Enoxolone
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Trade names | Arthrodont, PruClair |
AHFS/Drugs.com | International Drug Names |
Routes of administration | Oral, topical |
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ECHA InfoCard | 100.006.769 |
Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C30H46O4 |
Molar mass | 470.6838 g·mol−1 |
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Enoxolone (INN, BAN; also known as glycyrrhetinic acid or glycyrrhetic acid) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid derivative of the beta-amyrin type obtained from the hydrolysis of glycyrrhizic acid, which was obtained from the herb liquorice. It is used in flavoring and it masks the bitter taste of drugs like aloe and quinine. It is effective in the treatment of peptic ulcer and also has expectorant (antitussive) properties.[1] It has some additional pharmacological properties including antiviral, antifungal, antiprotozoal, and antibacterial activities.[2][3][4][5]
Mechanism of action
Glycyrrhetinic acid inhibits the enzymes (15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and delta-13-prostaglandin) that metabolize the prostaglandins PGE-2 and PGF-2α to their respective 15-keto-13,14-dihydro metabolites which are inactive.[citation needed] This causes an increased level of prostaglandins in the digestive system.[citation needed] Prostaglandins inhibit gastric secretion but stimulate pancreatic secretion and mucous secretion in the intestines and markedly increase intestinal motility.[citation needed] They also cause cell proliferation in the stomach.[citation needed] The effect on gastric acid secretion, promotion of mucous secretion and cell proliferation shows why licorice has potential in treating peptic ulcer.[citation needed]
PGF-2α stimulates activity of the uterus during pregnancy and can cause abortion, therefore, licorice should not be taken during pregnancy.[citation needed]
The structure of glycyrrhetinic acid is similar to that of cortisone. Both molecules are flat and similar at position 3 and 11. This might be the basis for licorice's anti-inflammatory action.[citation needed]
3-β-D-(Monoglucuronyl)-18-β-glycyrrhetinic acid, a metabolite of glycyrrhetinic acid, inhibits the conversion of 'active' cortisol to 'inactive' cortisone in the kidneys.[6] This occurs via inhibition of the enzyme by inhibiting the enzyme 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.[citation needed] As a result, cortisol levels are high within the collecting duct of the kidney. Cortisol has intrinsic mineralocorticoid properties (that is, it acts like aldosterone and increases sodium reabsorption) that work on ENaC channels in the collecting duct. [citation needed]Hypertension develops due to this mechanism of sodium retention. People often have high blood pressure with a low renin and low aldosterone blood level.[citation needed] The increased amounts of cortisol binds to the unprotected, unspecific mineralocorticoid receptors and induce sodium and fluid retention, hypokalaemia, high blood pressure and inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Therefore, licorice should not be given to patients with a known history of hypertension in doses sufficient to inhibit 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.[citation needed]
Derivatives
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Glycyrrhetinic_acid_derivatives.svg/150px-Glycyrrhetinic_acid_derivatives.svg.png)
In glycyrrhetinic acid, the functional group (R) is a hydroxyl group. Research in 2005 demonstrated that with a proper functional group a very effective glycyrrhetinic artificial sweetener can be obtained.[7] When R is an anionic NHCO(CH2)CO2K side chain, the sweetening effect is found to 1200 times that of sugar (human sensory panel data). A shorter or longer spacer reduces the sweetening effect. One explanation is that the taste bud cell receptor has 1.3 nanometers (13 angstroms) available for docking with the sweetener molecule. In addition the sweetener molecule requires three proton donor positions of which two reside at the extremities to be able to interact efficiently with the receptor cavity.
A synthetic analog, carbenoxolone, was developed in Britain. [citation needed] Both glycyrrhetinic acid and carbenoxolone have a modulatory effect on neural signaling through gap junction channels.
Acetoxolone, the acetyl derivative of glycyrrhetinic acid, is a drug used in the treatment of peptic ulcer and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
See also
References
- ^ Chandler, RF (1985). "Liquorice, more than just a flavour". Canadian Pharmaceutical Journal (118): 420–4.
- ^ Badam, L.; Amagaya, S.; Pollard, B. (1997). "In vitro activity of licorice and glycyrrhetinic acid on Japanese encephalitis virus". J. Community Dis. 29: 91–99.
- ^ Fuji, H.Y.; Tian, J.; Luka, C. (1986). "Effect of glycyrrhetinic acid on influenza virus and pathogenic bacteria". Bull. Chin. Mater. Med. 11: 238–241.
- ^ Guo, N.; Takechi, M.; Uno, C. (1991). "Protective effect of glycyrrhizine in mice with systemic Candida albicans infection and its mechanism". J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 12 (5): 380–383. PMID 1839259.
- ^ Salari, M. H.; Sohrabi, N.; Kadkhoda, Z.; and Khalili, M. B.; capnophilic bacteria isolated from specimens of periodontitis patients (2003). "Antibacterial effects of Enoxolone on periodontopathogenic". Iran. Biomed. J. 7: 39–42.
- ^ Kato, H.; Kanaoka, M.; Yano, S.; Kobayashi, M. (1995-06-01). "3-Monoglucuronyl-glycyrrhetinic acid is a major metabolite that causes licorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 80 (6): 1929–1933. doi:10.1210/jcem.80.6.7775643. ISSN 0021-972X. PMID 7775643.
- ^ Ijichi, So; Seizo Tamagaki (2005). "Molecular Design of Sweet Tasting Compounds Based on 3β-Amino-3β-deoxy-18β-glycyrrhetinic Acid: Amido Functionality Eliciting Tremendous Sweetness". Chemistry Letters. 34 (3): 356. doi:10.1246/cl.2005.356. Retrieved 2010-09-28.
Further reading
- Saponin Glycosides, by Georges-Louis Friedli, URL accessed Sept 2010.