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Cape bushbuck

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Cape bushbuck
Male, Kenya
Female, Zimbabwe
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Subfamily: Bovinae
Genus: Tragelaphus
Species:
T. sylvaticus
Binomial name
Tragelaphus sylvaticus
(Sparrman, 1780)
Combined range of Cape and harnessed bushbuck

The Cape bushbuck (Tragelaphus sylvaticus), also known as imbabala is a common, medium-sized bushland-dwelling, and a widespread species of antelope in sub-Saharan Africa.[2][3] It is found in a wide range of habitats, such as rain forests, montane forests, forest-savanna mosaic, savanna, bushveld, and woodland.[3] It stands around 90 cm (35 in) at the shoulder and weigh from 45 to 80 kg (99 to 176 lb). They are generally solitary, territorial browsers.

Taxonomy

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Phylogenetic relationships of the mountain nyala from combined analysis of all molecular data (Willows-Munro et.al. 2005)

The taxonomy of bushbuck, and of the Tragelaphini tribe in general, has been contested. Bushbuck have been fractured into over 40 subspecies in the past. mtDNA profiles of a large number of samples were resolved in 2009 as belonging to 19 groups, some corresponding to previously described subspecies, while others were previously unrecognised and remained unnamed. These groups were then organised into two taxa - a nominate northern subspecies (T. s. scriptus) and a southern subspecies T. s. sylvaticus. In the 1780 original description of T. sylvaticus from the Cape Region by Sparrman, no mention was made of striping. According to Moodley et al., males of type populations in West Africa are more often striped than southern and eastern specimens,[3] although this is not always the case.

In 2011, Groves and Grubb advocated recognising eight species of bushbuck: T. scriptus (Pallas, 1766); T. phaleratus (Hamilton Smith, 1827); T. bor Heuglin, 1877; T. decula (Rüppell, 1835); T. meneliki Neumann, 1902; T. fasciatus Pocock, 1900; T. ornatus Pocock, 1900; and T. sylvaticus (Sparrman, 1780), grouped in a northern and southern 'group'.[4] The Ethiopian endemic species known as Menelik's bushbuck or decula was classified as a scriptus group species as opposed to Woodley. In the case of Tragelaphus, these 'species' would be based mostly on geography and pelage as opposed to genetics.[5] These proposals are controversial.[6]

In 2018, Hassanin et al. published a molecular phylogenetic study that provided support for the scriptus and sylvaticus species, with a divergence time of at least 2 million years, albeit with considerable genetic diversity within each of these groups.[7]

Description

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Rüppell's depiction of the Abyssinian bushbuck (1835)
Close-up of a bushbuck ram from the Kruger National Park, South Africa

Cape bushbucks stand around 90 cm (35 in) at the shoulder and weigh from 60 to 80 kg (130 to 180 lb) in males and 25 to 60 kg (55 to 132 lb)in females.[8] They have a light brown coat, with up to seven white stripes and white splotches on the sides. The white patches are usually geometrically shaped and on the most mobile parts of their bodies, such as the ears, chin, tail, legs, and necks. The muzzles are also white. Horns, found only on the males, can reach over half a metre and have a single twist. At 10 months old, young males sprout horns that are particularly twisted and at maturity form the first loop of a spiral.[9]

The Cape bushbuck has on average less striping and more uniform colouration than populations in West Africa.[3] Cape bushbuck occur from the Cape in South Africa to Angola and Zambia and up the eastern part of Africa to Ethiopia and Somalia, according to one interpretation.[10] Other interpretations restrict the taxon to Southern Africa sensu stricto or consider them sensu lato to occur in the above range except eastern Sudan, Ethiopia, and Somalia.[5] The first Latin name that can be attributed to the Cape bushbuck was Antilope sylvatica after Sparrman (1780), described from the Cape Colony.[citation needed]

Male with conspicuous striping near Letaba Camp, Kruger National Park, South Africa
Female and young in Tshokwane, Kruger National Park, South Africa

Ecology

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Bushbuck browse on trees, shrubs, and forbs; they rarely if ever eat grasses. Studies of free-ranging bushbuck in various parts of southeastern Africa using DNA metabarcoding show that bushbuck frequently forage on acacias (Senegalia, Vachellia) and other legumes, along with mallows (Grewia, Hibiscus), bushwillows (Combretum), buckthorns (Berchemia, Ziziphus) and various other plants.[11][12] Bushbuck are active throughout the day, but tend to be nocturnal near human habitations.

Bushbuck are solitary animals, but are not aggressively antisocial, and individuals sometimes forage in close proximity.[13] Bushbuck live within a "home" area, which is usually around 50,000 m2 on the savannah and much larger in the forest, that they will not normally leave. These areas usually overlap other bushbuck home areas.

Some game farmers in southern Africa discovered that the bushbuck may compete with the closely related, larger nyala when they tried to introduce the two species to the same area. However, the two species are often found in close proximity in natural communities (e.g., in Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique).[14]

References

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  1. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Tragelaphus scriptus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22051A115165242. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22051A50196111.en. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  2. ^ Wronski T, Moodley Y. (2009). Bushbuck, harnessed antelope or both? Archived 2011-07-08 at the Wayback Machine Gnusletter, 28(1):18-19.
  3. ^ a b c d Moodley, Y.; et al. (September 2009). "Analysis of mitochondrial DNA data reveals non-monophyly in the bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) complex". Mammalian Biology. 74 (5): 418–422. Bibcode:2009MamBi..74..418M. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2008.05.003. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  4. ^ Groves, Colin; Grubb, Peter (2011-11-15). Ungulate Taxonomy. JHU Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-0093-8.
  5. ^ a b Groves, C.; Grubb, P. (2011). Ungulate Taxonomy. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
  6. ^ Heller, R.; Frandsen, P.; Lorenzen, E. D.; Siegismund, H. R. (2013). "Are there really twice as many bovid species as we thought?". Systematic Biology. 62 (3): 490–493. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syt004. hdl:10400.7/566. PMID 23362112.
  7. ^ Hassanin, Alexandre; Houck, Marlys L.; Tshikung, Didier; Kadjo, Blaise; Davis, Heidi; Ropiquet, Anne (2018-12-01). "Multi-locus phylogeny of the tribe Tragelaphini (Mammalia, Bovidae) and species delimitation in bushbuck: Evidence for chromosomal speciation mediated by interspecific hybridization". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 129: 96–105. Bibcode:2018MolPE.129...96H. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.08.006. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 30121341. S2CID 52038847.
  8. ^ Haltenorth, T., & Diller, H. (1977). Säugetiere Afrikas und Madagaskars. (No Title).
  9. ^ "Bushbuck". African Wildlife Foundation. Retrieved June 28, 2008.
  10. ^ Moodley Y, Bruford MW. (2007) Molecular biogeography: Towards an integrated framework for conserving pan-African biodiversity. PLoS ONE. 2:e454.
  11. ^ Atkins, Justine L.; Long, Ryan A.; Pansu, Johan; Daskin, Joshua H.; Potter, Arjun B.; Stalmans, Marc E.; Tarnita, Corina E.; Pringle, Robert M. (2019-04-12). "Cascading impacts of large-carnivore extirpation in an African ecosystem". Science. 364 (6436): 173–177. Bibcode:2019Sci...364..173A. doi:10.1126/science.aau3561. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 30846612. S2CID 73492605.
  12. ^ Pansu, Johan; Hutchinson, Matthew C.; Anderson, T. Michael; te Beest, Mariska; Begg, Colleen M.; Begg, Keith S.; Bonin, Aurelie; Chama, Lackson; Chamaillé-Jammes, Simon; Coissac, Eric; Cromsigt, Joris P. G. M.; Demmel, Margaret Y.; Donaldson, Jason E.; Guyton, Jennifer A.; Hansen, Christina B. (2022-08-30). "The generality of cryptic dietary niche differences in diverse large-herbivore assemblages". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (35): e2204400119. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11904400P. doi:10.1073/pnas.2204400119. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 9436339. PMID 35994662.
  13. ^ Estes, Richard (1991). The Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08085-0.
  14. ^ Daskin, Joshua H.; Becker, Justine A.; Kartzinel, Tyler R.; Potter, Arjun B.; Walker, Reena H.; Eriksson, Fredrik A. A.; Buoncore, Courtney; Getraer, Alexander; Long, Ryan A.; Pringle, Robert M. (2022-09-22). "Allometry of behavior and niche differentiation among congeneric African antelopes". Ecological Monographs. 93. doi:10.1002/ecm.1549. ISSN 0012-9615. S2CID 250587376.
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