1878 engraving by Yōshū Chikanobu (1838–1912). The figures represented in these three panels are: * Centre: Front . Emperor Meiji in a Western chair with his wife, Empress Shōken , seated in the foreground. The Imperial couple are accompanied behind and in the flanking panels with an array of Shinto kami and historical figures from Japan's past. Rear . The kami Izanami , Kunitokotatchi and Izanagi . * Right: Front . Emperor Kōmei (seated in foreground), Empress Go-Sakuramachi (here presented as a man with a false goatee), and Emperor Jinmu (carrying a rough bow and perched eagle. Rear . The kami Amaterasu (standing and holding the three Sacred Treasures of Japan ) and Ninigi-no-Mikoto (who first brought to earth the Imperial regalia—the sword, Kusanagi , the mirror, Yata no Kagami , and the jewel, Yasakani no magatama ). * Left: Front : Emperor Go-Momozono (clothed in red), Emperor Kōkaku (clothed in black) and Emperor Ninkō (clothed in green). Rear . The kami Hiko-hohodemi (clothed in white) and Ugayafukiaezu (clothed in yellow).
The modern system of ranked Shinto shrines (近代社格制度 , Kindai Shakaku Seido , sometimes called simply shakaku (社格 ) ) was an organizational aspect of the establishment of Japanese State Shinto . This system classified Shinto shrines as either official government shrines or "other" shrines. The official shrines were divided into
Imperial shrines (kampeisha ), which are parsed into minor, medium, or major sub-categories; and
National shrines (kokuheisha ), which are similarly categorized as minor, medium, or major.[1]
Some shrines are the "first shrines" called ichinomiya that have the highest rank in their respective provinces of Japan .
The Ise Grand Shrine stood at the top of all shrines and thus was outside the classification.[2] [3]
History
On the fourteenth day of the fifth month of 1871, by decree of the Dajō-kan , the fundamental elements of the modern shrine system were established: a hierarchic ranking of Shinto shrines, with specification of the grades of priest who could officiate at the various levels of shrine.[4] These rankings were set aside in 1946, when such rankings were deemed "State Shinto " by the Occupation Shinto Directive . The Jinja Honcho currently has a slightly different List of Special Shrines (別表神社, beppyo jinja ).
Kan-sha
The Kan-sha (官社 ) or "official government shrines" had two subdivisions, Kanpei-sha or "government shrines" and Kokuhei-sha or "national shrines".[4]
Kanpei-sha
In 1871, the Kanpei-sha (官幣社 ) identified the hierarchy of government-supported shrines most closely associated with the imperial family.[5] The kampeisha were shrines venerated by the imperial family. This category encompasses those sanctuaries enshrining emperors, imperial family members, or meritorious retainers of the Imperial family.[1]
Imperial shrines, 1st rank
The most highly ranked Imperial shrines or Kanpei-taisha (官幣大社 ) encompassed 67 sanctuaries.[5]
name
location
notes
Kamo-wakeikazuchi jinja [5]
Kita-ku, Kyoto
one of the Twenty-two Shrines ; Wake-ikazuchi-no-kami ; ichinomiya of Yamashiro Province [6]
Kamo-mioya jinja [5]
Sakyō-ku, Kyoto
one of the Twenty-two Shrines ; Tamayori-hime-no-mikoto ; Kamo Taeketsunumi-no-mikoto ; ichinomiya of Yamashiro Province[6]
Iwashimizu Hachimangū [5]
Yawata, Kyoto
one of the Twenty-two Shrines ; Homuda-wakeno-mikoto (Emperor Ōjin ); Okinaga-tarashi-hime-no-mikoto (Empress Jingū )
Matsunoo taisha [5]
Ukyō-ku, Kyoto
one of the Twenty-two Shrines ; Oyamagui-no-mikoto ; Nakatsushima-hime-no-mikoto
Hirano jinja [5]
Kita-ku, Kyoto
one of the Twenty-two Shrines ; Imaki-no-kami , Kudo-no-kami ; Furuaki-no-kami , Hime-kami
Fushimi Inari-taisha [5]
Fushimi-ku, Kyoto
one of the Twenty-two Shrines
Ōmiwa jinja [5]
Sakurai, Nara
one of the Twenty-two Shrines ; ichinomiya of Yamato Province [6]
Ōyamato jinja [5]
Tenri, Nara
one of the Twenty-two Shrines
Isonokami jingū [7]
Tenri, Nara
one of the Twenty-two Shrines
Kasuga taisha [8]
Nara, Nara
one of the Twenty-two Shrines
Hirose taisha [5]
Kawai, Nara
one of the Twenty-two Shrines
Tatsuta taisha [5]
Sangō, Nara
one of the Twenty-two Shrines
Nibu-kawakami jinja [5]
Higashiyoshino, Nara
one of the Twenty-two Shrines
Hiraoka Shrine [5]
Higashiosaka, Osaka
ichinomiya of Kawachi Province [6]
Ōtori taisha [9]
Sakai, Osaka
ichinomiya of Izumi Province [6]
Sumiyoshi taisha [9]
Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka
one of the Twenty-two Shrines ; ichinomiya of Settsu Province [6]
Ikukunitama jinja [9]
Tennōji-ku, Osaka
Hirota jinja [9]
Nishinomiya, Hyōgo
one of the Twenty-two Shrines
Hikawa Shrine [10]
Saitama, Saitama
ichinomiya of Musashi Province [6]
Awa jinja [9]
Tateyama, Chiba
ichinomiya of Awa Province [6]
Katori jingū [11]
Katori, Chiba
ichinomiya of Shimōsa Province [6]
Kashima jingū [9]
Kashima, Ibaraki
ichinomiya of Hitachi Province [6]
Mishima Taisha [9]
Mishima, Shizuoka
ichinomiya of Izu Province [6]
Atsuta jingū [12]
Atsuta-ku, Nagoya
Hinokuma Shrine [9]
Wakayama, Wakayama
ichinomiya of Kii Province [13]
Kunikakasu Shrine [9]
Wakayama, Wakayama
ichinomiya of Kii Province[13]
Izumo taisha [9]
Izumo, Shimane
ichinomiya of Izumo Province [14]
Usa jingū [9]
Usa, Ōita
ichinomiya of Buzen Province [13]
Izanagi Shrine [9]
Awaji, Hyōgo
ichinomiya of Awaji Province [13]
Kashii-gū [9]
Higashi-ku, Fukuoka
Miyazaki jingū [9]
Miyazaki, Miyazaki
Kashihara jinjū [9]
Kashihara, Nara
Heian jingū [9]
Sakyō-ku, Kyoto
Kehi Shrine [9]
Tsuruga, Fukui
ichinomiya of Echizen Province [14]
Kagoshima jingū [9]
Kirishima, Kagoshima
ichinomiya of Ōsumi Province [13]
Udo jingū [9]
Nichinan, Miyazaki
Asama jinja [9]
Fujinomiya, Shizuoka [15]
Konohana-sakuya-hime-no-mitoko
Takebe jinja [9]
Ōtsu, Shiga [16]
Yamato-takeru-no-mitoko ; ichinomiya of Ōmi Province [6]
Hokkaidō jingū [17]
Sapporo, Hokkaidō
ichinomiya of Ezo Province [18]
Munakata Taisha [9]
Munakata, Fukuoka
Yoshino Shrine [19]
Yoshino, Nara
Taiwan jingū [20]
Taipei, Taiwan
now extinct
Karafuto jinja [20]
Toyohara , Karafuto
removed from Sakhalyn
Yasaka jinja [20]
Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto
one of the Twenty-two Shrines
Itsukushima jinja [20]
Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima
ichinomiya of Aki Province [13]
Hie jinja [10]
Chiyoda, Tokyo
Oyamagui-no-kami
Suwa Taisha [20]
Suwa, Nagano
ichinomiya of Shinano Province [14]
Kamayama Shrine [20]
Wakayama, Wakayama
Hakozaki-gū [20]
Higashi-ku, Fukuoka
ichinomiya of Chikuzen Province [13]
Aso jinja [20]
Aso, Kumamoto
ichinomiya of Higo Province [13]
Taga taisha [20]
Taga, Shiga
Kirishima jingū [20]
Kirishima, Kagoshima
Chōsen Jingū [20]
Seoul , Korea
now extinct
Omi Shrine [20]
Ōtsu, Shiga
Gassan Shrine
Tsuruoka, Yamagata
one of the Three Mountains of Dewa
Meiji jingū [21]
Shibuya, Tokyo
Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha [22]
Fujinomiya, Shizuoka
ichinomiya of Suruga Province [6]
Hiyoshi taisha [5]
Ōtsu, Shiga
one of the Twenty-Two Shrines
Takebe taisha
Ōtsu, Shiga
ichinomiya of Ōmi Province [14]
Kumano Hongū Taisha
Tanabe, Wakayama
Kumano Hayatama Taisha
Shingū, Wakayama
Niutsuhime jinja
Katsuragi, Wakayama
Fuyo jinja
Buyeo County , Korea
now extinct
Kantō jingū
Ryōjun , Kwantung Leased Territory
now extinct
Nan'yō jinja [23]
Koror , Palau
Amaterasu Ōmikami . holy relics and kami were evacuated by submarine in 1944[24]
Imperial shrines, 2nd rank
The mid-range of ranked Imperial shrines or Kanpei-chūsha (官幣中社 ) included 23 sanctuaries.[9]
name
location
notes
Shiramine jingū [25]
Kamigyō-ku, Kyoto
Emperor Junnin ; n.b., raised to kanpei-taisha in 1940
Akama jingū [20]
Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi
Emperor Antoku ; n.b., raised to kanpei-taisha in 1940
Minase jinja [25]
Shimamoto, Osaka
Emperor Go-Toba , Emperor Tsuchimikado and Emperor Juntoku ; n.b., raised to kanpei-taisha in 1940
Kamakura-gū [20]
Kamakura, Kanagawa [26]
Morinaga-shinnō
Iinoya-gū [20]
Kita-ku, Hamamatsu [27]
Munenaga-shinnō
Yatsushiro-no-miya [20]
Yatsushiro, Kumamoto [28]
Kanenaga-shinnō, Nganari--shinnō
Umenomiya jinja .[20]
Ukyō-ku, Kyoto [29]
Sakatoke-no-kami , Ōwakako-no-kami , Satatokeko-no-kami
Kifune jinja .[20]
Sakyō-ku, Kyoto
Kuraokami-no-kami
Ōharano jinja .[20]
Nishikyō-ku, Kyoto .[20]
Take-mikazuchi-no-mitoko , Iwainushi-no-mitoko , Hime-kami
Yoshida jinja .[20]
Sakyō-ku, Kyoto
Take-mikazuchi-no-mitoko , Iwainushi-no-mitoko , Hime-kami
Kitano Tenmangū .[20]
Kamigyō-ku, Kyoto
Sugawara no Michizane
Tsukiyomi jinja .[20]
Unzen
Tsukiomi-no-mitoko
Kanasana jinja .[20]
Kamikawa, Saitama [30]
Amaterasu Ōmikami, Susanoo-no-mikoto
Ikasuri jinja
Chūō-ku, Osaka
ichinomiya of Settsu Province [6]
Hikosan jingū
Soeda, Fukuoka
Yatsushiro-gū
Yatsushiro, Kumamoto
Kanegasaki-gū [31]
Tsuruga, Fukui [32]
Takanaga Shinnō , Tsunenaga shinnō
Dazaifu Tenmangū .[31]
Dazaifu, Fukuoka
Sugawara no Michizane
Ikuta jinja [31]
Chūō-ku, Kobe
Waka-hirume-no-mikoto
Nagata jinja .[31]
Nagata-ku, Kobe [33]
Kotohshironushi-no-mikoto
Watatsumi jinja (Tarumi jinja ).[31]
Tarumi-ku, Kobe , Harima
Waka-hirume-no-mikoto
Ehikoyama jinja .[31]
Hikozan, Buzen
Ame no Oshihone-no-mikoto (Ame-n-oshiho-mimi-no-mitoko )
Sumiyoshi jinja [31]
Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi [34]
the aramitama of the Sun Goddess, Tsuki-sasaki-itsu no mitama-amasakaru-muka-tsu-hime-no- mitoko ; ichinomiya of Nagato Province [13]
Kibitsu jinja [31]
Okayama, Okayama
Ōkibitsu-hiko-no-mikoto , son of Emperor Korei ; ichinomiya of Bitchū Province [13]
Kumano Nachi Taisha [31]
Nachikatsuura, Wakayama [35]
Ketsumiko, Kumano Hayatama-no-kami , Kumano Fusumi-no-kami
Itakeso jinja [31]
Wakayama, Wakayama [36]
Ōya-hiko-no-mikoto
Mikami jinja [31]
Yasu, Shiga [37]
Ame-no-mikage-no-mikoto
Tainan jinja .[31]
Tainan, Taiwan
now extinct; Prince Kitashirakawa Yoshihisa -no-mikoto
Imperial shrines, 3rd rank
The lowest ranked among the Imperial shrines or Kanpei-shōsha (官幣小社 ) were five sanctuaries.[31]
name
location
notes
Ōkunitama jinja .[31]
Fuchū, Tokyo [38]
Musashi no Ōkuni-tama-no-kami
Shigaumi jinja .[31]
Higashi-ku, Fukuoka [39]
Uwatsutsunoo-no-mikoto, Kakatsutsunoo-no-mitoko , Sokotsutsunoo-no-mikoto
Sumiyoshi Jinja .[31]
Hakata-ku, Fukuoka [40]
Uwatsutsunoo-no-mikoto, Kakatsutsunoo-no-mitoko , Sokotsutsunoo-no-mikoto ; ichinomiya of Chikuzen Province [13]
Kamado-jinja .[31]
Dazaifu, Fukuoka [41]
Tamayori-hime
Naminoue jinja .[31]
Naha, Okinawa [42]
Hayatama-no-o, Izanami, Kotosaka-no-o-no-mikoto; ichinomiya of Ryūkyū [43]
Other Imperial shrines
In addition to the officially ranked Imperial shrines, a further grouping of Bekkaku kanpeisha (別格官幣社 ) , special shrines that fell outside this ranking system, was created at a later date.[44]
Kokuhei-sha
The Kokuhei-sha (国幣社 ) identified the hierarchy of government-supported shrines with national significance. The kokuheisha enshrined kami considered beneficial to more local areas.[1]
National shrines, 1st rank
The most highly ranked, nationally significant shrines or Kokuhei Taisha (国幣大社 ) were six sanctuaries.
National shrines, 2nd rank
The mid-range of ranked, nationally significant shrines or Kokuhei Chūsha (国幣中社 ) encompassed 47 sanctuaries.
name
location
notes
Hakodate Hachiman Shrine
Hakodate, Hokkaidō
Shiogama jinja
Shiogama, Miyagi
ichinomiya of Mutsu Province [14]
Chōkaisan Ōmonoimi jinja
Yuza, Yamagata
ichinomiya of Dewa Province
Tsutsukowake jinja
Tanagura, Fukushima
ichinomiya of Mutsu Province [14]
Isasumi jinja
Aizumisato, Fukushima
ichinomiya of Iwashiro Province
Nikkō Futarasan jinja
Nikkō, Tochigi
ichinomiya of Shimotsuke Province [14]
Utsunomiya Futarasan jinja
Utsunomiya, Tochigi
ichinomiya of Shimotsuke Province [14]
Ichinomiya Nukisaki jinja
Tomioka, Gunma
ichinomiya of Kōzuke Province [14]
Ōarai Isozaki jinja
Ōarai, Ibaraki
Sakatsura Isozaki jinja
Hitachinaka, Ibaraki
Tamasaki jinja
Ichinomiya, Chiba
ichinomiya of Kazusa Province [6]
Samukawa jinja
Samukawa, Kanagawa
ichinomiya of Sagami Province [6]
Tsurugaoka Hachimangū
Kamakura, Kanagawa
Ichinomiya Asama jinja
Fuefuki, Yamanashi
ichinomiya of Kai Province [6]
Ikushima Tarushima jinja
Ueda, Nagano
Yahiko jinja
Yahiko, Niigata
ichinomiya of Echigo Province [14]
Imizu Jinja
Takaoka, Toyama
ichinomiya of Etchū Province
Shirayamahime jinja
Hakusan, Ishikawa
ichinomiya of Kaga Province [14]
Wakasahiko Shrine
Obama, Fukui
ichinomiya of Wakasa Province [14]
Masumida jinja
Ichinomiya, Aichi
ichinomiya of Owari Province [6]
Ōagata jinja
Inuyama, Aichi
Aekuni jinja
Ueno, Iga
ichinomiya of Iga Province [6]
Izumo daijingu
Kameoka, Kyoto
ichinomiya of Tanba Province [14]
Komori jinja
Miyazu, Kyoto
ichinomiya of Tango Province [14]
Izushi jinja
Toyooka, Hyōgo
ichinomiya of Tajima Province [14]
Iwa jinja
Shisō, Hyōgo
ichinomiya of Harima Province [13]
Nakayama Shrine
Tsuyama, Okayama
ichinomiya of Mimasaka Province [13]
Ani jinja
Okayama, Okayama
ichinomiya of Bizen Province [13]
Hayatani jinja
Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima
Ube jinja
Tottori, Tottori
ichinomiya of Inaba Province [13]
Mizuwakasu jinja
Okinoshima, Shimane
ichinomiya of Oki Province [14]
Miho jinja
Matsue, Shimane
Tamanooya jinja
Hōfu, Yamaguchi
ichinomiya of Suō Province [13]
Tamura jinja
Takamatsu, Kagawa
ichinomiya of Sanuki Province [13]
Kotohira-gu
Kotohira, Kagawa
Isono jinja
Saijō, Ehime
Inbe jinja
Tokushima, Tokushima
Ōasahiko jinja
Naruto, Tokushima
ichinomiya of Awa Province [13]
Tosa jinja
Kōchi, Kōchi
ichinomiya of Tosa Province [13]
Sashimuta jinja
Ōita, Ōita
ichinomiya of Bungo Province [13]
Tajima jinja
Karatsu, Saga
Sumiyoshi jinja
Iki, Nagasaki
Watasumi jinja
Tsushima, Nagasaki
ichinomiya of Tsushima Province
Chinzei Taisha Suwa jinja
Nagasaki, Nagasaki
Nitta jinja
Satsumasendai, Kagoshima
ichinomiya of Satsuma Province [13]
National shrines, 3rd rank
The lowest ranked, nationally significant shrines or Kokuhei Shōsha (国幣小社 ) includes 50 sanctuaries.
name
location
notes
Iwakiyama jinja
Hirosaki, Aomori
ichinomiya of Mutsu Province
Koshiō jinja
Akita, Akita
Komagata jinja
Ōshū, Iwate
ichinomiya of Rikuchū Province
Dewa jinja
Tsuruoka, Yamagata
one of the Dewa Sanzan
Yudonosan jinja
Tsuruoka, Yamagata
one of the Dewa Sanzan
Chichibu jinja
Chichibu, Saitama
Hakone jinja
Hakone, Kanagawa
Oguni jinja
Mori, Shizuoka
ichinomiya of Tōtōmi Province [6]
Shizuoka Sengen jinja
Aoi-ku, Shizuoka
Izusan jinja
Atami, Shizuoka
Togakushi jinja
Nagano, Nagano
Hotaka jinja
Azumino, Nagano
Watatsu jinja
Sado, Niigata
ichinomiya of Sado Province [14]
Takase jinja
Nanto, Toyama
ichinomiya of Etchū Province [14]
Oyama jinja
Tateyama, Toyama
ichinomiya of Etchū Province [14]
Sugōisobe Jinja
Kaga, Ishikawa
Tsurugi jinja
Echizen, Fukui
Minashi Jinja
Takayama, Gifu
ichinomiya of Hida Province [14]
Inaba jinja
Gifu, Gifu
Toga jinja
Toyokawa, Aichi
ichinomiya of Mikawa Province [6]
Tsushima jinja
Tsushima, Aichi
Owari Ōkunitama jinja
Inazawa, Aichi
Kibitsuhiko jinja
Okayama, Okayama
ichinomiya of Bizen Province [13]
Kibitsu jinja
Fukuyama, Hiroshima
ichinomiya of Bingo Province [13]
Nunakuma jinja
Fukuyama, Hiroshima
Ōgamiyama jinja
Yonago, Tottori
Shitori jinja
Yurihama, Tottori
ichinomiya of Hōki Province [14]
Hinomisaki jinja
Izumo, Shimane
Mononobe jinja
Ōda, Shimane
ichinomiya of Iwami Province [14]
Susa jinja
Izumo, Shimane
Sada jinja
Matsue, Shimane
Iminomiya jinja
Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi
Chiriku Hachiman Shrine
Miyaki, Saga
ichinomiya of Buzen Province
Yusuhara Hachimangū
Oita, Oita
ichinomiya of Bungo Province [13]
Fujisaki Hachiman jinja
Kumamoto, Kumamoto
Tsuno jinja
Tsuno, Miyazaki
ichinomiya of Hyūga Province [13]
Hirasaki-jinja
Ibusuki, Kagoshima
ichinomiya of Satsuma Province [13]
Keijo Jinja
Seoul , Korea
extinct
Ryūtōzan Jinja
Busan , Korea
extinct
Taikyu Jinja
Daegu , Korea
extinct
Heijō Jinja
Pyongyang , Korea
extinct
Kōshū Jinja
Gwangju , Korea
extinct
Kōgen Jinja
Chuncheon , Korea
extinct
Zenshū Jinja
Jeonju , Korea
extinct
Kankō Jinja
Hamhung , Korea
extinct
Shinchiku Jinja
Hsinchu , Taiwan
extinct
Taichu Jinja
Taichung , Taiwan
extinct
Kagi Jinja
Chiayi , Taiwan
extinct
"Min-sha"
The Sho-sha (諸社 ) or various smaller shrines ranking below these two levels of Kan-sha ("official government shrines") are commonly, though unofficially, referred to as "people's shrines" or Min-sha (民社 ) . These lower-ranking shrines were initially subdivided by the proclamation of the fourteenth day of the fifth month of 1871 into four main ranks, "Metropolitan", "Clan" or "Domain", "Prefectural", and "District" shrines.[4] By far the largest number of shrines fell below the rank of District shrine. Their status was clarified by the District Shrine Law (郷社定則 , Gōsha Teisoku ) of the fourth day of the seventh month of 1871, in accordance with which "Village shrines" ranked below their respective "District shrines", while the smaller local shrines or Hokora ranked beneath the "Village shrines".[4]
Metropolitan shrines
"Metropolitan shrines" were known as Fu-sha (府社 ) .[4] At a later date, the "Prefectural shrines" were classed together with the "Metropolitan shrines" as "Metropolitan and Prefectural Shrines" or Fuken-sha (府県社 ) .[4]
Clan or Domain shrines
"Clan shrines" or "Domain shrines" were known as Han-sha (藩社 ) .[4] Due to the abolition of the han system , no shrines were ever placed in this category.[44]
Prefectural shrines
"Prefectural shrines" were known as Ken-sha (県社 ) .[4] At a later date, the "Prefectural shrines" were classed together with the "Metropolitan shrines" as "Metropolitan and Prefectural Shrines" or Fuken-sha (府県社 ) .[4]
District shrine
"District shrines" were known as Gō-sha (郷社 ) .[4]
Village shrines
"Village shrines" were known as Son-sha (村社 ) and ranked below their respective "District shrines", in accordance with the District Shrine Law of 4 July 1871.[4]
Hokora or Ungraded shrines
Small local shrines known as Hokora (祠 ) ranked beneath the village shrines, in accordance with the District Shrine Law of 4 July 1871.[4] At a later date, shrines beneath the rank of "Village shrines" were classed as "Ungraded shrines" or Mukaku-sha (無格社 ) .[4]
Statistics
New shrines were established and existing shrines promoted to higher ranks at various dates, but a 1903 snapshot of the 193,297 shrines in existence at that time saw the following:[4]
Kan-sha
Imperial shrines: 95
National shrines: 75
"Min-sha"
Metropolitan and prefectural shrines: 571
District shrines: 3,476
Village shrines: 52,133
Ungraded shrines: 136,947
See also
Notes
^ a b c Institute for Japanese Culture and Classics, Kokugakuin University: Glossary of Shinto Names and Terms, Kampei Taisha.
^ D.C. Holtom (2012-11-12). The National Faith Of Japan. A Study in Modern Shinto . Routledge. p. 12. ISBN 9781136165573 .
^ Bocking, Brian (1997). A Popular Dictionary of Shinto . Curzon Press. p. 120. ISBN 9780700710515 .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Fridell, Wilbur M (1975). "The Establishment of Shrine Shinto in Meiji Japan" . Japanese Journal of Religious Studies . 2 (2–3). Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture : 137–168. doi :10.18874/jjrs.2.2-3.1975.137-168 .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Ponsonby-Fane, Richard . (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 124.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "Nationwide List of Ichinomiya," p. 1; retrieved 2013-1-28.
^ Nara National Museum: No. 31, Map of the Precincts of Kanpei Taisha Isonokami Shrine Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine
^ National Diet Library (NDL): Kanpei Taisha Kasuga Jinja
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 125.
^ a b Sawada, Janine Anderson. (2004). Practical pursuits: religion, politics, and personal cultivation in nineteenth-century Japan, p. 312 n15.
^ Chiba prefectural government: Chiba, Katori Shrine [permanent dead link ]
^ Encyclopedia of Shinto: Atsuta Shinkō
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab "Nationwide List of Ichinomiya," p. 3; retrieved 2013-1-28.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "Nationwide List of Ichinomiya," p. 2; retrieved 2013-1-28.
^ Asama Shrine: Fujinomiya, Shizuoka = Ōmiya in Suruga province
^ Takebe Taisha: Ōtsu, Shiga = Seta in Ōmi province
^ Ponsonby-Fane, (1963). The Vicissitudes of Shinto, p. 328.
^ 北海道神宮 ... Hokkaido Jingu Shrine at Nippon-Kichi.jp ; retrieved 2012-1-29.
^ NDL: Kanpei Taisha Yoshino Jingu
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 126.
^ Breen, John et al. (2000). Shinto in History: ways of the Kami, p. 276.
^ Bernstein, Andrew. "Whose Fuji?: Religion, Region, and State in the Fight for a National Symbol," [permanent dead link ] Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 63, No. 1, Spring 2008, pp. 51-99; Ponsonby-Fane, (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 125.
^ Peattie , Mark R. (1988). Nanʻyō: the rise and fall of the Japanese in Micronesia, 1885-1945, pp. 225-229 ; n.b., construction completed in 1941
^ Peattie, p. 339 n61.
^ a b Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 126; n.b., raised to kanpei-taisha in 1940
^ Kamakura-gū: Kamakura, Kanagawa = Kamakura in Sagami province
^ Iinoya-gū:Kita-ku, Hamamatsu = Iya in Tōtōmi province .
^ Yatsushiro Shrine: Yatsushiro, Kumamoto = Yatsushiro in Higo province
^ Umenomiya Shrine: Ukyō-ku, Kyoto = Umetsu in Yamashiro province
^ Kanasana Shrine: Kamikawa, Saitama = Aoyagi in Musashi province .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 127.
^ Kanegazaki Shrine: Tsuruga, Fukui = Tsuruga in Echizen province
^ Nagata Shrine: Nagata-ku, Kobe = Kobe in Settsu province .
^ Sumiyoshi Shrine: Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi = Katsuyama in Nagato province
^ Kumano Nachi Taisha: Nachikatsuura, Wakayama = Nachi in Kii province ; n.b., Kii Province (紀伊国 , Kii no Kuni ) = Kishū (紀州), was a province of Honshū in Wakayama Prefecture and Mie Prefecture .
^ Itakeso Shrine: Wakayama, Wakayama = Nishiyama Higashimura in Kii province ; n.b., Kii Province (紀伊国 , Kii no Kuni ) = Kishū (紀州)
^ Mikami Shrine: Yasu, Shiga = Mikamimura in Ōmi province
^ Ōkunitama jinja at Fuchū, Tokyo = Fuchū in Musashi province
^ Shigaumi Shrine: Higashi-ku, Fukuoka = Fukuoka, Chikuzen province
^ Sumiyoshi Shrine: Hakata-ku, Fukuoka = Fukuoka in Chikuzen province
^ Kamado Shrine: Dazaifu, Fukuoka = Fukuoka in Chikuzen province
^ Naminoe Shrine: Naha, Okinawa = Wakasa on Okinawa Island in the Ryukyu Kingdom
^ Kerr, George H. (1953). Ryukyu Kingdom and Province before 1945, p. 203.
^ a b "Modern Shrine Ranking System" . Encyclopedia of Shinto . Kokugakuin University . Retrieved 29 September 2019 .
References