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List of oil spills

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Johnson487682 (talk | contribs) at 14:37, 18 August 2014 (→Complete: corrected spill quantity based on updated information found in the wiki article about the vessel). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This is a reverse-chronological list of oil spills that have occurred throughout the world and spill(s) that are currently ongoing. Quantities are measured in tonnes of crude oil with one tonne roughly equal to 308 US gallons, or 7.33 barrels, or 1165 liters. This calculation uses a median value of 0.858 for the specific gravity of light crude oil; actual values can range from 0.816 to 0.893, so the amounts shown below are inexact. They are also estimates, because the actual volume of an oil spill is difficult to measure exactly.

Underway

Spill / vessel Location Dates Estimated flow rate (tonnes/day) Full cargo (tonnes) Spilled (min tonnes) Spilled (max tonnes) Link Notes
Napocor
Power Barge 103 		 Philippines, Estancia, Iloilo 8 November 2013 to present (4023 days) n/a 1200 170 520 [1][2][3][4] Leaks caused by Typhoon Haiyan.
Taylor Energy wells
Platform 23051 		 United States, Gulf of Mexico 16 September 2004 to present (7363 days) 0.03 – 0.05 n/a 70 109 [5]

[6] [7]

Leaks resulting from Hurricane Ivan have been largely contained, but not entirely. Ocean Saratoga is periodically onsite servicing and attempting to seal the leaks. Being monitored by the United States Department of the Interior

Note: The "flow rate" column applies to leaking wells, pipelines, etc., and is often used to estimate the total amount of oil spilled. The "full cargo" column applies to vessels, vehicles, etc., and represents the maximum amount of oil that could be spilled. The "spilled" columns indicate the total amount of oil that has been released to the environment so far, and should be based on official estimates found in referenced sources whenever possible. When official estimates vary, use the "min tonnes" and "max tonnes" columns to show the range of estimates (minimum and maximum) in metric tonnes (i.e. 1 tonne = 1,000 kg).

Complete

Spill / Vessel Location Dates Min Tonnes Max Tonnes Link(s)
LA pipeline  United States, California, Atwater Village 15 May 2014 30 160 [8]
Lake Michigan oil spill  United States, Indiana, Whiting refinery 24 March 2014 2 5 [9][10][11]
MV Miss Susan/MV Summer Wind  United States, Texas, Houston Ship Channel 22 March 2014 546 546 [12][13]
North Dakota pipeline spill  United States, North Dakota, Hiland 21 March 2014 110 110 [14]
North Dakota train collision  United States, North Dakota, Casselton 30 December 2013 1,300 1,300 [15]
Bullenbaai  Curaçao, Bullenbaai, Isla refinery 1 November 2013 unknown unknown [16]
North Dakota pipeline spill  United States, North Dakota, Tioga 25 September 2013 – 29 September 2013 2,810 2,810 [17][18]
Rayong oil spill  Thailand, Rayong/Ko Samet, Gulf of Thailand 27 July 2013 43 163 [19][20]
Lac-Mégantic derailment  Canada, Québec, Lac-Mégantic 6 July 2013 4,830 4,830 [21]
Cushing storage terminal  United States, Oklahoma, Cushing 18 May 2013 340 340 [22][23]
Mayflower  United States, Arkansas, Mayflower 30 March 2013 680 950 [24]
Magnolia refinery  United States, Arkansas, Magnolia 9 March 2013 680 760 [25][26]
Bullenbaai  Curaçao, Bullenbaai 7 November 2012 unknown unknown [27][28]
Arthur Kill storage tank spill (Hurricane Sandy)  United States, New Jersey, Sewaren 29 October 2012 1,090 1,130 [29][30]
Curaçao  Curaçao, Isla refinery and Jan Kok nature preserve 17 August 2012 unknown unknown [31][32]
Sundre, Alberta  Canada, Sundre 8 June 2012 410 410 [33]
Guarapiche  Venezuela, Maturín, Monagas 4 February 2012 680 41,000 [34][35]
Nigeria  Nigeria, Bonga Field 21 December 2011 5,500 5,500 [36]
TK Bremen  France, Brittany, Erdeven 16 December 2011 220 220 [37]
Campos Basin  Brazil, Campos Basin, Frade Field 7 November 2011 – 15 November 2011 89 400 [38]

[39]

Rena oil spill  New Zealand, Tauranga, Bay of Plenty 5 October 2011 – August 2012 350 350 [40]

[41]

North Sea oil  United Kingdom, North Sea, Gannet Alpha platform 10 August 2011 – 13 August 2011 216 216 [42]
Yellowstone River  United States, Billings, Montana, Yellowstone River 1 July 2011 105 140 [43]
Bohai Bay oil spill  China, Bohai Bay 4 June 2011 – 19 June 2011 204 204 [44][45]
Little Buffalo oil spill  Canada, Alberta 29 April 2011 3,800 3,800 [46][47]
Mumbai-Uran pipeline spill  India, Mumbai, Arabian Sea 21 January 2011 40 55 [48][49]
Fiume Santo power station  Italy, Sardinia, Porto Torres 11 January 2011 15 15 [50]
Mumbai oil spill / MV MSC Chitra and MV Khalijia 3  India, Mumbai, Arabian Sea 7 August 2010 – 9 August 2010 400 800 [51][52][53]
Barataria Bay oil spill  United States, Barataria Bay, Gulf of Mexico 27 July 2010 – 1 August 2010 23 45 [54][55][56][57]
Kalamazoo River oil spill  United States, Kalamazoo River, Calhoun County, Michigan 26 July 2010 2,800 3,250 [58][59]
Xingang Port oil spill  China, Yellow Sea 16 July 2010 – 21 July 2010 1,500 90,000 [60]

[61]

Jebel al-Zayt oil spill  Egypt, Red Sea 16 June 2010 – 23 June 2010 unknown unknown [62]
Red Butte Creek oil spill  United States, Salt Lake City, Utah 11 June 2010 – 12 June 2010 65 107 [63][64]
Trans-Alaska Pipeline  United States, Anchorage, Alaska 25 May 2010 400 1,200 [65]
MT Bunga Kelana 3  Singapore, Singapore Strait 25 May 2010 2,000 2,500 [66][67][68]
ExxonMobil  Nigeria, Niger Delta 1 May 2010 3,246 95,500 [69][70][71]
Deepwater Horizon  United States, Gulf of Mexico 20 April 2010 – 15 July 2010 492,000 627,000 [72]
Great Barrier Reef / MV Shen Neng 1  Australia Great Keppel Island 3 April 2010 3 4 [73][74][75]
Port Arthur oil spill  United States, Port Arthur, Texas 23 January 2010 1,500 1,500 [76]
Yellow River oil spill  China, Chishui River (Shaanxi) 5 January 2010 130 130 [77]
Montara oil spill  Australia, Timor Sea 21 August 2009 4,000 30,000 [78][79]
Full City  Norway, Rognsfjorden near Såstein south of Langesund 31 July 2009 200 200 [80]
Lüderitz oil spill  Namibia, Southern coast 8 April 2009 unknown unknown [81]
Queensland  Australia, Queensland 10 March 2009 230 260 [82]
West Cork oil spill  Ireland, Southern coast February 2009 300 300 [83]
New Orleans  United States, New Orleans, Louisiana 28 July 2008 8,800 8,800 [84]
Statfjord oil spill  Norway, Norwegian Sea 12 December 2007 4,000 4,000 [85]
Korea oil spill  South Korea, Yellow Sea 7 December 2007 10,800 10,800 [86][87]
Kerch Strait oil spill  Ukraine
 Russia, Strait of Kerch 		11 November 2007 1,000 1,000 [88]
COSCO Busan oil spill  United States, San Francisco, California 7 November 2007 188 188 [89]
Kab 101  Mexico, Bay of Campeche 23 October 2007 – 17 December 2007 1,869 1,869 [90]
Burnaby  Canada, Burnaby, British Columbia 24 July 2007 201 201 [91]
Guimaras oil spill  Philippines, Guimaras Strait 11 August 2006 172 1,540 [92]
Jiyeh power station oil spill  Lebanon 14 July 2006 – 15 July 2006 20,000 30,000 [92]
Citgo refinery  United States, Lake Charles, Louisiana 19 June 2006 6,500 6,500 [93]
Prudhoe Bay oil spill  United States, Alaska North Slope, Alaska 2 March 2006 653 689 [94]
Bass Enterprises Oil Spill (Hurricane Katrina)  United States, Cox Bay, Louisiana 30 August 2005 12,000 12,000 [95]
Shell (Hurricane Katrina)  United States, Pilottown, Louisiana 30 August 2005 3,400 3,400 [95]
Chevron (Hurricane Katrina)  United States, Empire, Louisiana 30 August 2005 3,200 3,200 [95]
Murphy Oil USA refinery spill (Hurricane Katrina)  United States, Meraux and Chalmette, Louisiana 30 August 2005 2,660 3,410 [95]

[96]

Bass Enterprises (Hurricane Katrina)  United States, Pointe à la Hache, Louisiana 30 August 2005 1,500 1,500 [95]
Chevron (Hurricane Katrina)  United States, Port Fourchon, Louisiana 30 August 2005 170 170 [95]
Venice Energy Services Company (Hurricane Katrina)  United States, Venice, Louisiana 30 August 2005 81 81 [95]
Shell Pipeline Oil (Hurricane Katrina)  United States, Nairn, Louisiana 30 August 2005 44 44 [95]
Sundown Energy (Hurricane Katrina)  United States, West Potash, Louisiana 30 August 2005 42 42 [95]
MV Selendang Ayu  United States, Unalaska Island, Alaska 8 December 2004 1,560 1,560 [97]
Athos 1  United States, Delaware River, Paulsboro, New Jersey 26 November 2004 860 860 [98]
MP-80 Delta 20" pipeline (Hurricane Ivan)  United States, Louisiana 16 September 2004 – 19 September 2004 963 963 [99]
MP-69 Nakika 18" & MP-151 Nakika 18" pipeline (Hurricane Ivan)  United States, Louisiana 16 September 2004 – 6 October 2004 618 618 [99]
Chevron-Texaco tank collapse (Hurricane Ivan)  United States, Louisiana 16 September 2004 – 17 September 2004 423 423 [99]
Tasman Spirit  Pakistan, Karachi 28 July 2003 28,000 30,000 [100][101]
Bouchard No. 120  United States, Buzzards Bay, Bourne, Massachusetts 27 April 2003 320 320 [102]
Prestige  Spain, Galicia 13 November 2002 63,000 63,000 [103][104]
Limburg (bombing)  Yemen, Gulf of Aden 6 October 2002 12,200 12,200 [105][106]
Manguinhos refinery  Brazil, Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro 23 November 2001 34 97 [107]
Trans-Alaska Pipeline gunshot spill  United States, Alaska 4 October 2001 932 932 [108]
Shell Ogbodo  Nigeria 25 June 2001 9,500 unknown [109]
2001 Shell Ogoniland oil spill  Nigeria May 2001 unknown unknown [110]
Petrobras 36  Brazil, Roncador Oil Field, Campos Basin 15 March 2001 274 274 [111]
Amorgos oil spill  Taiwan, Southern coast 14 January 2001 1,150 1,150 [112]
Jessica  Ecuador, Galapagos Islands January 2001 568 568 [113]

[114]

Pine River  Canada, Chetwynd, British Columbia 1 August 2000 850 850 [115]
Project Deep Spill  Norway, Helland Hansen ridge June 2000 100 100 [116]
Treasure  South Africa, Cape Town June 2000 1,400 1,400 [113]
Petrobras pipeline  Brazil, Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro January 2000 1,100 1,100 [107][113]
Erika  France, Bay of Biscay 12 December 1999 15,000 25,000 [97][113]
MV New Carissa  United States, Coos Bay, Oregon 4 February 1999 – 9 March 1999 230 230 [117]
Mobil Nigeria oil spill  Nigeria 12 January 1998 5,500 5,500 [97]
Nakhodka  Japan, Sea of Japan December 1997 6,240 6,240 [118]
Julie N.  United States, Portland, Maine 27 September 1996 586 586 [119]
Sea Empress  United Kingdom, Pembrokeshire 15 February 1996 40,000 72,000 [97][103]
North Cape  United States, Rhode Island 19 January 1996 2,500 2,500 [120]
Apollo Sea  South Africa, Cape Town June 1994 2,400 2,400
Seki  United Arab Emirates 31 March 1994 15,900 15,900 [97]
Morris J. Berman  Puerto Rico 7 January 1994 2,600 2,600 [121]
MV Braer  United Kingdom, Shetland 5 January 1993 85,000 85,000 [103]
Aegean Sea  Spain, A Coruña 3 December 1992 74,000 74,000 [103]
Port Bonython oil spill  Australia, Spencer Gulf, South Australia 30 August 1992 296 296 [122]
Katina P  Mozambique, Maputo 26 April 1992 72,000 72,000 [103]
Fergana Valley  Uzbekistan 2 March 1992 285,000 285,000 [97]
Kirki  Australia, Indian ocean, off the coast of Western Australia 21 July 1991 17,280 17,280 [123]
ABT Summer  Angola, 700 nmi (1,300 km; 810 mi) offshore 28 May 1991 260,000 260,000 [103]
MT Haven  Italy, Mediterranean Sea near Genoa 11 April 1991 144,000 144,000 [103]
Gulf War oil spill  Iraq, Persian Gulf 23 January 1991 270,000 820,000 [124]

[125]

Mega Borg  United States, Gulf of Mexico, 57 mi (92 km) SE of Galveston, Texas 8 June 1990 16,499 16,501 [126]
American Trader  United States, Bolsa Chica State Beach, California 7 February 1990 979 981 [97]

[127]

Arthur Kill pipeline  United States, New Jersey, Sewaren 1 January 1990 1,840 1,840 [128]

[129]

Khark 5  Spain, 350 nmi (650 km; 400 mi) off Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 19 December 1989 70,000 80,000 [97][103]
Presidente Rivera  United States, Delaware River, Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania 24 June 1989 993 993 [130]
Exxon Valdez  United States, Prince William Sound, Alaska 24 March 1989 37,000 104,000 [103][131]
Odyssey  Canada, 700 nmi (1,300 km; 810 mi) off Nova Scotia 10 November 1988 132,000 132,000 [103]
Ashland oil spill  United States, Floreffe, Pennsylvania 2 January 1988 10,000 10,000 [132][133]
Nova  Iran, Gulf of Iran, Kharg Island 6 December 1985 70,000 70,000 [103]
Grand Eagle  United States, Delaware River, Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania 28 September 1985 1,400 1,400 [134]
SS Mobil Oil  United States, Columbia River, Longview, Washington 19 March 1984 550 650 [135][136]
Castillo de Bellver  South Africa, Saldanha Bay 6 August 1983 252,000 252,000 [103]
Nowruz Field Platform  Iran, Persian Gulf 4 February 1983 260,000 260,000 [137]
Tanio oil spill  France, Brittany 7 March 1980 13,500 13,500 [138]
Irenes Serenade  Greece, Pylos 23 February 1980 100,000 100,000 [103]
MT Independenţa  Turkey, Bosphorus 15 November 1979 95,000 95,000 [103]
Burmah Agate  United States, Galveston Bay, Texas 1 November 1979 8,440 8,440 [139]
Atlantic Empress / Aegean Captain  Trinidad and Tobago 19 July 1979 287,000 287,000 [103][140][141]
Ixtoc I oil spill  Mexico, Bay of Campeche, Gulf of Mexico 3 June 1979 – 23 March 1980 454,000 480,000 [142][143]
Betelgeuse  Ireland, Bantry Bay 8 January 1979 64,000 64,000 [144]
Amoco Cadiz  France, Brittany 16 March 1978 223,000 227,000 [97][97][103][145][146]
Trans-Alaska Pipeline sabotage by explosives  United States, Alaska 15 February 1978 2,162 2,162 [147]
Venpet / Venoil collision  South Africa, Cape St. Francis 16 December 1977 26,600 30,500
Ekofisk oil field  Norway, North Sea 22 April 1977 27,600 27,600 [148][149]
Hawaiian Patriot  United States, 300 nmi (560 km; 350 mi) off Honolulu, Hawaii 26 February 1977 95,000 95,000 [97][103]
Borag  Taiwan, Northern coast 7 February 1977 34,000 34,000 [150]
Argo Merchant  United States, Nantucket Island, Massachusetts 15 December 1976 25,000 28,000 [151][152]
NEPCO 140  United States, Saint Lawrence River 23 June 1976 1,000 1,000 [153][154]
Urquiola  Spain, A Coruña 12 May 1976 100,000 100,000 [103]
Niger Delta  Nigeria, Niger Delta 1976 – 1996 258,000 328,000 [155]
Corinthos  United States, Delaware River, Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania 31 January 1975 36,000 36,000
Jakob Maersk  Portugal, Oporto 29 January 1975 88,000 88,000 [103]
VLCC Metula  Chile, Strait of Magellan 9 August 1974 50,000 51,000 [156]
Sea Star  Iran, Gulf of Oman 19 December 1972 115,000 115,000 [97][103]
Oswego-Guardian / Texanita collision  South Africa, Stilbaai 21 August 1972 10,000 10,000 [157]
Wafra  South Africa, Cape Agulhas 21 February 1971 27,000 27,000 [158]
Arizona Standard / Oregon Standard collision  United States, San Francisco Bay 17 January 1971 2,700 2,700 [159][160]
Othello  Sweden, Trälhavet Bay 20 March 1970 50,000 60,000 [97][113]
Santa Barbara  United States, Santa Barbara, California 28 January 1969 10,000 14,000 [161]
Torrey Canyon  United Kingdom, Cornwall and Isles of Scilly 18 March 1967 80,000 119,000 [97][103]
African Queen  United States, Ocean City, Maryland 30 December 1958 21,000 21,000 [162][163]
Avila Beach pipeline  United States, Avila Beach, California 1950's – 1996 1,300 1,300 [164]
Guadalupe Oil Field  United States, Guadalupe, California 1950's – 1994 29,000 29,000 [164]
Greenpoint, Brooklyn  United States, Newtown Creek, Greenpoint, Brooklyn, New York 1940s – 1950s 55,200 97,400 [165]
SS Frank H. Buck / SS President Coolidge collision  United States, San Francisco Bay, California 6 March 1937 8,870 8,870 [159][166]
Lakeview Gusher  United States, Kern County, California 14 March 1910 – 10 September 1911 1,230,000 1,230,000 [167]
Thomas W. Lawson  United Kingdom, Isles of Scilly 14 December 1907 7,400 7,400 [168]

See also

References

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  77. ^ Mu Xeuquan (5 January 2010). "Diesel spill contaminates Yellow River tributaries". Xinhua News. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
  78. ^ "WA oil spill 'one of Australia's worst'". ABC News. 24 August 2009. Archived from the original on 5 November 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2009.
  79. ^ "Oil leaking 'five times faster' than thought". ABC News. 22 October 2009. Archived from the original on 5 November 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2009.
  80. ^ "Reuters". 3 August 2009.
  81. ^ "The Namibian". Archived from the original on 7 June 2011.
  82. ^ "Oil spill: Qld beaches declared disaster zones". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 13 March 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
  83. ^ Siggins, Lorna (18 February 2009). "Oil slick drifts towards Irish coast as polluter silence hurts clean-up efforts". The Irish Times. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
  84. ^ Kirkham, Chris; Ramon Antonio Vargas (24 July 2008). "Oil spill shuts down 80 miles of river". New Orleans Times-Picayune. pp. A1.
  85. ^ Oil Spill in North Sea Off Norway http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7140645.stm
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  88. ^ "Fuel spill disaster reported in waters near Russia". CNN International. 11 November 2007. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  89. ^ Curiel, Jonathan; Kay, Jane; Fagan, Kevin (9 November 2007). "Spill closes bay beaches as oil spreads, kills wildlife". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  90. ^ Usumacinta and Kab 101 Blowout
  91. ^ "Burnaby Oil Spill". Ministry of Environment (British Columbia). Retrieved 22 April 2012.
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  93. ^ "CITGO Oil Spill" (PDF). Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality. 25 July 2006. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  94. ^ Loy, Wesley (10 March 2006). "Spill the largest in Slope's history". Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  95. ^ a b c d e f g h i Miguel Llanos (19 September 2005). "44 oil spills found in southeast Louisiana". MSNBC.
  96. ^ Response and Prevention Branch Oil Team (May 2006). "Murphy Oil USA Refinery Spill, Chalmette & Meraux, LA Presentation" (.PDF). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 6. Retrieved 27 May 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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  98. ^ University of Delaware Sea Grant Program. "Athos 1 Oil Spill". Retrieved 31 May 2010.
  99. ^ a b c Research Planning, Inc. (2005). Preassessment Data Report, The MP-69 / Hurricane Ivan Oil Discharges, Mississippi River Delta, Louisiana (pp. 10, 18) (PDF) (Report). Damage Assessment Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
  100. ^ ITOPF Case History: Tasman Spirit
  101. ^ Hans van de Veen (2004). "Saving Pakistan's Green Gold" (.PDF). DGIS-ICD Programme, WWF International: 19. Retrieved 4 June 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  102. ^ "Buzzards Bay Oil Spill: Bouchard Barge No. 120". Buzzards Bay National Estuary Program. 6 April 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
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  104. ^ Raul Garcia (November 2003). ": The Prestige: one year on, a continuing disaster" (.PDF). WWF-Spain. Retrieved 4 June 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  105. ^ "A Synopsis of the Terrorist Threat Facing the O&G Industry". Oil and Gas Industry Terrorism Monitor. Retrieved 26 December 2007.
  106. ^ "International Terrorism: The Threat". United Kingdom Home Office. Retrieved 26 December 2007.
  107. ^ a b Oil spills at Guanabara Bay
  108. ^ http://www.solcomhouse.com/trans.htm
  109. ^ "The Land is Dead". Urhobo Historical Society. 30 July 2001.
  110. ^ "Alarm at oil spill in Ogoniland". BBC News. 2 May 2001.
  111. ^ "Petrobras P-36". Oil Rig Disasters. 14 April 2008. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
  112. ^ Cabinet frees Greek crew at the Taipei Times
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  115. ^ "Pine River Oil Spill". Ministry of Environment (British Columbia). Retrieved 18 August 2010.
  116. ^ LaBelle, Robert. "Technology Assessment and Research". Minerals Management Service. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
  117. ^ "Environmental Global Issues Map: New Carissa Oil Spill on the Oregon Coast". McGraw-Hill. March 1999. Retrieved 4 February 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  118. ^ "Nakhodka". Centre de Documentation de Recherche et d'Expérimentations. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
  119. ^ How do oil spills impact Casco Bay? report by the Casco Bay Estuary Partnership
  120. ^ Rhode Island Oil Spill Is More Serious Than Initially Thought, New York Times, 22 January 1996
  121. ^ "Fact Sheet: Morris J. Berman Oil Spill". Retrieved 5 January 2010.
  122. ^ "Oily absolutions" The Canberra Times, Australian Capital Territory (1992-12-16). Retrieved 2013-11-20.
  123. ^ Major Oil Spills in Australia: Kirki, Western Australia, 21 July 1991 from the Australian Maritime Safety Authority
  124. ^ Hosny Khordagui; Dhari Al-Ajmi (July 1993), "Environmental impact of the Gulf War: An integrated preliminary assessment", Environmental Management, vol. Volume 17, no. Number 4, Springer New York, pp. 557–562, doi:10.1007/BF02394670, ISSN 0364-152X {{citation}}: |issue= has extra text (help); |volume= has extra text (help)
  125. ^ http://employees.oneonta.edu/baumanpr/geosat2/Environmental_Warfare/ENVIRONMENTAL_WARFARE.htm
  126. ^ "M/V Mega Borg". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
  127. ^ American Trader Oil Spill, California Office of Spill Prevention and Response
  128. ^ Dvarskas, Anthony (Autumn 2008). "Restoring Injured Natural Resources in the Harbor" (PDF). The Tidal Exchange (22). New York - New Jersey Harbor Estuary Program: p 3. Retrieved 12 November 2012. {{cite journal}}: |page= has extra text (help)
  129. ^ Desvousges, William H.; Dunford, Richard W.; Mathews, Kristy E. (1992). "Natural Resource Damages Valuation: Arthur Kill Oil Spill" (PDF). Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Workshop, Snowbird, Utah. Retrieved 12 November 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  130. ^ "Presidente Rivera Spill – June 24, 1989". University of Delaware Sea Grant Program. 2004. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
  131. ^ Riki Ott (18 June 2010). "How Much Oil Really Spilled From the Exxon Valdez?" (audio/transcript) (Interview). Interviewed by Brooke Gladstone. Retrieved 29 June 2010. {{cite interview}}: Unknown parameter |callsign= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |program= ignored (help)
  132. ^ Oil Spills report from the Air and Waste Management Association
  133. ^ Nightmare on The Monongahela, Time Magazine, 18 January 1988
  134. ^ University of Delaware Sea Grant Program. "1985 Grand Eagle Oil Spill". Retrieved 31 May 2010.
  135. ^ "Oil spills and near-misses in Northwest waters". Seattle Post Intelligencer. Hearst Seattle Media, LLC. 21 November 2002. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
  136. ^ Douglas Helton; Tony Penn (1999). "Putting Response And Natural Resource Damage Costs In Perspective" (PDF). International Oil Spill Conference: 21. Paper ID #114. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
  137. ^ "Oil Spills and Disasters". Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  138. ^ ITOPF: TANIO (France, 1980)
  139. ^ "Burmah Agate". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  140. ^ "Atlantic Empress". Centre de Documentation de Recherche et d'Expérimentations. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
  141. ^ "Tanker Incidents". Retrieved 19 July 2009.
  142. ^ "IXTOC I". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
  143. ^ "Ixtoc 1 oil spill: flaking of surface mousse in the Gulf of Mexico". Nature Publishing Group. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
  144. ^ "Betelgeuse". Centre de Documentation de Recherche et d'Expérimentations. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
  145. ^ "Amoco Cadiz". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  146. ^ "AMOCO CADIZ (France, 1978)". International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation. 10 February 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
  147. ^ "The Trans-Alaska Pipeline". The Lay of the Land. 32. The Center for Land Use Interpretation. Spring 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
  148. ^ "Amoco Cadiz". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  149. ^ "Ekofisk Bravo". Oil Rig Disasters. 14 April 2008. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  150. ^ Fingas, Merv (2000). The Basics of Oil Spill Cleanup (2nd ed.). Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers. ISBN 1-56670-537-1.
  151. ^ ITOPF: Argo Merchant (USA, 1976)
  152. ^ "Argo Merchant". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  153. ^ "Albert T. McKINNEY v. US - 30 April 1979= 2009-07-01" (PDF).
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  155. ^ "Shell And The N15bn Oil Spill Judgement Debt". The Daily Independent (Lagos). 19 July 2010. Retrieved 27 July 2010. between 1976 and 1996, a total of 4,835 incidents resulted in the spillage of at least 2.4 million barrels of oil, of which an estimated 1.89 million barrels were lost to the environment in the Niger Delta
  156. ^ ITOPF: METULA (Chile, 1974)
  157. ^ Jack Devanney (21 April 2010). "The Strange History of Tank Inerting" (PDF). Center for Tankship Excellence. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  158. ^ http://www.incidentnews.gov/incident/6213
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  161. ^ Brief Oil and Gas History of Santa Barbara County from the County of Santa Barbara, California
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  163. ^ Howard (Delmar, Delaware) (30 December 2007). "African Queen". Delmar DustPan. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
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  167. ^ Rintoul, William; Hodgson, Susan F. (1990). Drilling Through Time: 75 Years with California's Division of Oil and Gas. Sacramento: Department of Conservation, Division of Oil and Gas. pp. 13–15. ISBN 0-9627124-0-X.
  168. ^ Larn, Richard (1992). Shipwrecks of the Isles of Scilly. Nairn: Thomas & Lochar.

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