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Elle (film)

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Not to be confused with Elles (film).

Elle
Theatrical release poster
Directed byPaul Verhoeven
Starring
CinematographyStéphane Fontaine
Edited byJob ter Burg
Music byAnne Dudley
Production
companies
Distributed bySBS Distribution
Release dates
  • 21 May 2016 (2016-05-21) (Cannes)
  • 25 May 2016 (2016-05-25) (France)
Running time
130 minutes
Countries
  • France
  • Germany
  • Belgium
LanguageFrench
Budget€8.2 million
($9.1 million)[1]
Box office$7.7 million[2]

Elle (Error: {{language with name/for}}: missing language tag or language name (help)) is a 2016 internationally co-produced psychological thriller directed by Paul Verhoeven and written by David Birke, based on the novel Oh... by Philippe Djian. Djian's novel was released in 2012 and received the Prix Interallié (National Literary Award). The film stars Isabelle Huppert as a businesswoman, Michèle Leblanc, who is raped in her home by an unknown assailant and plots revenge.

The film is Verhoeven's first feature since 2006's Black Book, and his first in the French language. It premiered in competition for the Palme d'Or at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival where it received critical acclaim.[3][4] Elle won the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film and Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Foreign Language Film; it was also selected as the French entry for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, but was not nominated.[5]

Huppert's performance was widely acclaimed, considered to be one of the finest of her career and won her several awards, including the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama, the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress, the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress, the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress, and the Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Actress.

Plot

Michèle Leblanc is raped in her home by an assailant in a ski mask, then promptly cleans up the mess and resumes her life.

She is the assertive head of a successful video game company, where her male employees are alternately resentful of or infatuated with her. She feels detached from her son Vincent, who submits to the pregnant Josie, his domineering and unfaithful girlfriend. Michèle has a contentious relationship with her mother, who she resents for her narcissism and habit for younger men. Meanwhile, she carries on an affair with Robert, the husband of her best friend and business partner Anna, and develops an erotic obsession with her new neighbor Patrick, a banker who is married to a devoutly religious woman named Rebecca. Furthermore, Michèle is the daughter of a serial killer whose parole hearing is soon approaching. Haunted by this violent event from her childhood and the subsequent media frenzy, Michèle is wary of law enforcement and does not report the rape to police, despite the pleas of her friends.

Following the rape, Michèle grows increasingly suspicious of the men in her life. She at first suspects Kurt, a particularly resentful employee, when a CGI animation of a monster raping her is emailed to everyone at the company. She pepper-sprays a man lurking outside her house, only to find out it is Richard, her ex-husband, who was checking on her safety. It is later revealed that another employee who has been infatuated with her created the animation, but did not rape her.

Michèle is attacked in her home by the same masked assailant one night, and after stabbing his hand and unmasking him, learns that he is Patrick. Michèle decides to visit her father after his parole application is rejected, only to find that he has hanged himself hours before she arrived, which Michèle thinks is because he could not bear to face her again. On the way home from the prison she gets into a car crash in a secluded area. Refusing to call the police due to lingering paranoia from her childhood, she first calls her friends, who don't answer, and then decides to call Patrick. After Patrick rescues her from the car and bandages her, Michèle develops a morbid fascination with him. She begins staging a dangerously vivid rape fantasy, hinging on his inability to perform with a consenting woman. The two of them walk a delicate line in which Patrick has to feel like he is raping Michèle even though she consents to the roleplay.

Michèle grows increasingly disillusioned with the various facets of her life leading up to the celebration party for the premiere of her company's new video game. She confesses to Anna that she was having an affair with Robert. As Patrick drives her home from the party, Michèle informs him that she is no longer in denial about their unhealthy relationship, and expresses her intention to call the police. Before entering her home, she makes a point to leave the gate unlocked. Based on their previous encounter, Patrick, believing this to be an invitation for another rape roleplay, enters the house and attacks her, only to be ambushed and killed by Vincent — Michèle staged the scene to avenge her rape while offering her impotent son a chance to be the hero.

In the film's epilogue, Michèle speaks briefly with Rebecca as she is moving out of the neighbourhood. Rebecca expresses gratitude to Michèle for being able to temporarily "satisfy Patrick's needs" — implying that she was aware of her husband's inclinations the entire time. Vincent is shown to be a bit more assertive in his relationship and career, while Michèle reconciles with both Josie and Anna, the latter of whom offers to move in with her.

Cast

Production

Development

File:Portrait de Paul Verhoeven (2016).png
Director Paul Verhoeven.

Paul Verhoeven stated that he felt the movie was an opportunity for him to do "something very different to anything I've done before. But this stepping into the unknown, I think it’s very important in the life of an artist. It puts you in an existential mode. As an artist you have to, as much as possible, step into the unknown and see what happens to you."[6] The project was unveiled at the Marché du Film during the 2014 Cannes Film Festival where it was described as "pure Verhoeven, extremely erotic and perverted."[7] Verhoeven was looking for an actress who would be "prepared to take that on" and believed Nicole Kidman "could handle this role."[8] He also considered Charlize Theron, Julianne Moore, Sharon Stone, Marion Cotillard, Diane Lane, and Carice van Houten for the role of Michèle, a businesswoman who is raped in her home by an unknown assailant and refuses to let it alter her precisely ordered life.[8][9][10][11] Verhoeven told The Guardian that he reckons that the only American actress who would have been willing is Jennifer Jason Leigh. "She would have had absolutely no problem, she's extremely audacious. But she's an artistic presence and we were looking for names", he said.[12] Verhoeven's inability to convince a major American actress to play the part left him frustrated, as he later explained, "I agree that there are not many female parts – certainly not in American cinema. It's weird that when there is one, they lacked the audacity to be controversial. I hope all these actresses see the movie."[12]

The film was originally supposed to take place in Boston or Chicago but, according to Verhoeven, it proved to be "too difficult" to shoot the film in the United States due to its violent and immoral content as "that would have meant getting more into the direction of Basic Instinct, but a lot of the things that are important in the movie would probably have been diminished. By bringing it more into a thriller direction, I think it would have lost everything. It would probably have been banal and transparent. The mystery would have gone."[13][14] Verhoeven then decided to do it in French and used a significant time before production to learn the language, in order to effectively communicate with the predominantly French cast and crew.[15] In September 2014, French actress Isabelle Huppert signed on to star in the film as Michèle.[16] Huppert had expressed interest in a screen adaptation of the book before Verhoeven, whom she described as "one of the best directors in the world for me,"[17] joined the production and accepted the part immediately, "I had no doubt about the integrity to the role. Of course if you just circle the story to the rape and a woman being attracted by the man who raped her, I mean, that really makes the whole purpose very, very narrow and limited. I think it's a lot more than this. And she's really interesting character because she's always go against predictable definitions of what it means to be a woman, what it means to be a man. Obviously, the movie's about a woman. But it's also about men, you know, and the men are sort of fading figures, very weak, quite fragile. So it's really also about the empowerment of a woman."[18]

Filming

Leading actress Isabelle Huppert.

Principal photography began on 10 January 2015 for a ten-week shoot.[19] Filming took place in and around Paris. A planned sequence in Paris' main police station was cancelled following the Charlie Hebdo shooting on 7 January.[20] The film was also shot in a house for Huppert's character in Saint-Germain-en-Laye for five weeks.[21] Verhoeven's mise-en-scène for the film was influenced by three films: Federico Fellini's 8½, Jean Renoir's The Rules of the Game and Orson Welles' Touch of Evil. Every scene was choreographed, and Verhoeven storyboarded the whole film himself.[15] He chose to shoot the film with two Red Dragon cameras as "These days the amount of time a director is given to make a move has diminished by 40 to 50 percent. Working with two cameras solves part of that problem while giving you the opportunity to do things that you wouldn’t do before."[15]

When the film wrapped, Verhoeven described the shoot as "difficult"[22] but later admitted that "in retrospect, it was very pleasant and easy."[23] He dismissed rumors that Elle was an "erotic thriller" in the tradition of some his previous films, including Basic Instinct, "Those people who think that this is an erotic film will be disillusioned. They are in for a strange confrontation with a movie that is... not ordinary. I don’t think the story is erotic; it’s about rape. An erotic thriller would be a bit weird, right? I mean, it might be erotic for the person doing it, but I don’t think that rape in general is something you would call erotic."[15] On 13 May 2015, he told Variety he had "a strong feeling with this one that I was doing something that I’d never done before, which applied when I made RoboCop."[24] He also praised Huppert’s performance, saying that "She is an extremely gifted actress that gives you more than what’s on paper… even what’s in the book. She does experiments in her mind to get to places that she would probably avoid in reality. And she does that in an absolutely unique way."[24] He also said in an interview with Film Comment:

She’s one of the most brilliant actors I’ve ever met in my life. She’s so extremely special and is able to avoid any cliché in any situation, always finding a different way of doing things. She comes up with all kinds of extra details that you wouldn’t even dream of, that I would never come up with on my own. She’s not only a great actress but she is also especially imaginative and creative in her approach to the character. I didn’t have to tell her anything about Michèle because it was clear from the first shot that she knew exactly what her character would do and how she would behave in whatever circumstance. She is extremely audacious and she really had no problem with anything that was in the script, so I have an enormous respect for her.[15]

Music

The score of Elle was composed by English composer Anne Dudley and was released on 23 September 2016.[25]

Release

Huppert and Verhoeven promoting the film at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival.

The first poster for the film was released in May 2015, during the Cannes Film Festival where SBS Productions sold the film internationally.[24] On 16 January 2016, the first trailer and the final poster were released.[26] On 11 March 2016, French film magazine Le Film français announced that SBS Distribution moved up the release date from 21 September to 25 May 2016.[27] On 14 April 2016, it was announced that the film had been selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section at the Cannes Film Festival.[28] On 27 April 2016, several images of the film were released.[29]

On 11 May 2016, it was announced Sony Pictures Classics had acquired distribution rights to release the film in North America, Latin America, Australia, New Zealand, Scandinavia, Eastern Europe (excluding Russia) and Asia (excluding China and Japan). Sony, who had previously acquired Verhoeven's Black Book, said in a statement, "This thriller is Paul Verhoeven at his very best and Isabelle Huppert gives the performance of a lifetime. Elle promises to be a hit with audiences this fall." Verhoeven added, "Sony has always been my home in the U.S., and I'm excited that Sony Classics will take care of Elle with the wonderful actress Isabelle Huppert. I'm pleased that even my European films have ended up with them."[30] Following the film's Cannes premiere, Sony announced its theatrical release in the U.S. on 11 November 2016.[31]

On 12 August 2016, it was announced Picturehouse had acquired distribution rights to release the film in United Kingdom and Ireland. Clare Binns, director of programming and acquisition at Picturehouse, praised Verhoeven, whom she described as "a master filmmaker who has always made provocative and exciting work without compromise - Elle is no exception" and also said, "This gripping, multilayered thriller bowled me over in Cannes and I know it’s going to be a big talking point. This is what proper cinema for adults is all about."[32] The film will be released on 10 March 2017 in UK, which makes it not eligible for the 70th British Academy Film Awards.[33]

The film also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival on 8 September 2016, the San Sebastián Film Festival on 18 September, the BFI London Film Festival on 8 October, the New York Film Festival on 14 October, and the AFI Fest on 13 November, where Isabelle Huppert was honored with a special tribute to her career.[34]

Reception

Critical response

Elle has received positive reviews from critics, with Verhoeven's direction and Huppert's performance being highly praised.[35] On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 88% approval rating based on 117 reviews, with an average score of 8/10. The site's consensus was: "Elle finds director Paul Verhoeven operating at peak power -- and benefiting from a typically outstanding performance from Isabelle Huppert in the central role."[36] At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 89, based on 33 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[37]

Director Paul Verhoeven at the film premiere in Amsterdam.

The film received a seven-minute standing ovation at its Cannes Film Festival international premiere.[38] Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter called it "the most empowering "Rape Movie" ever made," and wrote, "Paul Verhoeven’s film about a woman’s complicated response to being raped will draw ire from feminists and others, but it’s one of the bravest, most honest and inspiring examinations of the subject ever put onscreen."[39] Stéphane Delorme of Cahiers du cinéma wrote the film was "a striking return for the Dutchman. We didn't dare dream of such an audacious, generous film."[40] Guy Lodge of Variety said, "Isabelle Huppert might be our best living actor, and Elle might be Paul Verhoeven's best film."[41][42] Eric Kohn of Indiewire described it as a "lighthearted rape-revenge story."[43] Jordan Mintzer of The Hollywood Reporter called the film a "tastefully twisted mid-to-late-life crisis thriller that’s both lasciviously dark and rebelliously light on its feet" and added that Verhoeven and Huppert "combine their talents to make a film that hardly skimps on the sex, violence and sadism, yet ultimately tells a story about how one woman uses them all to set herself free."[44] Jason Gorber of Twitch Film thought the film was a "a masterwork by a master filmmaker, while Huppert's performance reminds the world once again what a treasure she is."[45] Ben Croll of TheWrap believed the film was "riotously funny, and Isabelle Huppert has never been better."[46]

Christopher Hooton of The Independent said it was "Cannes' only real high point."[47] Xan Brooks of The Guardian found the film "utterly gripping and endlessly disturbing" and felt, "Isabelle Huppert delivers a standout performance as a woman turning the tables on her attacker in the controversial director’s electrifying and provocative comeback."[48] Lisa Nesselson of Screen International found that Huppert's "self-assured-and-aloof register is a perfect fit with Verhoeven’s taste for far-fetched human behaviour presented as plausible," and described the film as "suspenseful and unsettling from first frame to last."[49] David Sexton of The Evening Standard labeled the film as "outrageous, funny and shocking, exhilarating and original."[50] Catherine Bray of Time Out wrote the film "might just be the most Paul Verhoeven film yet, due to its willingness to push buttons, explore transgressive territory and take constant delight in venturing where the vast majority of filmmakers would fear to tread" and predicted, "It's a film that will inspire debate for decades to come."[51]

Top ten lists

Elle was listed on numerous critics' top ten lists.[52]

Accolades

On September 26, 2016, the National Center of Cinematography and the moving image selected Elle as the French entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 89th Academy Awards.[53] When the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced a shortlist of nine pictures competing for the category on December 15, many media, including The Hollywood Reporter,[54] The New York Times,[55] Entertainment Weekly,[56] The Independent [57] and The Guardian,[58] slammed Elle's obmission as a "snub." Gregory Ellwood of The Playlist wrote the film became "one of greatest Oscar Foreign Language Film Snubs of all-time."[59]

List of awards and nominations
Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient(s) Result Ref(s)
AACTA International Awards 8 January 2017 Best Actress Isabelle Huppert Nominated [60]
AARP Annual Movies for Grownups Awards 6 February 2017 Best Actress Isabelle Huppert Nominated [61]
Best Foreign Language Film Elle Won
Alliance of Women Film Journalists 21 December 2016 Best Non-English-Language Film Elle Nominated [62]
Best Actress Isabelle Huppert Nominated
Actress Defying Age and Ageism Isabelle Huppert Won[a]
Bravest Performance Isabelle Huppert Won
Austin Film Critics Association 28 December 2016 Best Film Elle 6th Place [63]
Best Actress Isabelle Huppert Won
Best Foreign-Language Film Elle Nominated
Boston Online Film Critics Association 10 December 2016 Top Ten Films of the Year Elle 10th Place [64]
Best Actress Isabelle Huppert Won
Boston Society of Film Critics 11 December 2016 Best Actress Isabelle Huppert (also for Things to Come) Won [65]
Cannes Film Festival 22 May 2016 Palme d'Or Paul Verhoeven Nominated [66]
Chicago Film Critics Association 15 December 2016 Best Actress Isabelle Huppert Nominated [67]
Best Adapted Screenplay David Birke Nominated
Best Foreign Language Film Elle Nominated
Critics' Choice Awards 11 December 2016 Best Foreign Language Film Elle Won [68]
Best Actress Isabelle Huppert Nominated
European Film Awards 10 December 2016 Best Film Elle Nominated [69]
Best Director Paul Verhoeven Nominated
Best Actress Isabelle Huppert Nominated
Florida Film Critics Circle 23 December 2016 Best Actress Isabelle Huppert Won [70]
Best Foreign Language Film Elle Won
Globes de Cristal Award 30 January 2017 Best Actress Isabelle Huppert Pending [71]
Golden Globe Awards 8 January 2017 Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama Isabelle Huppert Won [72]
Best Foreign Language Film Elle Won
Gotham Awards 28 November 2016 Best Actress Isabelle Huppert Won [73]
Goya Awards 4 February 2017 Best European Film Elle Pending [74]
Houston Film Critics Society 6 January 2017 Best Actress Isabelle Huppert Nominated [75]
Best Foreign Language Film Elle Nominated
Independent Spirit Awards 25 February 2017 Best Actress Isabelle Huppert Pending [76]
IndieWire Critics Poll 19 December 2017 Best Actress Isabelle Huppert Won [77]
Best Director Paul Verhoeven 9th Place
Los Angeles Film Critics Association 4 December 2016 Best Actress Isabelle Huppert (also for Things to Come) Won [78]
London Film Festival 15 October 2016 Best Film Elle Nominated [79]
Lumières Award 30 January 2017 Best Film Elle Pending [80]
Best Director Paul Verhoeven Pending
Best Actress Isabelle Huppert Pending
Best Screenplay David Birke Pending
National Board of Review 29 November 2016 Top 5 Foreign Films Elle Won [81]
National Society of Film Critics 7 January 2017 Best Actress Isabelle Huppert (also for Things to Come) Won [82]
Best Foreign Language Film Elle 3rd Place[b]
New York Film Critics Circle 1 December 2016 Best Actress Isabelle Huppert (also for Things to Come) Won [83]
New York Film Critics Online 11 December 2016 Best Actress Isabelle Huppert Won [84]
Online Film Critics Society 3 January 2017 Best Actress Isabelle Huppert Nominated [85]
Best Adapted Screenplay David Birke, Philippe Djian Nominated
Best Film Not in the English Language Elle Nominated
San Francisco Film Critics Circle 11 December 2016 Best Actress Isabelle Huppert Won [86][87]
Best Adapted Screenplay David Birke Nominated
Best Foreign Language Film Elle Nominated
Santa Barbara International Film Festival 8 February 2017 Montecito Award Isabelle Huppert Won [88]
Satellite Awards 19 February 2017 Best Actress Isabelle Huppert Won[c] [89]
Best Foreign Language Film Elle Nominated
St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association 18 December 2016 Best Actress Isabelle Huppert Won [90]
Best Foreign Language Film Elle Won
Toronto Film Critics Association 11 December 2016 Best Actress Isabelle Huppert Runner-up [91]
Best Foreign Language Film Elle Runner-up
Vancouver Film Critics Circle 20 December 2016 Best Actress Isabelle Huppert Won [92]
Best Foreign-Language Film Elle Nominated
Village Voice Film Poll 21 December 2016 Best Actress Isabelle Huppert Won [93]
Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association 5 December 2016 Best Foreign Language Film Elle Won [94]

Notes

  1. ^ Tied with Annette Bening for 20th Century Women
  2. ^ Tied with Things to Come
  3. ^ Tied with Ruth Negga for Loving

See also

References

  1. ^ Lermercier, Fabien (15 April 2015). "Paul Verhoeven, a Frenchman by adoption". Cineuropa. Retrieved 1 September 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  2. ^ "Elle". Box Office Mojo.
  3. ^ "2016 Cannes Film Festival Announces Lineup". IndieWire. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
  4. ^ "Cannes 2016: Film Festival Unveils Official Selection Lineup". Variety. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
  5. ^ Richford, Rhonda (26 September 2016). "Oscars: France Selects 'Elle' for Foreign-Language Category". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
  6. ^ Chauvin, Jean-Sébastien; Delorme, Stéphane (October 2015). "L'ironie est un art perdu: entretien avec Paul Verhoeven". Cahiers du cinéma. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  7. ^ Lindsay, Taylor (6 May 2014). "Coming to Cannes From Wild Bunch: 'Spring Breakers 2' and Gaspar Noe's Sex Celebration 'Love'". Indiewire. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  8. ^ a b "Nicole Kidman in erotische thriller". De Telegraaf. 17 May 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  9. ^ Alakbarova, Ulkar (18 November 2016). "TIFF 2016 Interview: Director Paul Verhoeven Talks "Elle" and Isabelle Huppert". moviemovesme.com. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  10. ^ Bloomer, Jeffrey (23 November 2016). "Paul Verhoeven on Elle, Satirizing Trump, and Why He Depicts So Much Violence Against Women". Slate. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  11. ^ Khalid, Tarik (21 May 2016). "Elle, Paul Verhoeven in French version with Isabelle Huppert". Cannes Film Festival. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  12. ^ a b Lee, Benjamin (27 May 2016). "Paul Verhoeven on Elle: 'It is not a rape comedy'". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  13. ^ Clarac, Toma (30 April 2015). "PAUL VERHOEVEN, DE ROBOCOP À JÉSUS CHRIST". GQ. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  14. ^ Macnab, Geoffrey (14 November 2016). "Paul Verhoeven talks 'Elle' and why he fled to Hollywood". Screen Daily. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  15. ^ a b c d e Margaret, Barton-Fumo (12 January 2016). "Interview: Paul Verhoeven". Film Comment. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  16. ^ Jagernauth, Kevin (25 September 2014). "Paul Verhoeven, William Monahan, 'Frank' Director Lenny Abrahamson And More Line Up New Projects". Indiewire. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  17. ^ Walsh, Katie (9 December 2014). "Interview: Isabelle Huppert Talks Her Favorite Films Of 2014, The State Of Cinema, Michael Haneke & More". Indiewire. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  18. ^ McEvers, Kelly (5 December 2016). "Actress Isabelle Huppert On Navigating The Good And The Bad In 'Elle'". NPR. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  19. ^ Lermercier, Fabien (24 February 2015). "Verhoeven in the middle of shooting Elle". Cineuropa. Retrieved 1 December 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  20. ^ van Dorp, Michael (6 February 2015). "Verhoeven schrapt scène vanwege Charlie Hebdo". Veronica Magazine. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  21. ^ "Isabelle Huppert, un nouveau rôle "fémininement" incorrect". Mairie de Saint-Germain-en-Laye. calameo.com. March 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  22. ^ Bénédict, Sébastien (24 April 2015). "PAUL VERHOEVEN : LA CHAIR ET LE SANG (DU CHRIST)". Chronic'art. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  23. ^ Kohn, Eric (25 November 2014). "How Paul Verhoeven Survived 'Showgirls' and Turned His Back on Hollywood". Indiewire. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  24. ^ a b c Hopewell, John (13 May 2015). "Cannes: Paul Verhoeven Sees 'Elle' as Nuanced Thriller (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  25. ^ "Elle Soundrack (Anne Dudley) - Sony Classical (2016)". Film Music Site. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  26. ^ Davis, Edward (16 January 2016). "Watch: First International Trailer From Paul Verhoeven's Thriller 'Elle' Starring Isabelle Huppert". Indiewire. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  27. ^ "SBS Distribution avance le prochain Paul Verhoeven". Le Film français. 11 March 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  28. ^ Debruge, Peter; Keslassy, Elsa (14 April 2016). "Cannes 2016: Film Festival Unveils Official Selection Lineup". Variety. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
  29. ^ Newman, Nick (27 April 2016). "New Images from Cannes Titles By Paul Verhoeven, Bruno Dumont, Park Chan-wook, Cristian Mungiu & More". TheFilmStage.com. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  30. ^ Lang, Brent; Keslassy, Elsa (11 May 2016). "Cannes: Sony Pictures Classics Buys Paul Verhoeven's 'Elle' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  31. ^ Thompson, Anne (27 May 2016). "Paul Verhoeven's 'Elle' and Tom Ford's 'Nocturnal Animals' Get Oscar-Friendly Release Dates". Indiewire. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  32. ^ Rosser, Michael (12 August 2016). "Picturehouse acquires Paul Verhoeven's 'Elle' for UK and Ireland". Screen International. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  33. ^ Ben Saïd, Saïd (15 December 2016). "Saïd Ben Saïd: #ELLE is not eligible for next #BAFTA as it will be released on march 10th in UK @uniFrance @LeCNC @lefilmfrancais @Varietyfrance". Twitter. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  34. ^ McNary, Dave (5 October 2016). "Isabelle Huppert's 'Elle' Set for Tribute at AFI Fest". Variety. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  35. ^ Cannes reception:
  36. ^ "Elle (2016)". Rotten Tomatoes.
  37. ^ "Elle". Metacritic.
  38. ^ ELLE - Rang I - VO - Cannes 2016 on YouTube
  39. ^ Felperin, Leslie (22 May 2016). "Critic's Notebook: Why Cannes' 'Elle' is the Most Empowering "Rape Movie" Ever Made". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  40. ^ Delorme, Stéphane (May 2016). "Brise cannoise". Cahiers du cinéma. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
  41. ^ Lodge, Guy (21 March 2006). "Isabelle Huppert might be our best living actor, and ELLE might be Paul Verhoeven's best film. A dangerous wow". Twitter. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  42. ^ Lodge, Guy (21 May 2016). "Cannes Film Review: 'Elle'". Variety. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  43. ^ Kohn, Eric (21 May 2016). "Cannes Review: Paul Verhoeven's 'Elle' is a Lighthearted Rape-Revenge Story". Indiewire. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  44. ^ Mintzer, Jordan (21 May 2016). "'Elle': Cannes Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  45. ^ Gorber, Jason (26 May 2016). "Cannes 2016 Review: ELLE, A Sordid, Provocative Masterwork". Twitch Film. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  46. ^ Croll, Ben (21 May 2016). "'Elle' Cannes Review: Isabelle Huppert Is Spectacular in Mean, Funny Film". TheWrap. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  47. ^ Hooton, Christopher (24 May 2016). "Elle film: Cannes' 'only real high point' was a movie by the director of RoboCop". The Independent. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  48. ^ Brooks, Xan (21 May 2016). "Elle review: Paul Verhoeven's brazen rape revenge comedy is a dangerous delight". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  49. ^ Nesselson, Lisa (21 May 2016). "'Elle': Cannes Review". Screen International. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  50. ^ Sexton, David (25 May 2016). "Cannes 2016: Elle, film review – Funny and shocking, exhilarating and original". The Evening Standard. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  51. ^ Bray, Catherine (21 May 2016). "Elle, directed by Paul Verhoeven". Time Out. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  52. ^ "Best of 2016: Film Critic Top Ten Lists". Metacritic.
  53. ^ Hopewell, John (26 September 2016). "France Selects Paul Verhoeven's Isabelle Huppert-Starrer 'Elle' As Its Foreign-Language Oscar Entry". Variety. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
  54. ^ Feinberg, Scott (15 December 2016). "Oscars: Foreign-Language Committee Again Invites Controversy (Analysis)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  55. ^ Buckley, Cara (16 December 2016). "Oscars 2017: 'Toni Erdmann' Makes the Foreign-Language Shortlist; 'Elle' Is Snubbed". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  56. ^ Gettell, Olivier (15 December 2016). "Elle not among Oscars' best foreign language film finalists". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  57. ^ Hooton, Christopher (16 December 2016). "2017 Oscars nominations shortlist: Paul Verhoeven's Elle snubbed for Best Foreign Language Film". The Independent. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  58. ^ Pulver, Andrew (16 December 2016). "Elle and Julieta eliminated from foreign-language Oscar race in major snub". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
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