Erbil
Arbil
| |
|---|---|
 | |
| Country |  Iraq |
| Autonomous region |  Kurdistan[1] |
| Province | Arbil |
| Settled | 6000 BC |
| Government | |
| • Governor | Nawzad Hadi |
| Population (2009 est.) | |
| • Total | 1,293,839 |
Arbil (also written Erbil, or Irbil) (Akkadian: Arba-ilu; Arabic: اربيل Arbīl; Kurdish: ھەولێر Hewlêr; Sumerian: Urbilum; Syriac-Aramaic: ܐܪܒܝܠ Arbaelo; Turkish: Erbil) is the fourth largest city in Iraq after Baghdad, Basra and Mosul.[2] The city lies eighty kilometres (fifty miles) east of Mosul, and is the capital of Iraqi Kurdistan.
Urban life at Arbil can be dated back to at least 6000 BC,[3][4] and it is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world.[3][4] At the heart of the city is the ancient Citadel of Arbil. The Hurrians were the first to establish Urbilum and expand their rule to the rest of Northern Mesopotamia. Afterwards, The city has been under the rule of many regional powers since that time, including the Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Arabs, and Ottomans. The city's archaeological museum houses a large collection of pre-Islamic artifacts, and is a center for archaeological projects in the area.[5]
Etymology
The name Arbil was mentioned in Sumerian holy writings (c. 2000 BC) as Urbilum, Urbelum or Urbillum,[6] and it may be Sumerian in origin. It is thought to originate from Sumerian UR (city) + BELA (high) meaning the city located in the upper area. The initial ar element also appears in a number of Hurrian place names.
Later, Akkadians/Assyrians rendered the name to mean four gods (arba'ū ilū).[7] The city was a centre for the worship of the goddess Ishtar. In classical times the city was known by its Aramaic name, Arbela. In Old Persian the city was called Arbairā.[8]
History
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Ancient history
It have been suggested that Arbil is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in history.[9] The Neo-Sumerian ruler of Ur, Amar-Sin sacked Urbilum in his second year. (around 1975 BC)[6]
Arbil was an Assyrian city from around 2000 BC until 608 BC, and remained part of an Assyria province under Persian, Greeks, Parthian, Roman and Sassanid rule. It was capital of Persian ruled Assyria.
Over a millennium later, under the Median Empire, Cyaxares might have settled a number of people from the Ancient Iranian tribe of Sagarthians in Arbela and Kirkuk, probably as a reward for their help in the capture of Nineveh.[10] Persian emperor Cyrus the Great occupied Assyria in 547 B.C. and established there an Achaemenid satrapy called in Old Persian Aθurā Assyria with Arbela as the capital.[11]
The Battle of Gaugamela, in which Alexander the Great defeated Darius III of Persia in 331 BC, took place approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) west of Arbil. After the battle, Darius managed to flee to the city, and, somewhat inaccurately, the confrontation is sometimes known as the "Battle of Arbela".
Arbil became part of the region disputed between Rome and Persia under the Sasanids. The ancient Syriac kingdom of Adiabene (Greek form for Ḥadyab) had its center at Arbil, and the town and kingdom are known in Jewish Middle Eastern history for the conversion of the royal family to Judaism.[12] Its populace then converted in during the first and second century to Christianty with Pkidha becoming traditionally its first bishop around 104 A.D.[13][14] The metropolitanate of Ḥadyab in Arbela became a centre of eastern Syriac Christianity until late in the middle ages.[15]
Medieval history
Arbela was an early center of the Syriac Christianity. By 100 AD there was a bishop seated in the city. As many modern Assyrians use Biblical (including Jewish) names, most of the early bishops had Jewish/Biblical names, which does not suggest that many of the early Christians in this city were converts from Judaism.[16] It served as the seat of a Metropolitan of the Assyrian Church of the East. From the city's Christian period come many church fathers and well-known authors in Syriac. The city's Aramaic-speaking Assyrian population remained significant in size until destruction of the city by the forces of Timur in 1397.[17]
In the Middle Ages, Arbil was ruled successively by the Umayyads, the Abbasids, the Buwayhids, the Seljuks and then by the Atabegs of Arbil (1131–1232), under whom it was a Turkmen state; they were in turn followed by the Ilkhanids, the Jalayirids, the Karakoyun and the Akkoyun. Arbil was the birthplace of the famous 13th century Muslim historian and writer Ibn Khallikan.
Modern history
The modern town of Arbil stands on a tell topped by an Ottoman fort. During the Middle Ages, Arbil became a major trading centre on the route between Baghdad and Mosul, a role which it still plays today with important road links to the outside world.
The parliament of the Kurdistan Autonomous Region was established in Arbil in 1970 after negotiations between the Iraqi government and the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) led by Mustafa Barzani, but was effectively controlled by Saddam Hussein until the Kurdish uprising at the end of the 1991 Gulf War. The legislature ceased to function effectively in the mid-1990s when fighting broke out between the two main Kurdish factions, the Kurdistan Democratic Party and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK). The city was captured by the KDP in 1996 with the assistance of the Iraqi government of Saddam Hussein. The PUK then established an alternative Kurdish government in Sulaimaniyah. KDP claimed that on March 1996 PUK asked for Iran's help to fight KDP. Considering this as a foreign attack on Iraq's soil, the KDP asked the Iraqi government for help.
The Kurdish Parliament in Arbil reconvened after a peace agreement was signed between the Kurdish parties in 1997, but had no real power. The Kurdish government in Arbil had control only in the western and northern parts of the autonomous region. During the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, a United States special forces task force was headquartered just outside of Arbil. The city was the scene of rapturous celebrations on April 10, 2003 after the fall of the Ba'ath regime.
During the US occupation of Iraq, sporadic terrorist attacks have hit Arbil. Parallel bomb attacks against Eid celebrations killed 109 people on February 1, 2004. Responsibility was claimed by the Islamist group Ansar al-Sunnah, and stated to be in solidarity with the Kurdish Islamist faction Ansar al-Islam.[citation needed] Another bombing on May 4, 2005 killed 60 civilians.[citation needed]
The Erbil International Airport opened in the city in 2005.
Main sights
Citadel of Arbil
The Citadel of Arbil is a tell or occupied mound, in the historical heart of Arbil, rising between 25 and 32 metres (82 and 105 ft) from the surrounding plain. The buildings on top of the tell stretch over a roughly oval area of 430 by 340 metres (1,410 ft × 1,120 ft) occupying 102,000 square metres (1,100,000 sq ft). It has been claimed that the site is the oldest continuously inhabited town in the world.[4] The earliest evidence for occupation of the citadel mound dates to the 5th millennium BC, and possibly earlier. It appears for the first time in historical sources during the Ur III period, and gained particular importance during the Neo-Assyrian period. West of the citadel at Ary Kon quarter, a chamber tomb dating to the Neo-Assyrian period has been excavated.[5] During the Sassanian period and the Abbasid Caliphate, Arbil was an important centre for Christianity. After the Mongols captured the citadel in 1258, the importance of Arbil declined.
During the 20th century, the urban structure was significantly modified, as a result of which a number of houses and public buildings were destroyed. In 2007, the High Commission for Erbil Citadel Revitalization (HCECR) was established to oversee the restoration of the citadel. In the same year, all inhabitants, except one family, were evicted from the citadel as part of a large restoration project. Since then, archaeological research and restoration works have been carried out at and around the tell by various international teams and in cooperation with local specialists, and many areas remain off-limits to visitors due to the danger of unstable walls and infrastructure. The government plans to have 50 families live in the citadel once it is renovated.
The only religious structure that currently survives in the citadel is the Mulla Afandi Mosque. When it was fully occupied, the citadel was divided in three districts or mahallas: from east to west the Serai, the Takya and the Topkhana. The Serai was occupied by notable families; the Takya district was named after the homes of dervishes, which are called takyas; and the Topkhana district housed craftsmen and farmers. Other sights to visit in the citadel include the bathing rooms (hamam) built in 1775 located near the mosque and the Textile Museum.[18]
Other sights
- The covered Arbil Qaysari Bazaars, sometimes known as Kaisary market, lies below the main entrance to the citadel and stocks mainly household goods and tools.
- The 36 m high Mudhafaria Minaret, situated in Minaret Park several blocks from the citadel, dates back to the late 12th century AD and the reign of Arbil king Muzaffar Al-Din Abu Sa’eed Al-Kawkaboori. It has an octagonal base decorated with two tiers of niches, which is separated from the main shaft by a small balcony, also decorated. Another historical minaret with turquoise glazed tiles is nearby.
- Sami Rahman Park
- Franso Hariri Stadium
- The Mound of Qalich Agha lies within the grounds of the Museum of Civilization, 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) from the citadel. An excavation in 1996 found tools from the Halaf, Ubaid and Uruk periods.[5]
- Kurdish Textile Museum
Culture
Sports
The local major football team is Arbil SC which plays its football matches at Franso Hariri Stadium which is based in the south part of central Arbil. Arbil SC were the first Kurdish team to make it to theAFC Champions league.
See also
References
- ^ http://krg.org/articles/detail.asp?lngnr=12&smap=03010300&rnr=140&anr=23911
- ^ "Largest Cities in Iraq". mongabay.com. 2002-01-01. Retrieved 2009-01-26.
- ^ a b "Czech archaeologists uncover Stone Age tools in Arbil, Iraq". Radio Prague. 17-03-2010. Retrieved 08-12-2010.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=and|date=(help) - ^ a b c "Erbil Citadel". UNESCO. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
{{cite web}}: Text "UNESCO World Heritage Centre" ignored (help) - ^ a b c 'Directorate Antiquities of Arbil's Guide' Brochure produced by General Directorate of Antiquities, KRG, Ministry of Tourism
- ^ a b Hamblin, William J. (2006). Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC. Routledge. p. 111. ISBN 0415255899.
- ^ Geoffrey Khan, A Grammar of Neo-Aramaic: The Dialect of the Jews of Arbel, (Leiden:Brill) 1999, p.2,
- ^ Iranica: Arbela
- ^ Erbil: World's oldest, and continously inhabited city - 8,000 Years, Allvoices.com
- ^ ASAGARTA, Encyclopedia Iranica
- ^ E. Herzfeld, The Persian Empire, ed. G. Walser, Wiesbaden, 1968, pp. 304-07
- ^ Adiabene,Jewish Kingdom of Mesopotamia, Jonah Gabriel Lissner
- ^ HISTORY OF THE CHURCH OF ADIABENE UNDER THE PARTHIANS AND THE SASSANIDS, MŠIHA-ZKHA
- ^ Neusner, Jacob (1969). A history of the Jews in Babylonia, Volume 2. Brill Archive. p. 354.
- ^ British Institute of Persian Studies (1981). Iran , Volumes 19-21. the University of Michigan. pp. 15, 17.
- ^ Gillman, Ian and Hans-Joachim Klimkeit. Christians in Asia before 1500. (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1999) p. 33
- ^ Edwin Munsell Bliss, Turkey and the Armenian Atrocities, (Chicago 1896) p. 153
- ^ 'Erbil Citadel' Brochure, High Commission for Erbil Citadel Revitalization (HCECR). www.erbilcitadel.org
External links
- i Erbil – Portal for international visitors
- Livius.org: Arbela
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