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The Silence of the Lambs (film)

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The Silence of the Lambs
Theatrical release poster
Directed byJonathan Demme
Screenplay byTed Tally
Based onThe Silence of the Lambs
by Thomas Harris
Produced by
Starring
CinematographyTak Fujimoto
Edited byCraig McKay
Music byHoward Shore
Production
company
Strong Heart Productions
Distributed byOrion Pictures
Release dates
  • January 30, 1991 (1991-01-30) (New York City)
  • February 14, 1991 (1991-02-14) (United States)
Running time
118 minutes[1]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$19 million[2]
Box office$272.7 million[2]

The Silence of the Lambs is a 1991 American psychological horror[3] film directed by Jonathan Demme from a screenplay written by Ted Tally, adapted from Thomas Harris' 1988 novel of the same name. The film stars Jodie Foster as Clarice Starling, a young FBI trainee who is pulled out from her training to apprehend a serial killer, known only as "Buffalo Bill", who skins his female victims' corpses. For this she has to create a psychological profile and seeks the advice of the imprisoned Dr. Hannibal Lecter, a brilliant psychiatrist and cannibalistic serial killer. Anthony Hopkins plays Lecter and Ted Levine plays Bill. It also features Scott Glenn, and Anthony Heald.[4] The novel was Harris' first and second respectively to feature the characters of Starling and Lecter, and was the second adaptation of a Harris novel to feature Lecter, preceded by the Michael Mann-directed Manhunter (1986).

The Silence of the Lambs was released on February 14, 1991 and grossed $272.7 million worldwide against its $19 million budget, becoming the fifth-highest-grossing film of 1991 worldwide. The film premiered at the 41st Berlin International Film Festival, where it competed for the Golden Bear, while Demme received the Silver Bear for Best Director. Critically acclaimed upon release, it became only the third film (the other two being 1934's It Happened One Night and 1975's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest) to win Academy Awards in all the top five categories: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Adapted Screenplay. It is also the first, and to date only, Best Picture winner widely considered to be a horror film, and one of only six such films to be nominated in the category.[5]

It is regularly cited by critics, film directors and audiences alike as one of the greatest and most influential films of all time. In 2018 Empire ranked it 48th on their list of the 500 greatest movies of all time.[6] The American Film Institute ranked it as the 5th-greatest and most influential thriller film of all time while the characters Clarice Starling and Hannibal Lecter were ranked among the greatest film heroines and villains, respectively. The film is considered "culturally, historically or aesthetically" significant by the U.S. Library of Congress and was selected to be preserved in the National Film Registry in 2011.[7] A sequel titled Hannibal was released in 2001, in which Hopkins reprised his role. It was followed by two prequels: Red Dragon (2002) and Hannibal Rising (2007).

Plot

Clarice Starling is pulled from her FBI training at the Quantico, Virginia FBI Academy by Jack Crawford of the Bureau's Behavioral Science Unit. He assigns her to interview Hannibal Lecter, a former psychiatrist and incarcerated cannibalistic serial killer, whose insight could prove useful in the pursuit of a psychopath serial killer nicknamed "Buffalo Bill," who kills young women and then removes their skin.

At the Baltimore State Hospital for the Criminally Insane, Dr. Chilton escorts Starling to Lecter's solitary quarters. Although initially pleasant and courteous, Lecter grows impatient with Starling's attempts at "dissecting" him and rebuffs her. As she is leaving, a prisoner named Miggs flicks semen at her. Lecter, who considers this an "unspeakably ugly act", calls Starling back and tells her to seek out his old patient. This leads her to a storage facility, where she discovers a jar containing a man's severed head. She returns to Lecter, who says the man is linked to Buffalo Bill. He offers to profile Buffalo Bill on condition he be transferred away from Chilton, whom he detests. Soon after, another Buffalo Bill victim is found who has a death's head moth lodged in her throat.

Buffalo Bill abducts Catherine Martin, a U.S. Senator's daughter. Crawford authorizes Starling to offer Lecter a fake deal, promising a prison transfer if he provides information that helps them capture Buffalo Bill and rescue Catherine. Instead, Lecter demands a quid pro quo from Starling, offering clues about Buffalo Bill in exchange for personal information. Starling tells Lecter about her law enforcement father's murder when she was ten years old. Chilton secretly records the conversation and reveals Starling's deceit before offering Lecter a deal of Chilton's own making. Lecter agrees and is flown to Memphis, where he meets and verbally torments Senator Martin, then gives her misleading information on Buffalo Bill, including the name "Louis Friend."

Starling works out that "Louis Friend" is an anagram of "iron sulfide"—fool's gold. She visits Lecter, who is now imprisoned in a cage-like cell in a Tennessee courthouse, and requests the truth. Lecter says all the information she needs is contained in the Buffalo Bill case file, then insists on continuing their quid pro quo. She recounts a traumatic childhood incident of hearing spring lambs being slaughtered on a relative's Montana farm, causing her to run away. Lecter speculates that Starling hopes saving Catherine will end the recurring nightmares she has of lambs screaming. Lecter returns the Buffalo Bill case files to Clarice just as Chilton arrives and has the police escort her from the building. Later that evening, Lecter kills his guards, escapes his cell, and disappears.

Starling analyzes Lecter's file annotations and deduces that Buffalo Bill knew his first victim, Frederika. Starling travels to her Ohio hometown and discovers both she and Buffalo Bill were tailors. At Frederika's home, she notices unfinished dresses and dress patterns identical to the patches of skin removed from the victims. She phones Crawford and says Buffalo Bill is making a "suit" with human skin. Crawford is already en route to make an arrest, having cross-referenced Lecter's notes with hospital archives and finding an autogynephilic man named Jame Gumb. Gumb applied for and was refused sex-change operation, mistakenly believing he was transsexual. Starling continues interviewing Frederika's friends while Crawford and a FBI HRT storm Gumb's address in Illinois, finding the house empty. Meanwhile, Starling goes to interview another person who knew Frederika. At the house, she meets "Jack Gordon," but realizes he is Jame Gumb after spotting a death's head moth flying loose. She pursues him into a cavernous basement where she finds Catherine trapped in a dry well. In completely dark room, Gumb stalks Starling with night-vision goggles, but reveals himself by cocking his revolver. Starling reacts quickly, firing all her rounds, killing Gumb.

Some time later, at the FBI Academy graduation party, Starling receives a phone call from Lecter, who is at a Bimini airport. He tells her he has no plans to pursue her and asks the same favor in return, to which she replies she cannot do. Lecter says he must hang up because he is, "having an old friend for dinner." He then trails a newly-arrived Dr. Chilton, before disappearing into the crowd.

Cast

Production

Development

The Silence of the Lambs is based on Thomas Harris's 1988 novel of the same name and is the second film to feature the character Hannibal Lecter following the 1986 film Manhunter. Prior to the novel's release, Orion Pictures partnered with Gene Hackman to bring the novel to the big screen. With Hackman set to direct and possibly star in the role of Crawford, negotiations were made to split the $500,000 cost of rights between Hackman and the studio.[8] In addition to securing the rights to the novel, producers also had to acquire the rights to the name "Hannibal Lecter," which were owned by Manhunter producer Dino De Laurentiis. Owing to the financial failure of the earlier film, De Laurentiis lent the character rights to Orion Pictures for free.[9]

In November 1987, Ted Tally was brought on to write the adaptation;[10] Tally had previously crossed paths with Harris many times, with his interest in adapting The Silence of the Lambs originating from receiving an advance copy of the book from Harris himself.[11] When Tally was about halfway through with the first draft, Hackman withdrew from the project and financing fell through. However, Orion Pictures co-founder Mike Medavoy assured Tally to keep writing as the studio itself took care of financing and searched for a replacement director.[12] As a result, Orion Pictures sought director Jonathan Demme to helm the project. With the screenplay not yet completed, Demme signed on after reading the novel.[13] From there, the project quickly took off, as Tally explained, "[Demme] read my first draft not long after it was finished, and we met, then I was just startled by the speed of things. We met in May 1989 and were shooting in November. I don't remember any big revisions."[14]

Casting

Jodie Foster was interested in playing the role of Clarice Starling immediately after reading the novel. However, in spite of the fact that Foster had just won an Academy Award for her performance in The Accused (1988), Demme was not convinced that she was right for the role.[15][16] Having just collaborated on Married to the Mob (1988), Demme's first choice for the role of Starling was Michelle Pfeiffer, who turned it down, later saying, "It was a difficult decision, but I got nervous about the subject matter."[17] Still not convinced, he approached Meg Ryan who turned it down as well for its gruesome themes and then Laura Dern, of whom the studio was skeptical as not being a bankable choice.[18] As a result, Foster was awarded the role due to her passion towards the character.[19]

For the role of Dr. Hannibal Lecter, Demme originally approached Sean Connery. After the actor turned it down, Anthony Hopkins was then offered the role based on his performance in The Elephant Man (1980).[20] Other actors considered for the role included Al Pacino,[21] Robert De Niro,[21] Dustin Hoffman,[21] Derek Jacobi[22] and Daniel Day-Lewis.[22] The mask Hopkins wore became an iconic symbol for the film. It was created by Ed Cubberly, of Frenchtown, New Jersey, who had made numerous masks for NHL goalies.[23]

Gene Hackman was originally cast to play Jack Crawford, the Agent-in-Charge of the Behavioral Science Unit of the FBI in Quantico, Virginia but he found the script "too violent."[21] Scott Glenn was then cast in the role. In preparation for the role, Glenn met with John E. Douglas. Douglas gave Glenn a tour of the Quantico facility and also played for him an audio tape containing various recordings that serial killers Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris had made of themselves raping and torturing a 16-year-old girl.[24][25] According to Douglas, Glenn wept as he experienced the recordings and even changed his liberal stance on the death penalty.[26]

Filming

Principal photography on The Silence of the Lambs began on November 15, 1989 and wrapped on March 1, 1990.[27][28] Filming primarily took place in and around Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, with some scenes shot in nearby northern West Virginia.[29] The Victorian home in Perryopolis, Pennsylvania used as Buffalo Bill's home in the film went up for sale in August 2015 for $300,000.[30] The home sat on the market for nearly a year, before finally selling for $195,000.[31] [32] The exterior of the Western Center near Canonsburg, Pennsylvania served as the setting for Baltimore State Hospital for the Criminally Insane.[33] In what was a rare act of cooperation at the time, the FBI allowed scenes to be filmed at the FBI Academy in Quantico; some FBI staff members even acted in bit parts.[34][35]

Music

The Silence of the Lambs: The Original Motion Picture Score
Film score by
Howard Shore
ReleasedFebruary 5, 1991
RecordedAugust 1990 in Munich
Length57:09
LabelMCA Records
ProducerHoward Shore
Howard Shore chronology
Big
(1988) 		The Silence of the Lambs: The Original Motion Picture Score
(1991) 		Naked Lunch
(1991)
Hannibal Lecter chronology
Manhunter
(1986) 		The Silence of the Lambs
(1991) 		Hannibal
(2001)
Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
Allmusic
Filmtracks.com

The musical score for The Silence of the Lambs was composed by Howard Shore, who would also go on to collaborate with Demme on Philadelphia. Recorded in Munich during the latter half of the summer of 1990, the score was performed by the Munich Symphony Orchestra.[36] "I tried to write in a way that goes right into the fabric of the movie," explained Shore on his approach. "I tried to make the music just fit in. When you watch the movie you are not aware of the music. You get your feelings from all elements simultaneously, lighting, cinematography, costumes, acting, music. Jonathan Demme was very specific about the music."[37] The music editor was Suzana Peric.[38][39] A soundtrack album was released by MCA Records on February 5, 1991.[40] Music from the film was later used in the trailers for its 2001 sequel, Hannibal.[41]

The Silence of the Lambs: The Original Motion Picture Score
No.TitleLength
1."Main Title"5:04
2."The Asylum"3:53
3."Clarice"3:03
4."Return to the Asylum"2:35
5."The Abduction"3:01
6."Quid Pro Quo"4:41
7."Lecter in Memphis"5:41
8."Lambs Screaming"5:34
9."Lecter Escapes"5:06
10."Belvedere, Ohio"3:32
11."The Moth"2:20
12."The Cellar"7:02
13."Finale"4:50
Total length:57:09

Release

Box office

The Silence of the Lambs was released on February 14, 1991, grossing $14 million during its opening weekend. At the time it closed on October 10, 1991, the film had grossed $131 million domestically with a total worldwide gross of $273 million.[42] It was the fifth-highest-grossing film of 1991 worldwide.[43]

Home media

The film was released on VHS on August 27, 2002[44] and on DVD on March 6, 2001 by MGM.[45]

Reception

Critical response

Jodie Foster and Anthony Hopkins' performances garnered widespread critical acclaim and won them the Academy Awards for Best Actress and Best Actor, respectively.

The Silence of the Lambs was a sleeper hit that gradually gained widespread success and critical acclaim.[46] Foster, Hopkins, and Levine garnered much acclaim for their performances. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 96% of 97 film critics have given the film a positive review, with an average rating of 8.87/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Director Jonathan Demme's smart, taut thriller teeters on the edge between psychological study and all-out horror, and benefits greatly from stellar performances by Anthony Hopkins and Jodie Foster."[47] Metacritic, another review aggregator, assigned the film a weighted average score of 85 out of 100, based on 19 reviews from mainstream critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[48] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[49]

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times, specifically mentioned the "terrifying qualities" of Hannibal Lecter.[50] Ebert later added the film to his list of The Great Movies, recognizing the film as a "horror masterpiece" alongside such classics as Nosferatu, Psycho, and Halloween.[51] However, the film is also notable for being one of two multi-Academy Award winners (the other being Unforgiven) disapproved of by Ebert's colleague, Gene Siskel. Writing for Chicago Tribune, Siskel said, "Foster's character, who is appealing, is dwarfed by the monsters she is after. I'd rather see her work on another case."[52]

Accolades

Academy Awards record
Best Picture, Edward Saxon, Kenneth Utt, Ronald M. Bozman
Best Director, Jonathan Demme
Best Actor, Anthony Hopkins
Best Actress, Jodie Foster
Best Adapted Screenplay, Ted Tally
Golden Globe Awards record
Best Actress, Jodie Foster
British Academy Film Awards record
Best Actor, Anthony Hopkins
Best Actress, Jodie Foster

The film won the Big Five Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Director (Demme), Best Actor (Hopkins), Best Actress (Foster), and Best Adapted Screenplay (Ted Tally), making it only the third film in history to accomplish that feat.[53] It was also nominated for Best Sound (Tom Fleischman and Christopher Newman) and Best Film Editing, but lost to Terminator 2: Judgment Day and JFK, respectively.[54]

Other awards include being named Best Film by the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures, CHI Awards and PEO Awards. Demme won the Silver Bear for Best Director at the 41st Berlin International Film Festival[55] and was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Director. The film was nominated for the Grand Prix of the Belgian Film Critics Association. It was also nominated for the British Academy Film Award for Best Film. Screenwriter Ted Tally received an Edgar Award for Best Motion Picture Screenplay. The film was awarded Best Horror Film of the Year during the 2nd Horror Hall of Fame telecast, with Vincent Price presenting the award to the film's executive producer Gary Goetzman.[56]

In 1998, the film was listed as one of the 100 greatest films in the past 100 years by the American Film Institute.[57] In 2006, at the Key Art Awards, the original poster for The Silence of the Lambs was named best film poster "of the past 35 years".[58] The Silence of the Lambs placed seventh on Bravo's The 100 Scariest Movie Moments for Lecter's escape scene. The American Film Institute named Hannibal Lecter (as portrayed by Hopkins) the number one film villain of all time[59] and Clarice Starling (as portrayed by Foster) the sixth-greatest film hero of all time.[59] In 2011, ABC aired a prime-time special, Best in Film: The Greatest Movies of Our Time, that counted down the best films chosen by fans based on results of a poll conducted by ABC and People magazine. The Silence of the Lambs was selected as the best suspense/thriller and Dr. Hannibal Lecter was selected as the fourth-greatest film character.

The film and its characters have appeared in the following AFI "100 Years" lists:

In 2015, Entertainment Weekly's 25th anniversary year, it included The Silence of the Lambs in its list of the 25 best movies made since the magazine's beginning.[60]

Organization/Association Award Actor/Crew Outcome Remarks
64th Academy Awards Best Picture Edward Saxon, Kenneth Utt, Ron Bozman Won
Best Director Jonathan Demme Won
Best Actor Anthony Hopkins Won
Best Actress Jodie Foster Won
Best Adapted Screenplay Ted Tally Won Adapted from The Silence of the Lambs by Thomas Harris
Best Film Editing Craig McKay Nominated
Best Sound Tom Fleischman, Christopher Newman Nominated
49th Golden Globe Awards Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama Jodie Foster Won
Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama Anthony Hopkins Nominated
Best Director Jonathan Demme Nominated
Best Motion Picture – Drama Kenneth Utt Nominated
Best Screenplay Ted Tally Nominated
45th British Academy Film Awards Best Actor in a Leading Role Anthony Hopkins Won
Best Actress in a Leading Role Jodie Foster Won
Best Adapted Screenplay Ted Tally Nominated
Best Cinematography Tak Fujimoto Nominated
Best Direction Jonathan Demme Nominated
Best Editing Craig McKay Nominated
Best Film Ron Bozman, Edward Saxon, Kenneth Utt Nominated
Best Film Music Howard Shore Nominated
Best Sound Skip Lievsay, Christopher Newman, Tom Fleischman Nominated

Controversy

Upon its release, The Silence of the Lambs was criticized by members of the LGBT community for its portrayal of Buffalo Bill as bisexual and transgender, although Bill's sexual orientation is never explicitly stated and Lecter expressly states Bill is "not really transsexual." In response to the critiques, Demme replied that Buffalo Bill "wasn't a gay character. He was a tormented man who hated himself and wished he was a woman because that would have made him as far away from himself as he possibly could be." Demme added that he "came to realize that there is a tremendous absence of positive gay characters in movies".[61] Much of the criticism was drawn towards Foster, who critics alleged was herself a lesbian.[62][full citation needed]

In a 1992 interview with Playboy magazine, the feminist and women's rights advocate Betty Friedan stated: "I thought it was absolutely outrageous that The Silence of the Lambs won four [sic] Oscars. […] I'm not saying that the movie shouldn't have been shown. I'm not denying the movie was an artistic triumph, but it was about the evisceration, the skinning alive of women. That is what I find offensive. Not the Playboy centerfold."[63]

See also

References

  1. ^ "The Silence of the Lambs". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
  2. ^ a b "The Silence of the Lambs (1991)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
  3. ^ "Top 10 Psychological Horror Movies - Alternative Reel". Alternative Reel. Alternative Reel. Archived from the original on October 18, 2015. Retrieved December 25, 2015.
  4. ^ "The Silence of the Lambs". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
  5. ^ Durkan, Deirdre (March 1, 2018). "'Jaws' to 'Get Out': The Only 6 Horror Films Ever Nominated for Oscar's Best Picture". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
  6. ^ The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time – #400–301 empireonline.com; Empire Online. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
  7. ^ "Silence of the Lambs added to U.S. film archive". BBC. December 28, 2011. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
  8. ^ Tiech, John (June 20, 2012). Pittsburgh Film History: On Set in the Steel City. Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-60949-709-5. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
  9. ^ Bernstein, Jill (February 8, 2001). "How Ridley Scott's Hannibal came to be made". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
  10. ^ Medavoy, Mike (June 25, 2013). You're Only as Good as Your Next One: 100 Great Films, 100 Good Films, and 100 for Which I Should Be Shot (Reprint ed.). New York City: Atria Books. p. 183. ISBN 9781439118139. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
  11. ^ Konow, David (October 2, 2012). Reel Terror: The Scary, Bloody, Gory, Hundred-Year History of Classic Horror Films. London: St. Martin's Press. p. 459. ISBN 978-0-312-66883-9. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
  12. ^ Engel, Joel (February 12, 2013). Screenwriters on Screen-Writing: The Best in the Business Discuss Their Craft (Kindle ed.). New York City: Hyperion Books. ISBN 9781401305574. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
  13. ^ Kapsis, Robert E. (December 19, 2008). Jonathan Demme: Interviews (Conversations With Filmmakers Series). Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. pp. 71–75. ISBN 978-1-60473-118-7. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
  14. ^ Scott, Kevin Conroy (April 28, 2006). Screenwriters' Masterclass: Screenwriters Discuss their Greatest Films. New York City: HarperCollins. ISBN 9780571261581. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
  15. ^ "The Total Film Interview – Jodie Foster". Total Film. Future Publishing. December 1, 2005. Archived from the original on March 14, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  16. ^ Davis, Cindy (February 27, 2012). "Mindhole Blowers: 20 Facts About The Silence of the Lambs That Might Make You Crave a Nice Chianti". Pajiba. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  17. ^ The Barbara Walters Special, American Broadcast Company, 1992
  18. ^ Davis, Cindy (April 2, 2015). "'Silence Of The Lambs' director admits he didn't want to cast Jodie Foster". NME. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
  19. ^ Maslin, Janet (February 19, 1991). "How to Film a Gory Story With Restraint". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  20. ^ Odam, Matthew (October 26, 2013). "AFF panel wrap: Jonathan Demme in conversation with Paul Thomas Anderson". Austin American-Statesman. Cox Media Group. Retrieved March 15, 2014.
  21. ^ a b c d White, Peter (November 6, 2017). "Jodie Foster Lifts The Lid On 'The Silence Of The Lambs' At BFI – Q&A". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
  22. ^ a b Lang, Brent (September 11, 2013). "Derek Jacobi, Daniel Day-Lewis Almost Played Hannibal Lecter in 'Silence of the Lambs'". The Wrap. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
  23. ^ "Ed Cubberly - Hannibal Lechter Masks". edcubberly.com. Retrieved August 25, 2019.
  24. ^ Newton, Michael. "Lawrence Bittaker & Roy Norris: Killing Time". Crime Library. TruTV. Archived from the original on February 25, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  25. ^ Kessler, Ronald (October 1, 1993). The FBI. New York City: Pocket Books. p. 258. ISBN 978-0-671-78657-1. Retrieved March 14, 2014. scott glenn John Douglas.
  26. ^ Douglas, John E.; Mark Olshaker (October 31, 1995). Mindhunter: Inside the FBI's Elite Serial Crime Unit. New York City: Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-80376-0. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
  27. ^ "The Silence of the Lambs (1991) – Miscellaneous Notes". Leonard Maltin's Classic Movie Guide. Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  28. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QH4kjJgoDSc [permanent dead link]
  29. ^ "City lands good share of movies". The Vindicator. December 10, 1995. Retrieved December 30, 2011.
  30. ^ "'Silence of the Lambs' Takes Revenge on This Week's Most Popular Homes". realtor.com News. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  31. ^ "'Silence of the Lambs' House Can't Find a Buyer". The New York Times. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  32. ^ "'Silence of the Lambs' House Finally Sells". realtor.com News. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  33. ^ Kirsch, Tom. "Western Center – Abandoned Photography". Opacity. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  34. ^ Edwards, Carl N. (January 2, 2001). Responsibilities and Dispensations: Behavior, Science, & American Justice. Dover, Massachusetts: Four Oaks Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-9705128-8-8. Retrieved March 15, 2014.
  35. ^ Lurie, Rod (June 1991). "Dr. Lecter Will See You Now". Empire Magazine. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
  36. ^ "Howard Shore – The Silence Of The Lambs (The Original Motion Picture Score)". Discogs. Zink Media, Inc. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  37. ^ Büdinger, Matthias; Luc Van de Ven (1991). "Howard Shore on The Silence of the Lambs". Soundtrack Magazine. 10 (37). Archived from the original on November 23, 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  38. ^ "Suzana Peric". NYU Steinhardt. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
  39. ^ Hamill, Denis. "ON THE RIGHT (SOUND)TRACK CROATIAN NATIVE SUZANA PERIC HAS CUT OUT A CAREER HERE AS A MOVIE MUSIC EDITOR". nydailynews.com. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
  40. ^ "Filmtracks: The Silence of the Lambs (Howard Shore)". Filmtracks.com. November 24, 2009. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  41. ^ "Trailer Music: Hannibal (2001)". Soundtrack.net. Autotelics, LLC. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  42. ^ "The Silence of the Lambs". Box Office Mojo.
  43. ^ "1991 Yearly Box Office Results". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
  44. ^ "The Silence of the Lambs". hive4media.com. Archived from the original on September 6, 2002. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  45. ^ "The Silence of the Lambs". hive4media.com. Archived from the original on September 6, 2002. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  46. ^ Collins, Jim (1992). Film Theory Goes to the Movies. Routledge. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-415-90576-3.
  47. ^ "The Silence of the Lambs (1991)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
  48. ^ "The Silence of the Lambs Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
  49. ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com.
  50. ^ Ebert, Roger (February 14, 1991). "The Silence of the Lambs Movie Review (1991)". Chicago Sun-Times. Sun-Times Media Group. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  51. ^ Ebert, Roger (February 18, 2001). "The Silence of the Lambs Movie Review (1991)". Chicago Sun-Times. Sun-Times Media Group. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  52. ^ Siskel, Gene (February 15, 1991). "Jodie Foster Appealing, But Not 'Silence Of The Lambs'". Chicago Tribune. Tribune Company. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  53. ^ Pristin, Terry (March 31, 1992). "'Silence of the Lambs' Sweeps 5 Major Oscars". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved March 15, 2014.
  54. ^ "The 64th Academy Awards (1992) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
  55. ^ "Berlinale: 1991 Prize Winners". berlinale.de. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
  56. ^ 2nd Annual Horror Hall of Fame Telecast, 1991
  57. ^ AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies Accessed March 14, 2007. Archived March 5, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  58. ^ "'Sin City' place to be at Key Art Awards". The Hollywood Reporter. October 9, 2006. Retrieved October 7, 2007
  59. ^ a b AFI 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains Accessed March 14, 2007. Archived March 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  60. ^ "EW's 25 Best Movies in 25 Years". ew.com. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
  61. ^ Schmalz, Jeffrey (February 28, 1993). "From Visions of Paradise to Hell on Earth". The New York Times.
  62. ^ Hollinger 2012, pp. 46–47
  63. ^ "Interview of Friedan" by David Sheff, Playboy, September 1992, pp. 51–54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 149; reprinted in full in Interviews with Betty Friedan, Janann Sherman, ed. Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2002, ISBN 1-57806-480-5.
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