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2018 Italian general election

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Italian general election, 2018
← 2013 4 March 2018
All 630 seats of the Chamber of Deputies
All elective 315 seats of the Senate of the Republic
Opinion polls
 
Leader Matteo Renzi Silvio Berlusconi
Party Democratic Party Forza Italia
Alliance Centre-left coalition Centre-right coalition
Leader since 15 December 2013 18 January 1994
Current seats 322 C / 128 S 119 C / 86 S
  File:Luigi Di Maio portrait.jpg
Leader Luigi Di Maio Pietro Grasso
Party Five Star Movement Free and Equal
Alliance None None
Leader since 23 September 2017 3 December 2017
Current seats 88 C / 35 S 59 C / 23 S
Incumbent Prime Minister

Paolo Gentiloni
Democratic Party



The 2018 Italian general election is due to be held on 4 March 2018 after the Italian Parliament was dissolved by President Sergio Mattarella on 28 December 2017.[1]

Voters will elect the 630 members of the Chamber of Deputies and the 315 elective members of the Senate of the Republic for the 18th legislature of the Republic of Italy, since 1948.

Background

At the 2013 general election none of the three main alliances – the centre-right led by Silvio Berlusconi, the centre-left led by Pier Luigi Bersani and the Five Star Movement (M5S) led by Beppe Grillo – won an outright majority in Parliament. After a failed attempt to form a government by Bersani, then-secretary of the Democratic Party (PD), and Giorgio Napolitano's re-election as President, Enrico Letta, Bersani's deputy, received the task of forming a grand coalition government. The Letta Cabinet consisted of the PD, Berlusconi's The People of Freedom (PdL), Civic Choice (SC), the Union of the Centre (UdC) and others.[2]

On 16 November 2013 Berlusconi launched a new party, Forza Italia (FI),[3] named after the defunct Forza Italia party (1994–2009). Additionally, Berlusconi announced that FI would be opposed to Letta's government, causing the split from the PdL/FI of a large group of deputies and senators led by Minister of Interior Angelino Alfano, who launched the alternative New Centre-Right (NCD) party and remained loyal to the government.[4]

Following the election of Matteo Renzi as Secretary of the PD in December 2013, there were persistent tensions culminating in Letta's resignation as Prime Minister in February 2014. Subsequently, Renzi formed a government based on the same coalition (including the NCD), but in a new fashion.[5] The new Prime Minister had a strong mandate from his party and was reinforced by the PD's strong showing in the 2014 European Parliament election[6] and the election of Sergio Mattarella, a fellow Democrat, as President in 2015. While in power, Renzi implemented several reforms, including a new electoral law (which would later be declared partially unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court), a relaxation of labour and employment laws (known as Jobs Act) with the intention of boosting economic growth, a thorough reform of the public administration, the simplification of the civil trial, the recognition of same-sex unions and the abolition of several minor taxes.[7][8]

As a result of the Libyan civil war, a major problem faced by Renzi was the high level of illegal immigration to Italy. During his tenure, there was an increase in the number of immigrants rescued at sea being brought to southern Italian ports, prompting criticism from the M5S, FI and Lega Nord (LN),[9][10] and causing a loss of popularity for Renzi.[11] However, well into 2016 opinion polls registered the PD's strength, as well as the growth of the M5S, the LN and Brothers of Italy (FdI), FI's decline, SC's virtual disappearance and the replacement of Left Ecology Freedom (SEL) with the Italian Left (SI).

Matteo Renzi announces his resignation after the referendum result

In December 2016 a constitutional reform proposed by Renzi's government and duly approved by Parliament was rejected in a constitutional referendum (59% to 41%). Under the reform, the Senate would have been composed of 100 members: 95 regional representatives and 5 presidential appointees.[12][13][14] Following defeat, Renzi stepped down as Prime Minister and was replaced by his Minister of Foreign Affairs Paolo Gentiloni, another Democrat.[15]

In early 2017, in opposition to Renzi's policies, some left-wing Democrats led by Bersani, Massimo D'Alema and Roberto Speranza launched, along with SI splinters, the Democratic and Progressive Movement (MDP).[16][17] Contextually, the NCD was transformed into Popular Alternative (AP). In April Renzi was re-elected secretary of the PD and thus the party's candidate for Prime Minister,[18] defeating Minister of Justice Andrea Orlando and Governor of Apulia Michele Emiliano.[19][20]

In May 2017 Matteo Salvini was re-elected federal secretary of the LN and launched his own bid.[21][22] Under Salvini, the party had emphasised Euroscepticism, opposition to immigration and other populist policies. In fact, Salvini's aim had been to re-launch the LN as a "national" or, even, "Italian nationalist" party, withering any notion of northern separatism. This focus became particularly evident in December when LN presented its new electoral logo, without the word "Nord".[23]

In September 2017 Luigi Di Maio was selected as candidate for Prime Minister and "political head" of the M5S, replacing Grillo.[24][25] However, even in the following months, the populist comedian was accused by critics of continuing to play his role as de facto leader of the party, while an increasingly important, albeit unofficial, role was assumed by Davide Casaleggio, son of Gianroberto, a web strategist who founded the M5S along with Grillo in 2009 and died in 2016.[26][27][28] In January 2018, Grillo separated his own blog from the movement; his blog was used in the previous years as an online newspaper of the M5S and the main propaganda tool.[29] This event was seen by many as the proof that Grillo was slowly leaving politics.[30]

The autumn registered some major developments to the left of the political spectrum: in November Forza Europa, the Italian Radicals and individual liberals launched a joint list named More Europe (+E), led by the long-time Radical leader Emma Bonino;[31] in December the MDP, SI and Possible launched a joint list named Free and Equal (LeU) under the leadership of Pietro Grasso, President of the Senate and former anti-mafia prosecutor;[32] the Italian Socialist Party, the Federation of the Greens, Civic Area and Progressive Area formed a list named Together (I) in support of the PD;[33] the Communist Refoundation Party, the Italian Communist Party, social centres, minor parties, local committees, associations and groups launched a far-left joint list named Power to the People (PaP), under the leadership of Viola Carofalo.[34]

In late December the centrist post-NCD Popular Alternative (AP), which had been a key coalition partner for the PD, divided itself among those who wanted to return into the centre-right's fold and those who supported Renzi's coalition. Two groups of AP splinters (one led by Maurizio Lupi and the other by Enrico Costa), formed along with Direction Italy, Civic Choice, Act!, Popular Construction and the Movement for the Autonomies, a joint list within the centre-right, named Us with Italy (NcI).[35] The list was later enlarged to the Union of the Centre, the Union of Democrats for Europe and minor parties.[36] The remaining members of AP, Italy of Values, the Centrists for Europe, Solidary Democracy and minor groups joined forces in the pro-PD Popular Civic List (CP), led by Minister of Health Beatrice Lorenzin.[37]

On 28 December 2017 President Sergio Mattarella dissolved Parliament and a new general election was called for 4 March 2018.[38]

On 21 February, 2018, Marco Minniti, the Italian Minister of the Interior, warned "there is a risk of Italy's mafias "conditioning" the March 4 general election in some areas".[39] Predominately the Sicilian Mafia have been recently active in Italian election meddling, the Camorra and 'Ndrangheta organisations have also taken an interest.[40]

On 25 February, 2018 John Oliver, host of HBO series Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, exploiting a loophole in the Italian Constitution that allows non-Italian citizens to run for office declared he is running for prime minister of Italy stating "he is alarmed by the slate of candidates and the possible repercussions for the world."[41].

Campaign

The first phase of the electoral campaign was marked by the statement of the President Mattarella to parties for the presentation of "realistic and concrete" proposals during the traditional end of the year's message, in which he also expressed the wish for a high participation in the ballot.[42]

Electoral programmes

Renzi speaks at Lingotto convention

The electoral programme of the PD included, among the main points, the introduction of a minimum hourly wage of €10, a measure that would affect 15% of workers, that is those workers who do not adhere to the national collective agreements; a cut of the contributory wedge for permanent contracts; a relocation allowance and an increase in subsidies for the unemployed; a monthly allowance of €80 for parents for each minor child; fiscal detraction of €240 for parents with children; and the progressive reduction of the rates of IRPEF and IRES, respectively the income tax and the corporate tax.[43][44][45] Regarding immigration, which had been a major problem in Italy for the previous years, the PD advocated a reduction in migrant flows through bilateral agreements with the countries of origin and pretended to a halt to EU funding for countries like Hungary and Poland that have refused to take in any of the 600,000 migrants who have reached Italy through the Mediterranean over the past four years.[46] Among the PD's allies, the CP proposed free nurseries, a tax exemption for corporate welfare and other measures regarding public health, including the contrast to the long waiting list in hospitals, the abolition of the so-called "supertickets", and an extension of home care for the elderly.[47] +E advocated the re-launch of the process of European integration and federation, towards the formation of the United States of Europe.[48] This focus, regarding the European process of integration, was also strongly supported by the PD.[49] More Europe also strongly advocated the social integration of migrants, quietly opposing the PD's policies implemented by the Minister of Interior Marco Minniti.[50]

Berlusconi shaking hands at the EPP summit in December 2017

The main proposal of the centre-right coalition is a huge tax reform based on the introduction of a flat tax: for Berlusconi initially based on the lowest current rate (23%) with the threshold raised to €12,000, then proceeding to a gradual reduction of the rate; while according to Salvini the tax rate should be only 15%. The most notable Italian economic newspaper Il Sole 24 Ore estimated the cost of this measure at around €25 billion per year calculated with a 20% rate, or €40 billion with 15%.[51] Berlusconi also proposed the cancellation of IRAP, a tax on productivity, the increase of minimum pensions to €1,000, the introduction of a "dignity income" to fight poverty, the decontribution on youth recruitment, changes to the Fornero law, which regulated pensions, and the launch of a "Marshall Plan" for Africa to reduce illegal immigration to Italy.[52] Within FI there are some representatives of the Animalist Movement (MA) led by Michela Brambilla, whose main focus is in particular the banning of fur clothing and stricter controls in circuses, free veterinary care and the establishment of an ombudsman for animal rights.[53] The League additionally proposed the complete replacement of the Fornero law and the possibility of retirement with 41 years of contributions, the "scrapping" of tax records for taxpayers in difficulty, an operation that should yield up to €35 billion to the State, the disbandment of Equitalia, the company that deals with the collection of taxes, the abolition of the limit on the use of cash, the regularization of prostitution;[54] moreover, Salvini's main aim is a drastic reduction of illegal immigration, by reintroducing border controls, blocking arrivals and repatriating all migrants who have no right to stay in Italy.[55] The FdI proposed free nurseries, a check for €400 per month for newborns up to the six years old, to increase population growth, parental leave paid to 80% up to the sixth year of birth, increase in salaries and equipment to law enforcement, the increased use of the Italian Army as a measure to fight crime and a new law on self-defense.[56]

The M5S presented a programme whose main points are the introduction of an basic income, known as "income of citizenship", to fight poverty, a measure that would cost between €15 and €20 billion annually; the cut of the public debt by 40 points in relation to GDP in ten years; the adoption of measures to revitalise youth employment; a cut in pensions of over €5,000 net not entirely based on the contribution method; the reduction of IRPEF rates and the extension of the income tax threshold; the increase in spending on family welfare measures from 1.5 to 2.5% of GDP; a constitutional law that obliges members of Parliament to resign if they intend to change party, which by now is unconstitutional.[57] Di Maio also proposed a legislative simplification, starting with the elimination of almost 400 laws with a single legislative provision.[58]

LeU focused on the so-called right to study, proposing in particular the abolition of university fees for students who take the exams regularly, with the estimated cost for the state budget of €1.6 billion. LeU also proposed the reintroducing the workers' statutory protections which were eliminated by the Renzi government's Jobs Act, fighting tax evasion, corruption and organised crime.[59]

Macerata attack

On 3 February 2018, a drive-by shooting event occurred in the city of Macerata in Central Italy when a 28-year-old local man, Luca Traini, seriously wounded six African migrants.[60] Traini also targeted local headquarters of the ruling PD.[61] After the attack Traini reportedly had an Italian flag draped on his shoulders and raised his arm in a Fascist salute.[62] Traini stated that the attack was a revenge for Pamela Mastropietro, an 18-year-old Roman woman whose dismembered body had been found few days earlier, stuffed into two suitcases and dumped in the countryside; for this, three Nigerian drug dealers were arrested, the main suspect being 29-year-old failed asylum seeker Innocent Oseghale.[63][64] Missing body parts had sparked allegations of the murder having been a muti killing involving cannibalism.[65] The case sparked extreme anger and anti-immigrant sentiment in Macerata. Traini's lawyer reported "alarming solidarity" for Traini expressed by the populace, and Mastropietro's mother publicly thanked Traini for "lighting a candle" for her daughter.[66] A second autopsy of Mastropietro's remains, published after Traini's attack, suggested that the victim was strangulated, stabbed and then flayed while still alive.[67] The murder of Mastropietro and the attack by Traini, and its reception in Italian media and by the Italian public, are "set to become a decisive factor" in the upcoming national elections.[68]

Traini was a member and former local candidate of the League, and many political commentators, intellectuals and politicians harshly criticised the League's leader Matteo Salvini, in connection with the attack, accusing him of having "spread hate and racism" in the country. Particularly, Roberto Saviano, the notable anti-mafia writer, labeled Salvini as the moral instigator of Traini's attack.[69] Salvini responded to critics by accusing the center-left government of responsibility for Mastropietro’s death for allowing migrants to stay in the country and having "blood on their hands", asserting the blame lies with those who "fill us with illegal immigrants".[70] Prime Minister Gentiloni stated that he "trusts in the sense of responsibility of all political forces. Criminals are criminals and the state will be particularly harsh with anyone that wants to fuel a spiral of violence." Gentiloni added that "hate and violence will not divide Italy".[71] Also, Minister of the Interior Marco Minniti harshly condemned the attack, saying that any political party must "ride the hate".[72] Renzi, whose party was the second target of the attack, stated that calm and responsibility from all political forces will be now necessary.[73]

Main parties' slogans

Party Original slogan English translation Refs
bgcolor="Template:Democratic Party (Italy)/meta/color" | Democratic Party Avanti, insieme "Forward, together" [74][75]
bgcolor="Template:Five Star Movement/meta/color" | Five Star Movement Partecipa, Scegli, Cambia "Participate, Choose, Change" [76][77]
bgcolor="Template:Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color" | Forza Italia Onestà, Esperienza, Saggezza "Honesty, Experience, Wisdom" [78][79]
bgcolor="Template:Lega Nord/meta/color" | League Prima gli Italiani "Italians First" [80][81]
bgcolor="Template:Free and Equal (Italy)/meta/color" | Free and Equal Per i molti, non per i pochi "For the many, not the few" [82][83]
bgcolor="Template:Brothers of Italy/meta/color" | Brothers of Italy Il voto che unisce l'Italia "The vote that unites Italy" [84][85]
bgcolor="Template:More Europe/meta/color" | More Europe Più Europa, serve all'Italia "More Europe, Italy needs it" [86][87]
bgcolor="Template:Together (Italy)/meta/color" | Together Insieme è meglio "Together is better" [88][89]
bgcolor="Template:Popular Civic List/meta/color" | Popular Civic List Il vaccino contro gli incompetenti "The vaccine against the incompetents" [90][91]
bgcolor="Template:Power to the People (Italy)/meta/color" | Power to the People Potere al Popolo "Power to the People" [92][93]
bgcolor="Template:CasaPound/meta/color" | CasaPound Italy Vota più forte che puoi "Vote as strong as you can" [94][95]

Electoral debates

Differently from many other Western countries, in Italy the electoral debates between parties' leaders are not so common before general elections;[96] in fact the last debate between the two main candidates to premiership dated back to the 2006 general election between Silvio Berlusconi and Romano Prodi.[97] In recent years, with few exceptions, almost every main political leader had denied his participation to an electoral debate with other candidates, preferring interviews with TV hosts and journalists.[98][99][100][101]

However many debates took places between other leading members of the main parties.

Italian general election debates, 2018
Date Organiser Moderator     P  Present    NI  Non-invitee   A  Absent invitee 
Centre-left Centre-right M5S LeU
style="background:Template:Centre-left coalition/meta/color;"| style="background:Template:Centre-right coalition/meta/color;"| style="background:Template:Five Star Movement/meta/color;"| style="background:Template:Free and Equal (Italy)/meta/color;"|
7 November La7
(Di Martedì) 		Giovanni Floris P
Renzi 		NI A
Di Maio 		NI
12 December Rai 3
(#cartabianca) 		Bianca Berlinguer P
Martina 		P
Brunetta 		NI NI
16 January Rai 3
(#cartabianca) 		Bianca Berlinguer P
Orlando 		P
De Girolamo 		NI NI
30 January Rai 3
(#cartabianca) 		Bianca Berlinguer P
Emiliano 		P
Fedriga 		NI NI
13 February La7
(Otto e mezzo) 		Lilli Gruber NI P
Salvini 		NI P
Boldrini
13 February Rai 3
(#cartabianca) 		Bianca Berlinguer P
Lorenzin 		NI P
Giarrusso 		NI

New electoral system

See also: Italian electoral law of 2017
Palazzo Montecitorio, seat of the Chamber of Deputies

As a consequence of the 2016 constitutional referendum and of two different sentences of the Constitutional Court, the electoral laws for the two houses of the Italian Parliament lacked uniformity. In October 2017, the PD, AP, FI, the LN and minor parties agreed on a new electoral law,[102] which was approved by the Chamber of Deputies with 375 votes in favor and 215 against[103] and by the Senate with 214 votes against 61.[104] The reform was opposed by the M5S, the MDP, SI, FdI and minor parties.

The so-called Rosatellum bis, after Ettore Rosato (PD leader in the Chamber), is a mixed system, with 37% of seats allocated using a first-past-the-post voting and 63% using the proportional largest remainder method, with one round of voting.[105][106]

The 630 deputies will be elected as follows:

  • 232 in single-member constituencies, by plurality;
  • 386 in multi-member constituencies, by national proportional representation;
  • 12 in multi-member abroad constituencies, by constituency proportional representation.

The 315 elective senators will be elected as follows:

  • 116 in single-member constituencies, by plurality;
  • 193 in multi-member constituencies, by national proportional representation;
  • 6 in multi-member abroad constituencies, by constituency proportional representation.

A small, variable number of senators for life will also be members of the Senate.

Electoral package sent to an Italian voter in South America.

For Italian residents, each house members will be elected in single ballots, including the constituency candidate and his/her supporting party lists. In each single-member constituency the deputy/senator is elected on a plurality basis, while the seats in multi-member constituencies will be allocated nationally. In order to be calculated in single-member constituency results, parties need to obtain at least 1% of the national vote. In order to receive seats in multi-member constituencies, parties need to obtain at least 3% of the national vote. Elects from multi-member constituencies will come from closed lists.

The voting paper, which is a single one for the first-past-the-post and the proportional systems, shows the names of the candidates to single-member constituencies and, in close conjunction with them, the symbols of the linked lists for the proportional part, each one with a list of the relative candidates.[107]

The voter will be able to cast his vote in three different ways:[108]

  • Drawing a sign on the symbol of a list: in this case the vote extends to the candidate in the single-member constituency which is supported by that list.
  • Drawing a sign on the name of the candidate of the single-member constituency and another one on the symbol of one list that supports him: the result is the same as that described above; it is not allowed, under penalty of annulment, the panachage, so the voter can not vote simultaneously for a candidate in the FPTP constituency and for a list which is not linked to him.
  • Drawing a sign only on the name of the candidate for the FPTP constituency, without indicating any list: in this case, the vote is valid for the candidate in the single-member constituency and also automatically extended to the list that supports him; if that candidate is however connected to several lists, the vote is divided proportionally between them, based on the votes that each one has obtained in that constituency.

Coalitions and parties

The following table includes the coalitions and parties running in the majority of multi-member constituencies.

Coalition Party Main ideology Leader
rowspan="6" bgcolor="Template:Centre-left coalition/meta/color"|
Centre-left coalition
 bgcolor="Template:Democratic Party (Italy)/meta/color"| Democratic Party (PD) Social democracy Matteo Renzi
bgcolor="Template:More Europe/meta/color"| More Europe (+E) Liberalism Emma Bonino
bgcolor="Template:Together (Italy)/meta/color"| Together (I) Progressivism Giulio Santagata
bgcolor="Template:Popular Civic/meta/color"| Popular Civic List (CP) Centrism Beatrice Lorenzin
bgcolor="Template:South Tyrolean People's Party/meta/color"| SVP–PATT Regionalism Philipp Achammer
Aosta Valley (VdA) Regionalism Alessia Favre
rowspan="4" bgcolor="Template:Centre-right coalition/meta/color"|
Centre-right coalition
 bgcolor="Template:Forza Italia (2013)/meta/color"| Forza Italia (FI) Liberal conservatism Silvio Berlusconi
bgcolor="Template:Lega Nord/meta/color"| League (L) Populism Matteo Salvini
bgcolor="Template:Brothers of Italy/meta/color"| Brothers of Italy (FdI) National conservatism Giorgia Meloni
bgcolor="Template:Us with Italy/meta/color"| Us with Italy (NcI) Christian democracy Raffaele Fitto
bgcolor="Template:Five Star Movement/meta/color"| Five Star Movement (M5S) Populism Luigi Di Maio
bgcolor="Template:Free and Equal (Italy)/meta/color"| Free and Equal (LeU) Social democracy Pietro Grasso
bgcolor="Template:Italian Republican Party/meta/color"| Italian Republican Party–ALA (PRI–ALA) Liberalism Corrado Saponaro
bgcolor="Template:Power to the People (Italy)/meta/color"| Power to the People (PaP) Communism Viola Carofalo
bgcolor="Template:CasaPound/meta/color"| CasaPound Italy (CPI) Neo-fascism Simone Di Stefano
The People of Family (PdF) Social conservatism Mario Adinolfi
Communist Party (PC) Communism Marco Rizzo
Italy for the Italians (IaI) Neo-fascism Roberto Fiore
For a Revolutionary Left (PuSR) Communism Marco Ferrando
bgcolor="Template:10 Times Better/meta/color"| 10 Times Better (10VM) Liberalism Andrea Dusi
People's List for the Constitution (LdP) Anti-corruption Antonio Ingroia

Opinion polling

Main article: Opinion polling for the Italian general election, 2018
6-point average trend line of poll results from 25 February 2013 to the present day, with each line corresponding to a political party.
  PD
  M5S
  PdL/FI
  SC
  NCD/AP
  LN
  SEL/SI
  FdI
  UdC
  MDP
  CP
  LeU
  I
  CP
  NcI

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elections in Italy (2018).

References

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  20. ^ Primarie – Partito Democratico
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  23. ^ Lega. Ecco il simbolo, via Nord ma con Salvini premier
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  29. ^ l blog di Beppe Grillo è cambiato
  30. ^ Grillo si riprende il blog e continua il suo distacco dal M5S
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  32. ^ Liberi e Uguali, Grasso si presenta bene
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  43. ^ Il Programma del PD
  44. ^ Porta a Porta, puntata del 10 Gennaio 2018
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  46. ^ Italian election pledges: Pizza or pazza?
  47. ^ Porta a Porta, puntata del 16 Gennaio 2018
  48. ^ Radicali italiani, ecco la lista europeista di Bonino e Della Vedova
  49. ^ Renzi: il futuro sono gli Stati Uniti d'Europa
  50. ^ Migranti e legittima difesa, è campagna sulla sicurezza
  51. ^ Dalla flat tax all’abolizione della legge Fornero, quanto costano le promesse elettorali dei partiti
  52. ^ Porta a Porta, puntata dell'11 Gennaio 2018
  53. ^ “Stop agli allevamenti per le pellicce e interventi nei circhi”: il programma animalista di Berlusconi
  54. ^ Porta a Porta, puntata del 18 Gennaio 2018
  55. ^ Immigrati occupano la Statale, Salvini: "Stanno male? Rispediamoli a casa loro!"
  56. ^ Porta a Porta, puntata del 17 Gennaio 2018
  57. ^ Porta a Porta, puntata del 9 Gennaio 2018
  58. ^ M5S, Di Maio: "Ridurre la burocrazia, aboliremo 400 leggi". E lancia un sito ad hoc aperto a tutti
  59. ^ Grasso: “Eliminare il canone Rai? Noi vogliamo abolire le tasse per l’università come in Germania. E cancellare il Jobs Act”
  60. ^ ‘Racial Hatred’ Cited After African Immigrants Are Shot in Italy
  61. ^ Raid razzista a Macerata, colpita anche la sede Pd
  62. ^ Man shoots, wounds at least 6 ‘people of color’ in Italian city amid tensions
  63. ^ Macerata, spari da auto in corsa, sei feriti: sono tutti di colore. Una vendetta per Pamela: bloccato un uomo avvolto nel tricolore
  64. ^ Nigerian charged over dismembered teen (4) Italian man arrested after African migrants injured in drive-by shootings
  65. ^ Il Fatto QUotidiano, 31 January 2018. Corriere 21 Februar 2018. Daily Mail 17 February 2018. Libero Quotidiano 23 February 2018.
  66. ^ Libero Quotidiano 6 February 2018, Repubblica, 5 February 2018.
  67. ^ Libero Quotidiano 22 February 2018. Il Giornale 22 February 2018.
  68. ^ Laura Mowat, Italy election 2018: How immigration and a weak economy could decide the fate of EUROPE, Sunday Express, 20 February 2018.
  69. ^ Roberto Saviano: "Il mandante morale dei fatti di Macerata è Salvini"
  70. ^ Raid razzista a Macerata, Salvini: "Colpa di chi ci riempie di clandestini". Renzi: "Ora calma e responsabilità"
  71. ^ Gentiloni: "Odio e violenza non ci divideranno". Renzi e Di Maio non cavalcano i fatti di Macerata: "Ora calma, non strumentalizziamo"
  72. ^ Macerata: Minniti, nessuno cavalchi odio
  73. ^ Renzi: "Servono calma e responsabilità"
  74. ^ Avanti, insieme
  75. ^ Avanti, insieme. Mozione congressuale di Matteo Renzi
  76. ^ Partecipa, Scegli, Cambia
  77. ^ Partecipa, Scegli, Cambia anche in Europa con la consultazione pubblica sulla sicurezza alimentare
  78. ^ Forza Italia lancia primo manifesto: onestà, esperienza, saggezza
  79. ^ Coniato il primo manifesto di Forza Italia con lo slogan: "Onestà, Esperiezna, Saggezza"
  80. ^ Prima gli italiani, Salvini invita Di Maio: “Vieni alla nostra manifestazione di Milano”
  81. ^ Con il Governo Salvini, prima gli Italiani
  82. ^ Grasso adotta lo slogan di Corbyn: «Per i molti, non per i pochi»
  83. ^ Assemblea Liberi e Uguali: “Sinistra per i molti e non per i pochi”, Grasso si ispira a Corbyn
  84. ^ Fratelli d'Italia: Il voto che unisce l'Italia
  85. ^ Il voto che unisce l'Italia
  86. ^ Più Europa – Con Emma Bonino
  87. ^ Più a Europa, per un'Italia libera e democratica
  88. ^ Comitati territoriali "Insieme è meglio!"
  89. ^ Italia Europa Insieme
  90. ^ Civica Popolare – Facebook
  91. ^ Lorenzin presenta Civica Popolare: serve un vaccino contro l'incapacità e il populismo
  92. ^ Le liste di movimento di Potere al Popolo!
  93. ^ Potere al Popolo! – Noi ci stiamo, chi accetta la sfida?
  94. ^ Simone Di Stefano – Vota più forte che puoi! Vota CasaPound!
  95. ^ Il 4 Marzo vota più forte che puoi
  96. ^ La tv orfana dei faccia a faccia, sarà una campagna elettorale senza duelli
  97. ^ Prodi-Berlusconi, duello ad alta tensione
  98. ^ Di Maio annulla faccia a faccia con Renzi: non è più lui il leader
  99. ^ L'intervista a Luigi Di Maio, candidato premier del M5S
  100. ^ Porta a Porta – Intervista a Berlusconi
  101. ^ Quinta Colonna – L'intervista a Renzi
  102. ^ Il patto a quattro Pd-Ap-Lega-Fi regge. Primo ok al Rosatellum, ma da martedì in Aula entra nel mirino dei franchi tiratori
  103. ^ Rosatellum approvato alla Camera. Evitata la trappola dello scrutinio segreto. Via libera al salva-Verdini
  104. ^ Il Rosatellum bis è legge dello Stato: via libera definitivo al Senato con 214 sì
  105. ^ Rosatellum, come funziona la legge elettorale e cosa prevede
  106. ^ Rosatellum 2.0, tutti i rischi del nuovo Patto del Nazareno
  107. ^ Elezioni, come si vota con il Rosatellum, debutta la nuova scheda elettorale
  108. ^ Il Rosatellum bis è legge. Ma come funziona?
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