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Foreign relations of North Macedonia

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The foreign relations of the Republic of Macedonia since its independence in 1991 have been characterized by the country's efforts to gain membership in international organizations such as NATO and the European Union and to gain international recognition under its constitutional name, overshadowed by a long-standing, dead-locked dispute with neighboring Greece. Greek objections to the country's name have led to it being admitted to the United Nations and several other international fora only under the provisional designation Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.

International recognition

Foreign relation of Macedonia
  recognition and diplomatic relations
  recognition
European countries with no diplomatic relations with Macedonia.

Macedonia became a member state of the United Nations on April 8, 1993, eighteen months after its independence from the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. It is referred within the UN as "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", pending a resolution, to the long-running dispute about the country's name. Unusually, the country's flag was not raised at UN Headquarters when the state joined the UN.[1] It was not until after the country's flag was changed that it was raised at the UN Headquarters.[1] Other international bodies, such as the European Union,[2] European Broadcasting Union,[3] and the International Olympic Committee[4] have adopted the same convention. NATO also uses the reference in official documents but adds an explanation on which member countries recognise the constitutional name.[5]

All UN member states currently recognise Macedonia as a sovereign state, but they are still divided over what to call it. A number of countries recognise the country by its constitutional name – the Republic of Macedonia – rather than the UN reference, notably four of the five permanent UN Security Council members (the UK, the United States,[6] Russia, and the People's Republic of China) and over 130 other UN members.[7]

List of countries and entities recognising the country and establishing diplomatic relations

List of countries and entities with no formal diplomatic relations with the country

Bilateral relations

Albania

Recently (Aug. 2008) they signed a treaty enabling visa-free movement between the countries. Both countries support each other's ethnic minorities in cultural, political and educational aspects. During the ethnic conflict in 2001, the Albanian government did not interfere and supported peaceful resolution. Albania had recognized Skopje under the UN provisional reference of the "former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia",[9][10] abbreviated as FYROM.[11][12]

Bulgaria

Macedonia and Bulgaria have cooperative neighbourly relations. On 15 January 1992 Bulgaria was the first country to recognize the independence of Macedonia.[13] Bulgaria has however refused to recognise the existence of a separate Macedonian nation[14][15][16] and a separate Macedonian language. It argues that the Macedonians are a subgroup of the Bulgarian nation,[17][18][19] and that the Macedonian language is a dialect of Bulgarian.[20][21] This leads to some complications when signing treaties between these countries—they are signed with this long phrase in the end: "done in the official languages of the two states—Bulgarian language, according to the Constitution of Bulgaria and Macedonian language, according to the Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia".[22]

Macedonia has generally good relations with Bulgaria in the political, economic, and military spheres. The governments of the two countries work to improve business relations. Bulgaria supports the Macedonian bid to enter the EU and NATO. Bulgaria has also donated tanks, artillery, and other military technology to the Macedonian Army.

The rules governing good neighbourly relations agreed between Bulgaria and Macedonia were set in the Joint Declaration of February 22, 1999 reaffirmed by a joint memorandum signed on January 22, 2008 in Sofia.[23]

Reacting to the publication of a controversial[24][25][26][27][28] encyclopedia by the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts (MANU) in 2009, Bulgaria warned that “it is unacceptable for a country aspirant for NATO and EU membership to resort to terminology typical for the ideology of the Cold War era,” and that the encyclopedia “gives no contribution to strengthening of the neighborly relations and curbing down of the ‘hatred speech’.”[29]

In connection with the administrative, police and other types of pressure allegedly being exercised on Bulgarian citizens and Macedonian citizens with Bulgarian self-identification in Macedonia, on 4 August 2009 the Bulgarian Foreign Ministry declared that “Bulgaria will examine the approach of the Macedonian side in such cases as one of the criteria on the basis of which to assess the country’s readiness to make the changes that would allow the European integration of the Republic of Macedonia.”[30]

Bulgaria has proposed to sign a treaty (based on that 1999 Joint Declaration) guaranteeing the good neighbourly relations between the two countries, in order to enable Bulgarian support for the accession of Macedonia to the European Union.[31][32]

During the last few years thousands of citizens of Macedonia have applied for Bulgarian citizenship (amongst them Macedonia’s former PM Ljubco Georgievski[33]), with 42,372 having already received Bulgarian passports. In order to obtain the passport, the Macedonian citizens who apply for Bulgarian citizenship must prove that they have a Bulgarian origin and a Bulgarian national consciousness. Between 1 January to 18 November 2011, the Bulgarian council for citizenship considered 22,241 applications for citizenship, of which 13,607 were approved.[34][35][36]

P.R. China and R.O. China

On 12 October 1993, the Government of the Republic of Macedonia and the Government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) established diplomatic relations with Macedonia expressly declaring that the Government of the PRC is the sole legal government of China, and Taiwan as an inalienable part of the Chinese territory. The Government of Macedonia affirmed it would not establish any form of official relations with Taiwan.[37]

Notwithstanding the above, Macedonia and the Republic of China on Taiwan (ROC) established diplomatic relations on 27 January 1999.[38] This development increased the number of the ROC's diplomatic allies in Europe from one to two (the other being the Holy See). The PRC was opposed to this and in retaliation vetoed the UN resolution renewing the mandate of the UNPREDEP (a peacekeeping force) in Macedonia. On 28 April 1999, Macedonia opened an embassy in Taipei, ROC.[39] The Republic of Macedonia and the PRC normalized their relations on 18 June 2001.[40] On the same day, the ROC severed diplomatic relations with Macedonia.[39] In the joint communiqué between Macedonia and People's Republic of China, Macedonia recognized "emphatically that there is but one China in the world, that the Government of the People's Republic of China is the sole legal government representing the whole of China and that Taiwan is an inalienable part of the Chinese territory".[40]

Denmark

Main article: Denmark–Macedonia relations

Israel

Main article: Israel–Macedonia relations

Mexico

Mexico and Macedonia established diplomatic relations in April 2001 [4]. Both countries are members of the United Nations and have accredited Ambassadors to each other. Mexico is represented in Macedonia through its embassy in Belgrade, Serbia [5]. Macedonia is represented in Mexico through its embassy in Washington, DC, USA. Mexico has left the naming dispute between Greece and Macedonia to the United Nations for the issue to be resolved [6].

North Korea

Main article: Foreign relations of North Korea

Macedonia and DPRK diplomatic relations from October 11,1993. They have a friendly relations. DPRK is represented in Macedonia through its embassy in Sofia. Macedonia is one of just three of the 191 UN member states (along with Cuba and Syria) with which South Korea (Korea, Rep) does not have diplomatic relations.[41] But interestingly, South Korean citizens do not need to obtain a visa if they stay in Macedonia for less than 90 days.[42]

Serbia

Main article: Macedonian–Serbian relations

Macedonia and Serbia traditionally have friendly relations. Serbia is a main trading partner and recognizes its neighbour under the constitutional name - Republic of Macedonia. Macedonians in Serbia are a recognized national minority, same as Serbs in the Republic of Macedonia. However, the non-recognition of the Macedonian Orthodox Church by the Serbian Orthodox Church and Macedonia's recognition of Kosovo as an independent state are disturbing the relations of these two countries.

Kosovo

Main article: Kosovan–Macedonian relations

Macedonia and Kosovo have very friendly and cordial neighbourly relations[citation needed] which mainly are due to the ethnic Albanian populations that live inside Macedonia. In October 2008, Macedonia recognized Kosovo as an independent state with plan to establish diplomatic relations. Kosovo recognized the neighbouring country under the constitutional name, Republic of Macedonia.[43] Also in October 2008, a bilateral agreement was signed between the two countries after the border between the two was physically marked by a joint committee.[44] Kosovo and Macedonia have signed a Free Trade Agreement in 2005 to facilitate trade opportunities, investment conditions and improve good-neighbourly relations. Macedonian investments are the largest in Kosovo since its independence on 17 February 2008 year.[45]

Greece

Macedonia and Greece have excellent economic and business relations, with Greece being the largest investor in the country. However, the indeterminate status of Macedonia's name arises from a long-running dispute with Greece. The main points of the dispute are:[46]

  • The name: see Macedonia naming dispute, and the section Naming issue (below in this article).
  • The flag: the use of Vergina Sun, claimed by Greece as an exclusive state symbol, on the initial national flag used between 1992 and 1995 (resolved, see below)
  • Constitutional issues: certain articles of the constitution that were seen as claims on Greek territory (resolved, see below).

The naming issue was "parked" in a compromise agreed at the United Nations in 1993. However, Greece refused to grant diplomatic recognition to the Republic and imposed an economic blockade that lasted until the flag and constitutional issues were resolved in 1995.

Slovenia

Main article: Macedonia–Slovenia relations

Macedonia and Slovenia have very close political and economic relations. Once part of SFR Yugoslavia, the two republics declared independence in 1991 (Slovenia in June, Macedonia in September) and recognised each other's independence on 12 February 1992.[47] Diplomatic relations between both countries were established on 17 March 1992.[48] Slovenia supports Macedonia's sovereignty, territorial integrity, its Euro-integration and visa liberalisation.[47][49] A significant number of Slovenian investments ended up in the Republic of Macedonia. In 2007, about 70 million euros were invested.[50] In January 2009, the Macedonian prime minister Nikola Gruevski announced, that he expects more Slovenian investments in infrastructure and energy projects.[50] Over 70 Slovenian companies are present on the Macedonian market.[47]

Turkey

Main article: Macedonian–Turkish relations

Due to historical and cultural mutualities and human bonds Macedonia and Turkey have very close and friendly relations.[51] Shortly after Macedonia declared its independence from the former Yugoslavia in 1991 Turkey was among the first countries to recognise Macedonia's sovereignty.[52] Bilateral relations were established on 26 August 1992.[53] Macedonia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate–general in Istanbul, while Turkey has an embassy in Skopje and a consulate-general in Bitola.

United States

Then US President George W. Bush with the political leaders of Macedonia in 2008
Main article: Republic of Macedonia – United States relations

The United States and the Macedonia enjoy excellent bilateral relations.[54] The United States formally recognized Macedonia on February 8, 1994, and the two countries established full diplomatic relations on September 13, 1995. The U.S. Liaison Office was upgraded to an Embassy in February 1996, and the first U.S. Ambassador to Skopje arrived in July 1996. The development of political relations between the United States and Macedonia has ushered in a whole host of other contacts between the two states. In 2004, the United States recognized Macedonia under its constitutional name - Republic of Macedonia. The consul in New York City is Zvonko Mucunski.

Issues

Main article: Macedonia naming dispute

Flag issue

The former flag of Republic of Macedonia (used from 1992-1995), bearing the Vergina Sun

Macedonia's first post-independence flag caused a major controversy when it was unveiled. The use of the Vergina Sun on the flag was seen by Greece as territorial claim to the northern Greek region of Macedonia, where the golden larnax containing the symbol was unearthed in 1977 during excavations in Vergina by Greek archaeologist Manolis Andronikos. The Greek viewpoint was summed up in an FAQ circulated on the Internet in the late 1990s:

The Vergina Sun, the emblem of Philip's dynasty, symbolizes the birth of our nation. It was the first time (4th century BC) that the Greek mainland (city-states and kingdoms) with the same language, culture, and religion were united against the enemies of Asia in one league. At the same time the fractured Greek world grew conscious of its unity. And, in this sense, we have never been apart since then. The "Sun" was excavated in Greece in 1978, and it is sacred to us.[55]

The Vergina Sun, claimed by Greece as an exclusive state symbol, was removed from the flag under an agreement reached between the Republic of Macedonia and Greece in September 1995. The Republic agreed to meet a number of Greek demands for changes to its national symbols and constitution, while Greece agreed to establish diplomatic relations with the Republic and end its economic blockade.[56]

Constitutional issue

Macedonia's first post-independence constitution, adopted on November 17, 1991 included a number of clauses that Greece interpreted as promoting secessionist sentiment among the Slavophone population of northern Greece, and making irredentist claims on Greek territory. Article 49 of the constitution caused particular concern. It read:

(1) The Republic cares for the status and rights of those persons belonging to the Macedonian people in neighboring countries, as well as Macedonian expatriates, assists their cultural development and promotes links with them. In the exercise of this concern the Republic will not interfere in the sovereign rights of other states or in their internal affairs.
(2) The Republic cares for the cultural, economic and social rights of the citizens of the Republic abroad.[57]

The Greek government interpreted this as a licence for Macedonia to interfere in Greek internal affairs. Given long-standing Greek sensitivities over the position of the country's minority groups, the government saw this as being the most serious of the three main issues affecting relations between the two countries; the issue of the republic's symbols, by contrast, was seen as being of much less substantive importance, even though it aroused the loudest political controversy. The Greek prime minister at the time, Constantine Mitsotakis, later commented that

What concerned me from the very first moment was not the name of the state. The problem for me was that [we should not allow] the creation of a second minority problem in the area of western [Greek] Macedonia [the first minority being the Turkish-speaking Greeks of western Thrace]. My main aim was to convince the Republic to declare that there is no Slavomacedonian minority in Greece. This was the real key of our difference with Skopje.[58]

The offending articles were removed under the 1995 agreement between the two sides.

See also

References

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.

  1. ^ a b Article on Former Yugoslav states
  2. ^ European Commission. "Background information — The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia". Retrieved 2006-10-01.
  3. ^ European Broadcasting Union. "Members' Logos". Retrieved 2006-10-01.
  4. ^ International Olympic Committee. "LIST OF NATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEES PARTICIPATING IN THE XIX OLYMPIC WINTER GAMES IN SALT LAKE CITY" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-10-01.
  5. ^ North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. "The situation in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia is critical". Retrieved 2006-10-01.
  6. ^ "US snubs Greece over Macedonia". BBC News Online. 2004-11-04. Retrieved 2006-10-01.
  7. ^ MIA Kosovo is the 127th country that Macedonia has established diplomatic ties with under its constitutional name.
  8. ^ ЕSTABLISHED FULL DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA: "The Republic of Macedonia established diplomatic relations with the European Union on the 29-th of December 1995."
  9. ^ United Nations, A/RES/47/225, 8 April 1993
  10. ^ United Nations Security Council Resolutions 817 of 7 April and 845 June 18 of 1993, see UN resolutions made on 1993
  11. ^ "Diplomatic Representative of Albania, 30, FYROM". Retrieved 29 February 2012. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Albania
  12. ^ FYROM on un.org
  13. ^ Republic of Macedonia, bilateral cooperation. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Bulgaria, official website, 10 September 2011.
  14. ^ Negotiating Diplomacy in the New Europe: Foreign Policy in Post-Communist Bulgaria, Author Stefanos Katsikas, Publisher I.B.Tauris, 2012, ISBN 1845118855, p. 163.
  15. ^ Who are the Macedonians? Author Hugh Poulton, Publisher C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000, ISBN 1850655340, p. 214.
  16. ^ Atlas of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century, Authors Richard Crampton, Benjamin Crampton, Publisher Routledge, 2016, ISBN 1317799526, p. 233.
  17. ^ Aspen Institute Prague, 1/2016, Between Skopje and Sofia, Jan Muś. Agreement on Good Neighborly Relations between Bulgaria and Macedonia faces serious difficulties related to the crucial issue of nationality.
  18. ^ The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe, Author T. Kamusella, Contributor Peter Burke, Publisher Springer, 2008, ISBN 0230583474, p. 253.
  19. ^ Macedonia, Bradt Travel Guide, Authors Thammy Evans, Rudolf Abraham, 2015, ISBN 1841628581, p. 42.
  20. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica-online, Bulgaria, transition period, Loring Danforth.
  21. ^ The Princeton Encyclopedia of Self-Determination, Macedonia, Author: Jenny Engstrom.
  22. ^ Agreement of free trade between the Republic of Macedonia and the Republic of Bulgaria, Stability Pact for Southeast Europe, Retrieved on 2012-02-29.
  23. ^ Bulgarian Policies on the Republic of Macedonia: Recommendations on the development of good neighbourly relations following Bulgaria’s accession to the EU and in the context of NATO and EU enlargement in the Western Balkans. Sofia: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2008. 80 pp. (Trilingual publication in Bulgarian, Macedonian and English) ISBN 978-954-92032-2-6
  24. ^ Macedonia’s first encyclopedia provokes protests. Euranet, 23 September 2009.
  25. ^ Kosovo Slams Macedonia Over Encyclopaedia. BalkanInsight.com, 22 September 2009.
  26. ^ Macedonian Encyclopaedia To Be Changed. Eurasia Press and News, 24 September 2009.
  27. ^ FYRMacedonia: "Macedonian Encyclopedia" withdrawn. EMportal, 26 September 2009.
  28. ^ Macedonia embroiled in encyclopaedia row. Euractiv, 13 October 2009.
  29. ^ Bulgaria joins growing criticism of Macedonian Encyclopedia. Independent News Agency Makfax, 24 September 2009.
  30. ^ Bulgarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Official website, 04.08.2009.
  31. ^ Bulgaria's Position Concerning Macedonia Unchanged – Kalfin. The Sofia Echo, 31 July 2006.
  32. ^ Bulgaria Treaty Proposal Called 'Indecent'. BalkanInsight, 17 March 2010.
  33. ^ Macedonia’s Former PM Ljubco Georgievski Received Bulgarian Citizenship, Macedonian News, July 16, 2006
  34. ^ Како преку ноќ се станува Бугарин, Утрински весник, 22.12.2011
  35. ^ Македонци на брза лента за бугарски пасош, Утрински весник, 23.12.2011
  36. ^ Macedonia Suffers from 'Bulgarian Citizenship Syndrome', Sofia News Agency
  37. ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  38. ^ "中華民國外交部 - 全球資訊網 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan)". 中華民國外交部 - 全球資訊網 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  39. ^ a b ROC Yearbook 2009
  40. ^ a b "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  41. ^ http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/746362.html
  42. ^ https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?SpecData=1&VISA=&page=visa&NA=KR&AR=00&PASSTYPES=PASS&DE=MK&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C
  43. ^ "My Info Agent". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  44. ^ "Macedonia, Kosovo agree on border demarcation". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  45. ^ UNMIK, Focus Kosovo: Kosovo’s Free Trade Agreements
  46. ^ Floudas, Demetrius Andreas; "A Name for a Conflict or a Conflict for a Name? An Analysis of Greece's Dispute with FYROM",". 24 (1996) Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 285. 1996. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
  47. ^ a b c Republic of Slovenia - Government Communication Office
  48. ^ Macedonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Established full diplomatic relations with the Republic of Macedonia
  49. ^ Government of the Republic of Macedonia
  50. ^ a b Vecer Online
  51. ^ Republic of Turkey - Ministry of Foreign Affairs Template:En icon
  52. ^ Government of the Republic of Macedonia Template:En icon
  53. ^ Republic of Macedonia - Ministry of Foreign Affairs Template:En icon
  54. ^ Makfax Agency United States of America congratulate President Ivanov on his inauguration and are looking forward to continuing of the excellent relations with Macedonia
  55. ^ Never Say Never Again (1998-11-15). "Macedonian FAQ (Hellenic)". Newsgroup: alt.religion.christian.east-orthodox. Usenet: #oVovmKE#GA.388@nih2naaa.prod2.compuserve.com. Retrieved 2006-11-19.
  56. ^ Floudas, Demetrius Andreas; "FYROM's Dispute with Greece Revisited" (PDF). in: Kourvetaris et al. (eds.), The New Balkans, East European Monographs: Columbia University Press, 2002, p. 85. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  57. ^ Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia, adopted 17 November 1991, amended on 6 January 1992
  58. ^ Constantine Mitsotakis, quoted in Tom Gallagher, The Balkans In The New Millennium: in the shadow of war and peace, p. 6. Routledge, 2005. ISBN 0-415-34940-0
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