned specifically or if the pronouns do not point to a certain gender, then the hadith is valid for both sexes. Hence, the above hadith is applicable for both men and women.

Abu al- Malih ibn Usama's father relates that prophet Muhammad said: "Circumcision is a law for men and a preservation of honor for women."

— Ahmad Ibn Hanbal 5:75; Abu Dawud, Adab 167

However, Quranists state that the claim that Allah commanded Abraham (Ibrahim) to circumcise himself and/or his son, slaves, others has no basis according to Qur’anic teachings.[5]

Because circumcision of Abraham (Ibrahim) is not mentioned anywhere in Qur’an. The Qur’an deals extensively with Abraham (Ibrahim), his name alone is mentioned 67 times in Qur’an. Yet the Qur’an says nothing of him being circumcised or being commanded to do so. Rather it was his faith in Allah and devotion to him alone which is stressed throughout the Qur’an and which is to be followed. The Qur’an deals with Abraham’s (Ibrahim) construction of the Kaaba and other matters - but does not say he was told to cut off a part of his private parts.

Quranists state that circumcision is not commanded by Allah, it’s rather commanded by Satan.[5] The Satan pledges to make mankind remove body-parts that Allah has created. Allah mentions this information in the following verse of Qur’an:

"(Satan said), I will mislead them (mankind), and I will create in them false desires; I will order them to slit the ears of cattle, and to deface the (fair) nature created by Allah.” Whoever, forsaking Allah, takes Satan for a friend, hath of a surety suffered a loss that is manifest.

— Qur'an, (4:119)

As Satan said he will command mankind to change Allah's creation, according to Quranists, circumcision is what the Satan commanded to mankind as a result.[5]

According to Quranists, the belief of Muslims that circumcision is an obligatory Islamic practice is a misconception of Muslims. And both male and female circumcision is rather haram (prohibited) in Islam according to Qur’anic principles.[5]


Islamic scholars against female circumcision state that the following verse from Qur'an forbids all things that change what nature has meant it to be, including female circumcision,[102]

"(Satan said), I will mislead them (mankind), and I will create in them false desires; I will order them to slit the ears of cattle, and to deface the (fair) nature created by Allah.” Whoever, forsaking Allah, takes Satan for a friend, hath of a surety suffered a loss that is manifest.

— Qur'an, (4:119)

But some other scholars[102] find this religious view unpersuasive, because Muslim male circumcision also mutilates and changes nature, and male circumcision is a practice that is widely considered as obligatory to recommended under Islam.[112]


My suggestion: Now, based on available evidences, it is very obvious that both male circumcision and female circumcision have equal significance in Islam. And there is no way someone can claim that female circumcision doesn't have anything to do with Islam, but male circumcision has.

The Wikipedia article Female genital mutilation should have a complete section titled “Islam and female genital mutilation”. Under the section, it should be mentioned that,


“According to UNICEF, There is a widespread view in several countries, particularly in Mali, Eritrea, Mauritania, Guinea and Egypt, that female genital mutilation is a Islamic religious requirement.[1] And in many countries, only the women in Muslim families are genitally mutilated. In many African countries, the rate of female genital mutilation is higher among Muslims than other religious groups.[2]

Scholars[3][4] suggest the start and widespread acceptance of female genital mutilation in Southeast Asian countries, such as Indonesia and Malaysia, proves that female genital mutilation is not purely a pre-Islamic practice, and it is rather Islam which established the practice of female genital mutilation in these countries. Buddhism and Hinduism were the predominant religions in Southeast Asia before the arrival of Islam; and male as well as female genital cutting was prohibited in its religious beliefs.[3] Islam introduced female genital cutting as well as male genital cutting into Indonesia and Malaysia from the 13th century as part of its drive to convert people to Islam.[4] Populations in some islands of Indonesia underwent only partial conversion to Islam in the 17th century. In these islands, only Muslim females are circumcised.[3][4]

There is no mention of circumcision of either sex in Qur’an. Rather, according to Quranists, both male and female circumcision is haram (prohibited) in Islam as Quran prohibits any type of body alteration regardless of the gender of the victim.[5] However, some hadiths support that circumcision of both sexes have religious significance in Islam. Some Islamic scholars have ruled in favor of circumcision of both sexes based on these hadiths.[6][7] But according to Quranists, these hadiths are not as reliable as Quranic verses.[5]

The hadiths have been collected 100-200 years after prophet Muhammad’s death. The number of hadiths collected and attributed to the prophet Muhammad is in the hundreds of thousands, and reaches the milestone of million. As much as 99% of all these hadiths are pure lies and fabrications and were rejected by the early Muslim scholars. Some of the famous hadiths collectors and what they collected are provided below-

(1) Malik Ibn Anas collected about 500 hadiths in his famous book, "Al-Muwattaa".

(2) Ahmed Ibn Hanbal, collected about 40,000 hadiths, in his famous "Musnad". He chose these 40,000 hadiths from among 700,000 hadiths. In other words he thought 660,000 hadith were un-proven, lies and/or fabrications and the others may be authentic. That is 94% lies and fabrications.

(3) Muhammad al-Bukhari collected about 600,000 hadiths and accepted 7275 hadiths and considered 592,725 hadiths to be un-proven hadiths, lies and/or fabrications, that is almost 99% of what he collected.

(4) Imam Muslim collected 300,000 hadiths and only accepted 4000 of them, and refused about 296,000. that is almost 99% of these collected hadiths.[8]

According to Quranists, genital cutting of children regardless of their sex is in violation with Quranic principles. And hadiths can’t override the principles of Qur’an.[5]"


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Abir Babu (talk) 15:38, 22 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]

Citation style again

Following my post in March that I was adding wikicite to UN reports, [1] I'm considering again changing the citation style to {{sfn}} for journal articles or books that are used repeatedly with different page numbers. I'm not certain yet which sources to do it for, or even whether to go ahead, but I'd like to experiment, so I'm checking here, per WP:CITEVAR, in case there are objections. SarahSV (talk) 00:43, 14 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]

Double cropped

In this edit, Wikimandia changed

File:Mary Karooro Okurut (cropped).jpg

to

File:Mary Karooro Okurut (cropped) (cropped).jpg

That changed the article from permalink to permalink. I suppose there is some technical benefit for the double cropping (more focused on the face) but the original seems more appropriate here. Johnuniq (talk) 04:13, 16 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]

Agreed. I was about to remove that image anyway as part of an effort to make the page look a bit tidier. SarahSV (talk) 04:18, 16 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]
FYI, I just helping with an automated request that someone made at Commons to replace the larger file with a closer-cropped file, which seemed like a good faith request, but of course the larger file is still available and can be used when it's preferable. —МандичкаYO 😜 04:21, 16 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]
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