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Kshurika Upanishad

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Kshurika
Cut away the outer world in meditation, states the text
Devanagariक्षुरिका
IASTKṣurikā
Title meansMind as a Razor[1]
TypeYoga[2]
Linked VedaKrishna Yajurveda or Atharvaveda
Chapters1
Verses25

The Kshurika Upanishad (Sanskrit: क्षुरिका उपनिषत्, IAST: Kṣurikā Upaniṣad) is an ancient Sanskrit text and one of the minor Upanishads of Hinduism.[3] It is one of twenty Yoga Upanishads in the four Vedas.[4]

Its manuscripts are either attached to the Atharvaveda,[5] or to the Krishna Yajurveda.[6][7]

The text includes sections on Yoga postures, breath exercises and withdrawal of senses from outside to inside as a means to cleanse the body and mind.[7] The aim of Yoga, states the Upanishad, is to know and liberate one's soul.[8] The text is also called as Kṣurikopanishad.[9]

Etymology

The Sanskrit word Kshurika means "razor", and in this Upanishad, it metaphorically signifies yoga being a tool to cut oneself away from Maya (illusion) and errors.[1][10] A similar meaning to Kshurika is attributed in the Mundaka Upanishad.[11]

Chronology

The text is ancient, states Mircea Eliade, who places its relative chronology to the same period when the following Hindu texts were composed - Maitri Upanishad, the didactic parts of the Mahabharata, the chief Sannyasa Upanishads and along with other early Yoga Upanishads such as Brahmabindu, Brahmavidya, Tejobindu, Yogatattva, Nadabindu, Yogashikha, Dhyanabindu and Amritabindu.[12] These and the Kshurika text, adds Eliade, were composed earlier than the ten or eleven later yogic Upanishads such as the Yoga-kundali, Varaha and Pashupatabrahma Upanishads.[12]

Gavin Flood dates this text, along with other Yoga Upanishads, to be probably from the 100 BCE to 300 CE period.[13]

Anthology

Kshurika Upanishadis listed at number 31 in the serial order of the Muktika enumerated by Rama to Hanuman in the modern era anthology of 108 Upanishads.[14] Colebrooke's version of 52 Upanishads, popular in north India, lists this Upanishad's text at number 4 [15] The Narayana anthology also includes this Upanishad at number 4 in Bibliothica Indica.[16] In the collection of Upanishads under the title "Oupanekhat", put together by Sultan Mohammed Dara Shikhoh in 1656, consisting of a Persian translation of 50 Upanishads and who prefaced it as the best book on religion, the Kshurika is listed at number 33 and is named Tschchourka[17] According to Alain Daniélou, this Upanishad is one of the 10 Raja Yoga Upanishads, seven of which are under the Krishna Yajurveda and the balance 3 under the Shukla Yajurveda.[18]

Contents

The text is composed in poetic prose style.[19] It is notable for its discussion of concentration of mind during meditation, stating that mind is the Kshurika (razor) that can cut away worldly distractions and external sense objects during Dharana step of Yoga.[7][1] It calls it the Dhyana-yoga.[20] The Upanishad also includes sections on Asana (posture), Pranayama (breath exercises) and Pratyahara (withdrawal of senses from outside to inside) as a means to cleanse the body and mind.[7] The aim of Yoga, describes the Upanishad, is to know and liberate one's soul.[8]

Then, well conscious in the mind,
He chooses a quiet place,
Freed from worldly inclination and expectation,
A real knower of Yoga, by and by.

Just as a bird, cutting the cord,
Soars fearless into the sky,
So the soul (Atman), cutting the cord,
Rises above the Samsara.

—Kshurika Upanishad 21-22 [21][22]

Yogic meditation, states the Kshurika Upanishad, is the razor that helps severe the mind from the changing reality and worldly cravings, achieve self-knowledge and liberation from Samsara (rebirth).[23][24]

When the knife of the fixed mind whetted by breath control,
sharpened on the stone of renunication has cut through the weave of life,
adept is forever released from his bonds.
Freed from all desire, he becomes immortal;
delivered from temptations, having cut through the toil of existence,
he is no longer in samsara.

— Kshurika Upanishad, 1.24[25][22]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Deussen 1997, p. 671.
  2. ^ Deussen 1997, p. 567.
  3. ^ Deussen 1997, pp. 557, 671.
  4. ^ Ayyangar 1938, p. vii.
  5. ^ Deussen 1997, pp. 567–568.
  6. ^ Prasoon 2008, p. 82.
  7. ^ a b c d Ayyangar 1938, pp. 22–26.
  8. ^ a b Deussen 1997, pp. 673–674.
  9. ^ Ayyangar 1938, p. 22.
  10. ^ Muller 2013, p. xxvi.
  11. ^ Muller 2013, pp. xxvi–xxvii.
  12. ^ a b Mircea Eliade (1970), Yoga: Immortality and Freedom, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691017646, pages 128-129
  13. ^ Flood 1996, p. 96.
  14. ^ Deussen 1997, pp. 556–557.
  15. ^ Deussen 1997, p. 561.
  16. ^ Deussen 1997, p. 562.
  17. ^ Deussen 1997, pp. 558–59.
  18. ^ Daniélou 1991, p. 168.
  19. ^ Deussen 2010, p. 26.
  20. ^ Ayyangar 1938, pp. 25.
  21. ^ Deussen 1997, p. 674.
  22. ^ a b Hattangadi 2000.
  23. ^ Deussen 1997, pp. 671–675.
  24. ^ Derek (tr) 1989, pp. 126–127.
  25. ^ Derek (tr) 1989, p. 126.

Bibliography

  • Ayyangar, TR Srinivasa (1938). The Yoga Upanishads. The Adyar Library. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Daniélou, Alain (1 August 1991). Yoga: Mastering the Secrets of Matter and the Universe. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. ISBN 978-0-89281-301-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Derek (tr), Coltman (1989). Yoga and the Hindu Tradition. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-0543-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Deussen, Paul (1997). Sixty Upanishads of the Veda. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-1467-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Deussen, Paul (2010). The Philosophy of the Upanishads. Oxford University Press (Reprinted by Cosimo). ISBN 978-1-61640-239-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521438780 {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Hattangadi, Sunder (2000). "क्षुरिकोपनिषत् (Ksurika Upanishad)" (PDF) (in Sanskrit). Retrieved 12 January 2016. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Larson, Gerald James; Bhattacharya, Ram Shankar (2008). Yoga : India's Philosophy of Meditation. Motilal Banarsidass Publishe. ISBN 978-81-208-3349-4. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  • Muller, F. Max (5 November 2013). The Upanisads. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-86442-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Prasoon, Prof.S.K. (2008). Indian Scriptures. Pustak Mahal. ISBN 978-81-223-1007-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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